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单词 skill
释义 I. skill, n.1|skɪl|
Forms: α. 2 skele, 4 sckele, 9 Sc. skeel; 2–5 skile, 3–5 skyle; 2–7 skil, 3–4 sckil, 4–6 skyl (skylle), 5–6 skyll, 3– skill (4–6 skille). β. 3 scule, 4 scele, 5 schele, schyle; 3–4 schil, 4 schyl, 4–5 scill(e, scylle.
[a. ON. skil, neut. (Icel. and Norw. skil, Sw. skäl, Da. skjel, skel) distinction, difference, etc., related to MLG. and MDu. schele (LG. schele, schel), MDu. and Du. geschil, verschil, LG. schill: cf. skill v.1
The great variety of usage in ME. often renders it difficult to assign particular examples to a definite sense.]
1.
a. Reason as a faculty of the mind; the power of discrimination. Obs.
c1200Ormin 1210 Ȝiff þu follȝhesst skill & shæd & witt i gode þæwess.a1225Ancr. R. 204 Mid skilles ȝettunge, þet is, hwonne þe schil & te heorte ne wiðsiggeð nout.1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 645 Þyn inwyt, þyn owne skyle, Aȝen þe seyþ and euermore wylle.c1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 273 Swylk men er noght led with skylle, Bot þai folow, ay, þair awen wille.1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxxii. (Justin) 709 Þane þu ma se be kyndly skil þat na man suld gyf treutht þaim til.c1440Promp. Parv. 457/2 Skyl, racio.a1500Ratis Raving i. 1763 He disspendyt his resone In wycis agan kindly skill.
b. Discrimination or discretion in relation to special circumstances. Obs.
a1200Vices & Virtues 139 Ða þinges ðe ne sculen ben iȝiuen, þa bieð to wiðhealden mid michele skele.c1250Gen. & Ex. 193 Hadde he wel loked him wið skil, Ilc beste sulde don his wil.1375Barbour Bruce xii. 260 Me think it suld accorde till skill To set stoutness agane felony.c1375Cursor M. 12807 (Fairf.), John ansquared þes men vntille wiþ milde wordes & wiþ skille.a1400Morte Arth. 32 Skathylle Scottlande by skylle he skyftys as hym lykys.c1470Gol. & Gaw. 1325 Sa that the cause may be kend, and knawin throw skill.
c. A sense of what is right or fitting. Obs.
1338R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 245 He praied to hold him stille,..& he suld do his wille, in alle þat skille mot se.1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xix. 279 Ne sholde no scorner ne scolde oute of skyl hym [sc. Temperance] brynge.c1470Ashby Active Policy 649 Do theim to be lettred right famously Wherby thei shall reule bi Reason and skele.a1536Songs, Carols, etc. (E.E.T.S.) 26 Grant thow me myn askyng, As reason wold, & skyll.
2.
a. That which is reasonable, proper, right, or just. Obs.
αc1175Lamb. Hom. 61 God..ȝife us to him god iwil, and to alle men riht and skil.c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 971 Sire kyng, we aske þe bot skyle.1375Barbour Bruce i. 214 Thai dempt thaim eftir thar will, Takand na kep to rycht na skill.c1460Towneley Myst. ii. 260, I did hym neuer yit bot skill.
βa1300Cursor M. 13938 O yur vn-witt qui ne wald yee blin,..And herken scil and hald resun?1340Ayenb. 53 Þe ilke ne hyealdeþ scele ne mesure.c1400Ywaine & Gaw. 968 It es oft wemens will Tham forto blame that sais tham scill.
b. In predicative use (= reasonable, right); also with adjs. as good, great. Obs.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 1425 Siðen men hauen holden [it] skil, first to freinen ðe wimmanes wil.a1300Assump. Virg. 312 Now when it is my sones wille to hym y come, and that is skyle.c1320Sir Tristr. 2635 As lord he þer abade, As gode skil wald be.1375Barbour Bruce ix. 751 It is gret skill at men chasty Thi prowd vourdis.c1400Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) i. viii. (1859) 6 In euery ryghtwys court skyle is that the actour be admytted to maken his compleynt.c1470Gol. & Gaw. 147 To mak you lord of your avne, me think it grete skill.c1520Skelton Magnyf. 106 It is reason and skyll, We your pleasure fulfyll.c1550Rolland Crt. Venus i. 784 Madame, that is bot skill, To thair counsall hartlie applie I will.
c. In prepositional phrases, denoting that something is in accordance with, or contrary to, what is reasonable or right. Obs.
