| 释义 |
▪ I. slander, n.|ˈslɑːndə(r), -æ-|
Forms: α. 3–6 sclaundre, 4–6 -der (4 -dire, 5 -dir); 4 sclawndire, 5 -dre, -dyr, -der; 4–6 sclander, -dre (6 -dir), 4 sclondre. β. 4–6 sklaunder (4 -dere, -dir, 4–5 -dre, 5 -dur, -dyre); 5 sklawnder (5–6 -dyr); 5 (Sc. 6–7) sklander (-dyr, 6 Sc. -dir, -dre). γ. 4–7 slaunder (4–5 -dre, 5 -dere), 4 slawndire; 5 slandyre, 6– slander.
[ad. AF. esclaundre, OF. esclandre, an alteration of escandle, ad. L. scandalum: see scandal n.]
1. The utterance or dissemination of false statements or reports concerning a person, or malicious misrepresentation of his actions, in order to defame or injure him; calumny, defamation.
αc1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 165 Þov mis-seist mi louerd þe king;..ho miȝte soffri swuch sclaundre bote he nome þar⁓of wreche? a1325Prose Psalter xlix. 21 Þou..spak oȝain þy broþer, and þou settedest sclaundre oȝains þe sones of þy moder. 1340Ayenb. 6 Þe ilke þet zuereþ zoþ.., naȝt kueadliche, ake liȝtliche and wyþ-oute sclondre. c1450Mirk's Festial 27 Þay þoghten forto take hym wyth som wordes of sclawndyr yn God. 1486Bk. St. Albans f v, Ther be iiii. thyngs principall to be drad of euery wise man... The iiii. is sclaunder & the mutacion of a comynalte. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 138 b, The spiryte of falsnes, the spiryte of sclaunder.
βc1375Lay Folks Catech. (T.) 489 Sklaundir for to fordo a mannes gode fame. c1384Chaucer H. Fame iii. 1580 His other clarioun That hight sklaundre in euery toun With whiche he wonte is to diffame hem that me liste. c1400Cursor M. 27683 (Cott. Galba), Of enuy cummes oft grete grocheing, Missaw, sklander, and bacbiteing. 1500–20Dunbar Poems xlii. 100 That nobill king.. Chest Sklander to the west se cost. 1609Skene Reg. Maj., Acts Jas. VI, 137 Any purpose of reproch, or sklander of his Majesties person, estate, or governement.
γc1440Promp. Parv. 458/2 Slaunder,..calumpnia. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VI, 84 b, Whose mother susteyned not a litle slaunder and obloquye of the common people. 1589Puttenham Eng. Poesie i. xvi. (Arb.) 50 The Poets being in deede the trumpetters of all praise and also of slaunder (not slaunder, but well deserued reproch). 1629Carliell Deserving Favourite 833 Though heretofore the company of a Father Were a sufficient buckler to beare off slanders darts. 1649Jer. Taylor Grt. Exemp. ii. Disc. ix. 124 He that kills a mans reputation by calumnies or slander, or open reviling. 1727Gay Fables i. xxv, Who deals in slander, lives in strife. 1794Coleridge Lines on a Friend 19 Shall Slander squatting near Spit her cold venom in a dead man's ear? 1817W. Selwyn Law Nisi Prius (ed. 4) II. 1161 Falsehood and malice, either express or implied, are of the essence of the action for slander. 1872Geo. Eliot Middlem. lxxiv, How much is only slander and false suspicion?
†b. Fame, report, rumour. Obs.—1
Here used for the sake of the rime; but in some other ME. examples the idea of rumour is perhaps more prominent than that of falsity.
13..K. Alis. 4797 (Laud MS.), The lijf of Alisaunder, Of whom fleiȝ so riche sklaunder. Ibid. 6066 Þe folk of þe londe herden þe sclaunder Þat to hem com kyng Alisaunder.
2. A false or malicious statement or utterance intended to injure, defame, or cast detraction on the person about whom it is made.
α β1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 6851 Þer was vpe þe quene emme..ydo A luþer sclandre. c1320Sir Tristr. 2145 Vngiltles er ȝe In swiche a sclaunder brouȝt. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. iii. 86 To scornie and to scolde, sclaundres to make. a1450Knt. de la Tour 2 Of the whiche there come to diuerse gret defames and sclaundres withoute cause and reson. 1508Fisher 7 Penit. Ps. cii. Wks. (1876) 155 There was neuer creature borne.. that myght escape the sclaundres and backbytynges of them whiche are backbyters. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 13 b, If he beynge tyckled wyth false complaintes and sklaunders [L. criminationibus], should come into Germany. 1562J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 69 It maie be a sclaunder, but it is no lie.
γc1375Lay Folks Catech. (L.) 1338 Slaundrys for to for-do a mannys good fame. c1380Sir Ferumb. 132 Þe Emperour..askeþ þan What ys riȝte name was þat made such a slaundre. ‘Sire,’ said he, ‘sir Fyrumbras, þe kyng of Alysaundre’. 1590Shakes. Much Ado ii. i. 144 His gift is, in deuising impossible slanders. 1611B. Jonson Catiline iii. i, Where it concernes himselfe Who's angrie at a Slander, makes it true. a1656Bp. Hall Rem. Wks. (1660) 122 Your tongues..run ryot in..spightful slanders. 1727Gay Fables i. xxv, One slander must ten thousand get. 1794Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho lvi, Count de Villefort has detected the slanders that have robbed me of all I hold dear on earth. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xviii. IV. 172 His slanders were monstrous: but they were well timed. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 302 The envious..reduces his rivals to despair by his unjust slanders of them.
†3. Discredit, disgrace, or shame, incurred by or falling upon a person or persons, esp. on account of some transgression of the moral law, unworthy action, or misdemeanour; evil name, ill repute, opprobrium. Obs. Cf. scandal n. 2.
In some cases not clearly separable from sense 1.
α1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 7287 Haraldes broþer, þat he drof in to flaundre,..him sulf to grete sclaundre. c1375Lay Folks Mass Bk. (MS. B.) 377 To hom þat are in ille lyue, In sclaunder, myscounforth, or in stryue. c1400Rom. Rose 5074 And she of hirs may hym, certeyne, With⁓oute sclaundre, yeven ageyn. a1450Knt. de la Tour 35, I will telle you of a lady that caught a gret blame and sclaundre atte iusting withoute cause. 1565Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 340 Quhilk taill and brute, besydis the sclandir that it importis to thame.., is to hir Hienes self verie prejudiciall.
β1362Langl. P. Pl. A. xii. 17 Hit were boþe skaþe and sklaundre to holy cherche. 1377Ibid. B. xii. 47 Felyce hir fayrnesse fel hir al to sklaundre. c1425Audelay XI Pains of Hell 139 in O.E. Misc. 215 Þese..neuer wold shryue hem of þat trespase, Fore dred of sklawnder and penans doyng. 1470–85Malory Arthur xviii. i. 726 He withdrewe hym from the companye and felaushyp of Quene Gueneuer for to eschewe the sklaunder and noyse. 1508Dunbar Flyting 21 It is..tinsale baith of honour and of fame, Incres of sorrow, sklander, and evill name.
γc1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxi. (Clement) 618 With þat al schot sone one hyme,..& huntyt hym owt of þare towne with slandyre & confusione. a1548Hall Chron., Edw. V, 15 b, Muche matter was deuised in the same proclamacion to the slaunder of the Lord Hastynges. 1583Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 75 Some [ministers] fall to one mischiefe, some to another, to the great slander of the Gospell of Iesus Christ. 1678Sir G. Mackenzie Crim. Laws Scot. i. xvii. §iii, When they are suspected of Adultery, and thereby gives slander to the Kirk,..they are excommunicat.