(a)c1250Owl & Night. 186 May vr eyþer hwat he wile Mid rihte segge & myd skile.13..Seuyn Sages 3750 (W.), When thou haues said to tham thi will, And gifen the dome, by right and scill.1375Barbour Bruce viii. 436 Me think men suld him luf of skill.c140026 Pol. Poems 24 Let eche man serue his charge in skylle.c1470Henry Wallace vi. 893 This is a lord..; To salus him ye may be propyr skill.
(b)a1300Cursor M. 18274 Qui gaf þou rede Þis ilk iesu to crucifi, Wit-vten skil, vn-rightwisli?1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 5825 He meked hym self ouer skyle, Pottes and dysshes for to swele.Ibid. 7293 Dyners are oute of skyl and resun On þe Sunday, or hye messe be doun.c1375Sc. Leg. Saints vii. (Jacobus Minor) 358 For til escuse hym of þe Ill, þat he had don agannis skill.c1420Chron. Vilod. 4010 Bot þou toke hurr lond from hurre withouȝt ony reson or skyll.
3.
a. Cause, reason, or ground. Also with a and pl.
αa1300Cursor M. 14833 He has vs wonnen wit maistri, And we sal sceu yow sckil for-qui.c1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 1767 Bodily dede here dredes ful many, For twa skilles principaly.1390Gower Conf. I. 358 To make werres and to pile For lucre and for non other skyle.c1400Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) i. xiii. (1859) 9 And that I preue by this skile.c1440Gesta Rom. i. 2 (Harl. MS.), Goode Sir, tell me why and what skile, þat þou so beholdest me?1537State P. Hen. VIII, I. 551 We haue, for sundry skylles, thought it more convenyent to..differre our journey.1563Homilies ii. Rogation Week ii. 3 P iv b, For many other skils it is wisedom to knowe..that all goodes..be of God.1611Shakes. Wint. T. iv. iv. 152, I thinke you haue As little skill to feare, as I haue purpose To put you to't.1642Rogers Naaman 280 Thinking the Lion to be couchant for a skill, that he might be rampant after.
βc1300Cursor M. 9389 Yon was a rightwis dom, Als yee sal se wit rightwis scill.1340Ayenb. 11 This heste uorbyet wyl to habbe oþre manne þing by wyckede scele.c1400Ywaine & Gaw. 293, I sayd, How so? tel me thi scill.c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 229 The secounde schyle ys that thou shalle dye.
b. A statement made by way of argument or reasoning. Obs.
1303R. Brunne Handl. Synne 4263 Þan ys þys Terlyncels skylle, ‘Slepe þou long, and y shal hele’.Ibid. 11581 Seynt Austyn seyþ þys skyl, Do þyr-aftyr who so wyl.1390Gower Conf. I. 104 For ye have told me such a skile Of this ensample.c1400Ywaine & Gaw. 3451 When the king had tald this scill.c1425Cast. Persev. 2532 in Macro Plays, Coueytyse, þou seyst a good skyl..; al þi byddynge don I wyl.
4.
a. One's case or cause. Obs. rare.
a1300E.E. Psalter xlii. 1 Deme me,..and schede mi skil [L. causa] Fra men þat noght be hali wil.Ibid. lxxiii. 23.
b. An arrangement, ordinance. Obs.—1
13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 709 Now haf þay skyfted my skyl & scorned natwre.
c. A wise or sensible act. Obs.—1
15..Doun by ane rever 63 in Dunbar's Poems (S.T.S.) II. 307 Wyismen said, he did nane skill.
5.
a. In the phr. can (or could) skill, to have discrimination or knowledge, esp. in a specified matter. Usually const. of, in, or to with inf. Obs.