†b. Const. of the person, etc. Obs.
c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 2231 Philomene, Why madist thow on to the Slaundere of man, Or..Whi sufferist thow that tereus was bore. c1400Rom. Rose 3972 To me it is gret hevynesse, That the noyse so ferre is go, And the sclaundre of us twoo. 1428in Surtees Misc. (1890) 3 In..ryght gret sklaundre of ye cite of York, and agayne ye course of trewe marchandise. 1500–20Dunbar Poems lxxxii. 21 Think ȝe nocht schame, Sa litill polesie to wirk In hurt and sklander of ȝour name.
†c. A source of shame or dishonour; a discreditable act; a disgrace; a wrong. Obs.
1390Gower Conf. III. 189 If the lawe be forbore..It makth a lond torne up so doun, Which is unto the king a sclandre. 1470–85Malory Arthur xviii. iv. 731 That shalle be a grete sklaunder for yow in thys Courte. 1480Caxton Myrr. iii. xiii. 162 A grete lady whiche to fore had don to hym a grete sklaundre and dysplaysir. 1529More Dyaloge iii. Wks. 218/1 And that wer a sore sclaunder to the word of god, that men should se him whom thei heare preache well, so proude an ypocryte. 1540Act 32 Hen. VIII, c. 30 The whiche is thought as well a greate sclaunder to the said common lawe of this Realme.
†d. A person who is a discredit, disgrace, or scandal to some body or set of persons. Obs.
1529More Suppl. Souls Wks. 306/2 They should be of the worst sort, & such as now be sklaunder of their order. 1547J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes a v, These..reputed heddes of the Churche, bee the onely shame and slaunder of the Churche. 1596Spenser F.Q. iv. viii. 35 That shame⁓full Hag, the slaunder of her sexe.
†4. A cause of moral lapse or fall; a stumbling-block. = scandal n. 1 b, offence n. 2. Obs.
c1340Hampole Psalter xlviii. 13 Þis way, þat is, þis life of þa, for it ledis þaim til hell, is slawndire til þaim. 1382Wyclif Matt. xiii. 41 Mannes sone shal sende his angels, and thei shulden gedre of his rewme alle sclaundris, and hem that don wickidnesse. a1400Apol. Loll. 57 Go o bak after me Sathanas, and þu art sclaunder to me. c1449Pecock Repr. iii. xi. 348 He was not so perfit that he couthe bere beggerie at ful withoute sclaundre. 1533Gau Richt Vay 30 Ve prech Iesu Christ crucifeit, sclander to the Iowis and folie to the gentils. 1586A. Day Eng. Secretary ii. (1625) 126 He that desirith to be good indeed ought not so much as to become an occasion or slander of evill.
5. attrib. and Comb. (in sense 1), as slander action, slander-bearer, slander currency, slander law; slander-beaten, slander-mouthed adjs.
1600Lane Tom Tel-troth 114 Whole volumes gainst their slander-bearers. 1622Bp. Hall Serm. (1627) 492 A slander-beaten crosse, a crucified Sauiour. 1700Congreve Way of World iii. v, A Slander-mouth'd Railer. 1777Sheridan Sch. Scandal ii. ii, In all cases of slander currency, when⁓ever the drawer of the lie was not to be found. 1897Westm. Gaz. 29 Nov. 5/3 Our slander law is still uncivilised. 1900Daily News 1 June 7/4 Rumours had been spread about the village, on which the slander action was begun by him.
▪ II. slander, v.|ˈslɑːndə(r), -æ-|
Forms: α. 4–6 sclaundre, -der (4 -dir, 5 -dyr), 4 schlaundre, 5 sclawndre, 4–6 sclandre, -der (5 -dir). β. 4–6 sklaundre, -der (5 -dir, -dur), 5 sklawnnder, 4–7 sklander (6 -dir). γ. 4–7 slaundre, -der, 5 -dir, slawnder, 5– slander.
[ad. OF. esclandrer (and esclandrir), f. esclandre: see prec.]