The phr. is an adoption of the ON. kunna skil. In later use, when not accompanied by an adj., skill was probably in most cases apprehended as a vb. (cf. skill v.1 4 b). The construction with of is extremely common c 1525–1640.
(a)c1340Hampole Pr. Consc. Prol. 198 Ilk cristen man and weman Þat has witte and mynd, and skille can,..Suld be bughsom ay [etc.].1489Caxton Faytes of A. ii. xxiv. 137 By the aduys of them that best can skyle thees pale⁓bordes shal be sette.1526Skelton Magnyf. 1377 But some man wolde conuey, and can not skyll.1581Lambarde Eiren. i. i. (1588) 5 Let them iudge that can skill.
(b)1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 345 [Saturnus] kouþe skile of vynes and in repynge and in telyenge of feeldes.a1450Knt. de la Tour (1868) 34 It is a gret perille to beginne to haue langage with suche men that canne skille of the worlde.1526Tindale Luke xii. 56 Ye can skyll of the fassion of the erth, and of the skye.1561T. Hoby tr. Castiglione's Courtyer iii. (1577) O j b, Many..that coulde as well skill in ruling Cities and armies, as men can.1577Test. 12 Patriarchs (1604) 153 A holy man..passeth not how men dishonour him; neither can he skill in any fraud or guile.1647Trapp Comm. 2 Cor. xii. 19 But Saint Paul could not skill of those arts.
(c)1542Udall Erasm. Apoph. 269 Thei have not a capitain that can skill how to use victorie, when he hath it.1590Greene Never too late Wks. (Grosart) VIII. 72 Seigneur Francesco..coulde well skill to court all kinde of degrees.1601Dent Pathw. Heaven 75 Many such men as you are, can skill to giue good words.1675Evelyn Terra (1729) 11 We could skill to modify also the Air about them.1869J. Ingelow Lily & Lute i. 82 Could he skill to make it seen As he saw?
b. With adjs., as good, no, some, etc.
c1350Leg. Rood (1871) 71 Þai trowed to turn life him vntill, For þai kowth þan none oþer skill.c1400Beryn 1628 Ascaunce þat þey were lewde, And coude no skill of marchandise.c1450Merlin ii. 27 Thei can knowe many thinges be force of clergie that we ne can no skyle on.1479Paston Lett. III. 244 He can good skylle to helpe in this mater of the benefice of Oxned.1523Fitzherb. Husb. §52 Let the wol be..wounden with a woll-wynder, that can good skyll therof.1540Heywood Four P.P. in Hazl. Dodsley I. 359 Yet in lying I can some skill, And if I shall be judge I will.1587Golding De Mornay (1592) 105 Their greatest Philosophers could lesse skill of the nature..of the Tydes.
6. a. Capability of accomplishing something with precision and certainty; practical knowledge in combination with ability; cleverness, expertness. Also, an ability to perform a function, acquired or learnt with practice (usu. pl.). Freq. const. to with inf.
a1300Cursor M. 26181 Ga Til a wijser to sceu þi wond, Þat skill has for to mak it sond.1553Respublica 1109 Will ye beleve People that hath no manier of skill to iudge or to descerne what thing is good or yll?1596Drayton Legends ii. 34 Though..pleasing be his Rime, Yet all his skill cannot excuse her Crime.1628Coke On Litt. 3 b, If these..bee granted to a man that is unexpert, and hath no skill and science to exercise..the same.1671Milton P.R. iv. 552 To stand upright Will ask thee skill.1738Wesley Psalms cxxxix. 4 Heav'n, Earth, and Sea,..Shew me thy wond'rous Skill.1784Cowper Task iii. 407 No works..but such as may amuse.., demanding rather skill than force.Ibid. vi. 619 That oft we owe our safety to a skill We could not teach.1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 543 Utterly destitute of the skill necessary to the conduct of great affairs.1874Green Short Hist. viii. §i. 452 The boy inherited his father's skill on lute and organ.1932H. G. Wells Work, Wealth & Happiness of Mankind xvi. 808 Unforgettable memories, obstinate prepossessions, life-worn traditions, obsolete skills and responses.1938English II. 20 It is the function of the educator..to enable the pupils to appropriate and use all that preceding generations have learnt, the useful skills, the practical knowledge, the social organizations, the moral principles.1945Times 29 Sept. 4/6 There is a sizeable body in Congress which believes..that this country should secure the greatest possible political advantage from its present monopoly of the actual manufacturing skills.1958Listener 12 June 976/2 There are ages of maturation at which it is appropriate to teach children skills like reading.1964P. Strevens Papers in Lang. (1965) ii. 25 The national needs for foreign language skills in the nineteen-sixties are of a different order.1975Language for Life (Dept. Educ. & Sci.) xiii. 198 The advocates of this form of organisation say that these conditions lead to an assured attention to the ‘basic skills’.1980Times 29 Feb. 19 For the advertising agencies a restricted market means that their skills will be needed more than ever.