†1. trans. In or after Biblical use: To be a stumbling-block to; to offend; to cause to lapse spiritually or morally. Obs.
a. In passive; also refl. (see first quot.).
a1300Cursor M. 13109 Þat man sal for-blisced be Þe quilk him sclanders noght for me. c1325Metr. Hom. 35 Ful bliced..es he That es noht sclaunderd in me. 1382Wyclif Mark iv. 17 Afterward tribulacioun sprongen vp,..anoon thei ben sclaundrid. c1400N. Love Bonavent. Mirr. xxviii. (1908) 146 Wherfore they were gretely sclaundred and stired aȝenst hym. c1449Pecock Repr. v. vi. 513 The persoon sclaundrid (that is to seie, prouokid and putt into synne). 1563Winȝet Wks. (S.T.S.) I. 67 That the waik and infirm be nocht slanderit be our vngodly silence in tyme of persequtioun.
b. Used actively. (Cf. scandalize v.1 2.)
1382Wyclif Malachi ii. 8 Forsothe ȝe wenten awey fro the weye, and sclaundren ful many men in the lawe. c1400Apol. Loll. 40 He þat puttiþ forþ þis þing noiþer drediþ ne schamiþ to lette ne sclaunder oþer men. 1483Caxton Cato C vj, If thyne eye sclaunder or shame thy self put hit fro the. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (1531) 61 Yf thyne eye sclaunder the, or be to the occasyon of synne.
†2. To bring into discredit, disgrace, or disrepute. Obs.
c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxxii. (Justin) 430 Þe feynde..thocht to fyle hyre gud name, & sclandir hyr, & gere thol scham. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 23 Þe prisoners þat were i-sent aȝe were i-sclaundred for evermore. c1440Alph. Tales 125 Þies synnes er grevus, and þerfor I enione þe to penance at þou schryfe þe noght of þaim vnto no noder man, for þai may gretlie sklander þe. c1477Caxton Jason 128 b, I entende not that by me ye sholde be sclawndrid. 1538Starkey England ii. iii. 209 Now a days the precharys sklaunder the word of God, rather then teche hyt, by theyr contrary lyfe. 1592Kyd Sp. Trag. ii. i, Yet might she loue me for my valiancie: I, but thats slaundred by captiuitie. 1603Drayton Bar. Wars v. lviii, Least in that place the sad displeased earth, Doe loathe it selfe as slandered with my birth.
3. To defame or calumniate; to assail with slander; to spread slanderous reports about, speak evil of, traduce (a person, etc.).
αc1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 4252 Thurgh pride he sal ogayn God ryse And hym sclaunder and his law dispise. 1397Rolls of Parlt. III. 379/1 In that that I sclaundred my Loord, I knowleche that I dede evyll. a1450Knt. de la Tour 21 After these wordes, she wepte and saide he had sclaundred her, and that it shuld not abide unponisshed. 1468Paston Lett. II. 314 W. Barker sclaundred me yn certeyn maters of gode... Wold Jesu Barker had seyd true. a1569A. Kingsmill Godly Advise (1580) 10 The finest clothe maie be soonest stained, the honestest maie bee soonest sclaundered. 1599Sandys Europæ Spec. (1632) 74 Their art of sclaundering their opposites,..misreporting their actions [etc.].
β13..Evang. Nicod. 421 in Herrig Archiv LIII. 398 Wha sklaunders god, yhe wate he mon Be staned to ded for syn. c1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 7415 Þus in helle salle þai far ay, And þar-with sklaundre God. c1425Audelay XI Pains of Hell 77 in O.E. Misc. 213 Þo..Bakbidit here neȝtbore for enuy, And sklaundird hem in erþ ful falseley. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 84 b/1, I..haue leuer to deye than to dyffame & sklaundre my moder so fowly. 1581J. Hamilton in Cath. Tract. (S.T.S.) 83 Gif they..sklander and blasphame lauful magistrats. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. 187 Throuch the inuie of sum persounis he had bene sklandiret to the Emperour.
γc1425Hampole's Psalter Metr. Pref. 55 Thus þei seyd..And slaundird foule þis holy man. c1440Promp. Parv. 458/2 Slawnderon, scandalizo, calumpnior. 1530Palsgr. 720/2 Have alwayes a good tonge in your heed, for it is both synne and shame to slaunder any bodye. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 16 To slaunder any man, before he be convicte of Heresye. 1621Bp. Sanderson Serm. (1637) 51 It is deepliest slandered and hotliest opposed. 1653W. Ramesey Astrol. Restored 307 One shall abuse and slander the other. 1735Pope Prol. Sat. 374 Full ten years slander'd, did he once reply? 1735Poole Dialogue 82 You slander us in this Point. 1864Tennyson Aylmer's F. 350 Some one, he thought, had slander'd Leolin to him. 1888G. Masson Med. France (1897) 42 Bertram de Born..spent his life in warring against his neighbours..and..slandering them in his sirventes.
†b. To accuse (unjustly or otherwise) of, charge or reproach with, something discreditable. Also with that and clause. Obs.
c1400Destr. Troy 834, I am ferd..þat hit lede..me harme for to haue of thy hegh wille, To be sclaundret of þi skathe. c1430Chev. Assigne 234 She was sklawnndered on-hyȝe þat she hadde taken howndes. 1526Tindale Titus i. 6 Havynge faythfull children which are not sclandred off royote. 1591Shakes. Two Gent. iii. ii. 38 The best way is, to slander Valentine With falsehood, cowardize, and poore discent. 1603Owen Pembrokeshire (1892) 128 That are (truelie) slaundred with eating fyve meales a day. 1607B. Jonson Volpone iv. i, O, Sir, proceed: I'll slander you no more of wit, good Sir.
†c. Sc. To charge with, accuse of, a crime or offence. Obs.
1504Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. II. 436 Men that wes sclanderit with finding of ane hurd. 1579Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 158 Personis sclanderit or suspect of treasoun salbe tane and remane in firmance. 1609Skene Reg. Maj., Act Jas. II, 132 Gif any person is sklandered, or suspect of treason, he sal remaine in firmance.
†4. To speak or write evil of, to misrepresent or vilify (a thing). Obs.
1401Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 94 Thou wenest thou saist soth whan thou liest most lewde, and sclaunderist the truthe. 1549Compl. Scotl. xx. 183 Thir freuole sophistaris that marthirs and sklandirs the text of aristotel, deseruis punitione. 1569Rogers Glasse of Godly Love 178 Make such ashamed as would sclaunder the holy Gospell. 1623Lisle ælfric on O. & N. Test. Pref. 11 It hath beene slandered for heresie and new doctrine to have the Scripture in vulgar.
5. intr. or absol. To speak or utter slanders.
1426Audelay Poems 6 Ne say no word to hym sklaunderyng. 1428in Surtees Misc. (1890) 6 He was counseld and biddyn noght to sclandyr in na maner bot say fully ye treuthe. 1500–20Dunbar Poems xli. 22 Be ȝe so wyiss that vderis at ȝow leir, Be nevir he to sklander nor defame. 1621Burton Anat. Mel. ii. iii. vii, Let them rail, then, scoff, and slander. 1855Tennyson Maud i. iv. iv, I keep but a man and a maid, ever ready to slander and steal.
†6. trans. To publish or spread abroad. rare.
c1375Cursor M. 27425 (Fairf.), Atte wiser squa his rede aske he, þat na man shrift sklaunderet be. c1470Henry Wallace vii. 919 Tharfor I will bot lychtly ryn that cace, Bot it be thing that playnly sclanderit is.
Hence ˈslandered ppl. a. Also absol.
1602Colleton (title), A Ivst Defence of the Slandered Priestes. 1819Shelley Cenci iii. i. 285 We Are now..man to man;..The slanderer to the slandered; foe to foe. 1881M. E. Braddon Asph. II. 230 They all preferred the slandered to the slanderer; but they listened all the same. |