b. Const. in (also arch. of) a subject, practice, etc.
1553Eden Treat. New Ind. (Arb.) 9 Whiche viage is sufficiently knowen to suche as haue any skyll in Geographie.1590Plain Perc. 9 Euery cut-purse vseth them..that hath had any skill in his miniken Handsaw.1662Stillingfl. Orig. Sacræ ii. ii. §6 Their great skill in Astronomy is attested by Diodorus.1676Ray Corr. (1848) 122 This author..hath good skill in the feeding and ordering of singing-birds.1709Steele Tatler No. 78 ⁋9 Who shows as much Liberality in his Practice as he does..Skill in his Profession.1828Scott F.M. Perth v, His professional jealousy, personal strength, and skill in the use of arms, brought him into many quarrels.1887Swinburne Locrine i. i. 29 No skill of speech have I.1889Barrie Window in Thrums xx. 195 He had little skill in talk.
c. An art or science. Obs.
1570Dee Math. Pref. a iiij, Of the former knowledge Geometricall, are growen the Skills of Geographie, Chorographie, and Stratarithmetrie.1613Heywood Brazen Age ii. ii, Those hidden skils, Ascrib'd vnto the infernall Proserpine.1647Fuller Holy War iii. vi. (1840) 118 Richard..quickly got money, the sinews of warre, by a thousand princely skills.1667Decay Chr. Piety v. §27. 241 And certainly, the skill of Christian suffering is not the easiest of all trades or sciences.
d. A skilled person. Obs.—1
a1657R. Loveday Lett. (1663) 77 You will much oblige me to propound it to as many skills as you shall converse with, and to send me their several judgements.
7. Knowledge or understanding of something. Now arch.
1587Golding De Mornay xxvii. (1592) 425 If thou eate of the tree of the skill of good and euill.1638Featly Strict. Lyndom. i. 157 Surely that Priest..could not have skill of brachygraphy, nor well spell Latine.1685Burnet tr. More's Utopia Pref. 3 If he..has a competent skill of the one tongue, and is a master of the other.1818Scott Hrt. Midl. v, Since ye say ye hae skeel o' the law.1887Morris Odyssey xi. 463 Thereof I have no skill, Whether he liveth or dieth.
8. no skill, it matters not. Obs.—1
1575R. B. Appins & Virg. in Hazl. Dodsley IV. 128 Though shame or defame do happen, no skill.
9. attrib. and Comb. (in sense 6), as skill-pride, skill-thirst; skill-contending, skill-wrought adjs.; skill centre orig. U.S., a local training institution providing instruction in practical and technical skills, spec. in U.K. (Skillcentre, skillcentre), one sponsored by the government (cf. job centre s.v. job n.2 7); skill facet (see quot. 1850).
1591Sylvester Du Bartas i. i. 664 With curious Skill⁓pride, and vaine dreames.1593Shakes. Lucr. 1018 Busy yourselues in skill-contending schools.1598Sylvester Du Bartas ii. i. ii. Imposture 539 Too-curious-Skill-thirst, Envie, Felony.1615H. Crooke Body of Man 197 To reueyle the veyle of Nature, to prophane her mysteries for a little curious skil-pride.1751Jeffries Treat. Diamonds & Pearls (ed. 2) Gloss., In Brilliants, there are two sorts, skew or skill facets and star facets.1850Holtzapffel Turning III. 1330 These triangular facets are called skill facets, from the difficulty of placing them correctly.Ibid. 1336 A row of double skill facets are then arranged around the girdle.1887R. Brown Trilogy 72 For ever dart-struck was his casque Skill-wrought.1963Amer. Vocational Jrnl. Dec. 33/2 The industrial situation assures the future of the area schools, but two problems involved are: (a) a common agreement on the type of regional education programs (i.e. state vocational schools,..vocational departments in comprehensive high schools, state skill centers), [etc.].1975Manpower Services Commission Ann. Rep. 1974–75 8/3 The government training centres under their new name of ‘skillcentres’ were to be expanded.1976Ibid. 1975–76 16/3 These services include sponsored training at Skillcentres designed to enable firms to send employees to be trained to meet the firms' own precisely defined needs.1977Daily Tel. 12 Sept. 11 Technicians from the Government Skillcentres, who are of much higher standard.1978Church Times 27 Jan. 2/2 Skill centres and other training provisions for school-leavers and the young unemployed.
b. In pl.
1967Coulthard & Smith in Wills & Yearsley Handbk. Management Technol. 196 Techniques of management by objectives, performance planning, and skills analysis are being more widely applied as they become increasingly effective in contributing to success.Ibid. 212 Skills analysis, the setting down of the underlying knowledge and dexterity which an operative will require in order to perform a given industrial operation.1971R. N. Evans Foundations of Vocational Education iii. xiv. 231 Unlike earlier manpower and anti-poverty training programs, Skills Centers could accept trainees whenever a training slot was open.1976National Observer (U.S.) 17 Apr. 14/5 The English teaching profession..has progressed..well beyond thinking of writing instruction solely or principally in terms of basic skills instruction.1977P. Strevens New Orientations Teaching of English vi. 78 Shortcomings in demonstration and practice facilities affect the skills component.
II. skill, n.2 Obs. rare.
? A skillet.
1600Shuttleworth's Acc. (Chetham Soc.) 128 One skille xjd; one brazen ladle viijd.1603Ibid. 150, ij skilles xixd.
III. skill
obs. variant of skull n.2 basket.
IV. skill, v.1 Now arch.|skɪl|
Forms: 3 skelien, skilen, 4 skile; 4–5 scil, 5–7 skil, 6 skyl; 5–6 skyll, 6 skille, 6– skill.
[a. ON. skilja to divide, distinguish, etc., or skila to decide, expound, related to MDu. and MLG. schillen and schelen to differ, make a difference, etc. Cf. skill n.1]
1.
a. intr. To separate, part from. Obs.—1
a1200Vices & Virtues 17 Ðu..noldest þenchen of ðine forðsiðe, þat tu fram ðine lichame scoldest skelien, and tefore me cumen.
b. trans. To separate, divide, take out. Obs.
c1200Ormin 16860 Unnlic all oþerr lede, & skiledd ut all fra þe follc þurrh haliȝ lif & lare.a1300Cursor M. 9291 Wel sal he cun knau quilk es quilk, Fra the wick þe god to scil.
c. To make free or quit of. Obs.
1481Caxton Reynard xvii. (Arb.) 44 The kynge hath skylled hym quyte of alle his brokes and forgyuen hym all his trespaces and mysdedes.
2.
a. intr. To cause a distinction or difference.
c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 119 Swo þe holie gost hem fulde of him seluen, and sette þe word on hem þe þere speken, and skilede on hem þat hie herden.
b. impers. In negative or interrogative clauses: To make a difference, to be of importance, to matter. Also with dat. of person. Now arch.
Extremely common from c 1525 to c 1670.
1460J. Capgrave Chron. (Rolls) 306 If thei mad question to what entent thei schuld rise, this answere had thei:—‘It skil you not, so ye have good wagis, and treuly payed’.1509Hawes Past. Pleas. xxxiv. (Percy Soc.) 173 What skilleth you though that he dye this nyght?a1530Heywood Weather (Brandl) 443 What y⊇ deuyll shold skyl though all y⊇ world were dum.1580Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 245 Whether he be now lyuing, I know not, but whether he be or no, it skilleth not.1614Jackson Creed iii. 16 It skils not how infallible the truth in it selfe or the proposer be.c1680Hickeringill Hist. Whiggism ii. Wks. 1716 I. 118 From the Court or Queen, what skills it? I commend him.1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. ii. i. ii, Blow the brains or thinking-faculty quite out of him for the time: it skills not; he..revives on the morrow.1861Lytton & Fane Tannhäuser 94 Hence! Whate'er I am it skills not.
c. impers. To avail, help. Now arch.
1528in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1822) V. 368 If you have any wast mony, give yt to poore pepull and tarye at home, for it shall not skyll to go on pilgremages to Ipiswiche.1814Byron Lara i. ii, It skills not, boots not step by step to trace His youth through all the mazes of its race.1848K. H. Digby Broadstone of Honour III. Morus 220 It may not skill repeating the names of holy men forgotten by the moderns.1880McCarthy Own Times lii. IV. 103 But what skills talking?
d. To care, reck. rare—1.
1821Scott Kenilw. xi, Whether he was the devil's crony or no I skill not.
3. To allege in argument. Obs.—1
1390Gower Conf. III. 343 For al that evere I skile may, I am concluded with a nay.
4. To understand, comprehend. Now dial.
a1500How the wise man taught his son in Hazl. E.P.P. I. 170 Skyll fully what thou pray.1555T. Phaer æneid i. 16 Encompast with the cloud he goes (a wondrous thyng to skyll).1573G. Harvey Letter-bk. 18 Truly I cannot scil what is procurare malum socio.1632J. Featley Hon. Chast. 9 Who skils not the cunning of those delicate imposters, in their wretched devices?1657J. Watts Vind. Ch. Eng. 115 Seeing you are unlettred, and skill not the Original languages.a1677Barrow Serm. (1686) I. xiii. 191 The speaker little skilleth the use of speech, or the rule of conversation.1828Carr Craven Gloss., Skill, to know, to understand... ‘I nivver could skill him.’
b. intr. To have knowledge of, or skill in, something. Obs. (Cf. skill n. 5.)
1540R. Hyrde tr. Vives' Instr. Chr. Wom. (1592) K vij, Or what woman now adaies, that is sad & wise, wil be known to skill of daunsing.1561in Strype Ann. Ref. (1709) I. xxii. 230 Lest the unlearned should say, they did not skill of such books.1628J. Doughty Serm. Ch. Schismes 16 More shifts besides they skill of to obscure their malitious drifts.1662Evelyn Chalcogr. 132 That they might the better skill in the works of Embrodery.1691Ray Creation i. (1704) 198 To vilifie those Studies which themselves skill not of.
c. With inf.: To know how to do something. Also with how. Now arch.
a1586Sidney Arcadia lxx. Wks. (Grosart) II. 157 They now skild not how from him to wend.1671Evelyn Let. to Father Patrick 27 Sept., He would be thought a thick⁓skinn'd doctor..who skill'd not to discern how a thing might be real, and yet spiritual.a1677Barrow Wks. (1830) I. 462 Not skilling to get his suit quietly, he would extort it by force.1859S. R. Hole Tour Irel. 13 He who skilleth not to brew it.., may thank me, perhaps, for thus instructing him.1865Neale Hymns Paradise 46 If there be that skills to reckon All the number of the Blest.
d. trans. To order, dispose. Obs.
c1610Sir J. Melvil Mem. (1683) Pref., A man may many times, if he skill it aright, give his Prince good counsel, contrary to his inclinations.
5. intr. To get along, to subsist. Obs.—1
1537State P. Hen. VIII, II. 449 The pore Englishe erth tillers in the English pale cannot skyll upon penury nor wredchidnes, as the Irishe tenantes doo sustayne.
6. trans. To teach, instruct. rare—1.
a1813A. Wilson Foresters Poet. Wks. (1846) 218 Not he who guides the legs, or skills the clown To square his fist, and knock his fellow down.
V. skill, v.2 Obs.—1
[Of obscure origin.]
intr. To mount, ascend.
a1400Lybeaus Disc. 1844 Lybeauus wyth goodwyll Into hys sadell gan skyll, And a launce yn hond he hent.
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