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conjunction|kənˈdʒʌŋkʃən|
[ME., a. OF. conjunction, -juncion, -joncion, -jonction, ad. L. coniunctiōn-em ‘joining together, marriage union, connexion of ideas, a conjunction (in grammar)’, n. of action from conjungĕre to conjoin.]
1. The action of conjoining; the fact or condition of being conjoined; union, connexion, combination.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. v. iii. 159 Þe coniunccioun of god and of man. c1400Destr. Troy 13831 The coniunctoun vniust is Ioynit vs betwene. 1538Starkey England i. ii. 41 The vnyon and coniunctyon of the body and soule togyddur. 1578Banister Hist. Man i. 19 The coniunction of the Vertebres with the head. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, v. v. 20 We will vnite the White Rose, and the Red. Smile Heauen vpon this faire Coniunction. 1643Baillie Lett. & Jrnls. (1841) ii. 55 In the meeting I moved the Conjunction of elders. 1656J. Sergeant tr. T. White's Peripat. Inst. 233 Through its conjunction to the body. 1685Lond. Gaz. 20– 4 Aug. 2/2 The Canal for the Conjunction of the two Seas. 1699Sir T. Morgan's Progr. Fr. & Flanders in Somers Tracts iv. (1751) III. 159 Major-general Morgan was to make Conjunction with the French Army. 1771Smollett Humph. Cl. 6 May, Efforts she has made towards a nearer conjunction with our sex. 1818Jas. Mill Brit. India I. ii. iv. 133 This rude conjunction of dissimilar subjects. 1890H. C. G. Moule Secret Prayer vii. 115 That immediate conjunction with the Head through which he has union with the members.
b. Phr. in conjunction with, in conjunction.
1745Col. Rec. Penn. V. 5 In conjunction with y⊇ neighboring Governments. 1764Reid Inquiry vi. vii, Visible figure is never presented to the eye but in conjunction with colour. 1853Bright Sp. India 3 June, The President..has to act in conjunction with the Court of Directors.
2. spec.
†a. Union in marriage. Obs.
1541Barnes Wks. (1573) 365/1 Those Priestes that..hath not forsaken the coniunction of maryage. 1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1980/1 Wishing by the coniunction of those two yoong princes, the vniting of the two kingdoms in perpetual amitie. a1652Brome City Wit iii. ii, My Legitimate Spouse, when is our day of conjunction? 1762Hume Hist. Eng. III. xlix. 53. 1819 A. Rees Cycl. s.v. Contubernium, When this conjunction between slaves came to be considered as a lawful marriage.
†b. Sexual union, copulation. Obs.
1567J. Maplet Gr. Forest 88. 1607 Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1673) 57 When the Cow..conceiveth at the first conjunction. 1650Bulwer Anthropomet. 214. 1794 G. Adams Nat. & Exp. Philos. I. x. 429 Neither vegetation, nor animality, nor appetite, nor conjunction.
†c. Joining in fight, hostile encounter. rare.
1648Evelyn Mem. (1857) III. 23 As for acts of hostility committed, there hath as yet been little, beside the conjunction of some scouts and forlorn hopes.
†d. Mixture or union of ‘elements’ or substances; one of the processes in alchemy. Obs.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. (MS. A.) 9 If a surgian ne knewe nouȝt þe science of elementis..he mai not knowe science of conjounciouns, þat is to seie, medlyngis. 1471Ripley Comp. Alch. iv. in Ashm. (1652) 146 In our Conjunccion four Elements must be aggregat. 1609Rowlands Knave of Clubs 42 Earth and Water, Aire and Fire, Do a coniunction make.
3. Astrol. and Astron. An apparent proximity of two planets or other heavenly bodies; the position of these when they are in the same, or nearly the same, direction as viewed from the earth.
Formerly, two planets were said to be in conjunction when they were in the same sign of the zodiac, or even in adjacent signs; in modern astronomy, the term is definitely restricted to their position at the moment when they are in the same longitude or right ascension. Conjunction is often used simply for conjunction with the sun of a primary planet (formerly also of the moon, in which case it is equivalent to ‘new moon’). An inferior planet may be in inferior conjunction, i.e. between the earth and the sun, or in superior conjunction, i.e. on the farther side of the sun.
1375Barbour Bruce iv. 695 Astrology, Quhar-throu clerkis that ar witty, May knaw coniunctione off planetis. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. ix. iv. (1495) 348 The mone meuyth rounde abowte fro Coniunccion to Coniunccion, that is fro chaunge to chaunge. 1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1356/2 In this yeare 1583..the great and notable conjunction of the two superior planets, Saturne and Jupiter. 1647Lilly Chr. Astrol. i. 26 When two Planets are in one and the same degree and minute of any Signe, we say they are in Conjunction. 1754–8Bp. Newton Prophecies, Daniel xi. 160 The month began..not at the true conjunction, but at the first appearance of the new moon. 1858Herschel Outlines Astron. vii. (ed. 5) 268 A Solar eclipse can only happen when the sun and moon are in conjunction. 1889C. Pritchard Occas. Th. Astron. x. 229 The technical phrase ‘conjunction’ does not necessarily imply any very close proximity.
4. The occurrence of events in combination; a combination of events or circumstances.
1684Contempl. State of Man i. x. (1699) 114 How dreadful the conjunction of so many and so great Calamities. a1862Buckle Civiliz. (1869) III. v. 316 [This] required a peculiar conjunction of events. 1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. xxiii. 601 This was a rare conjunction of circumstances.
5. A concrete example of conjunction; a number of persons, things, or elements, conjoined or associated together; a combination, association, union.
1541R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Chirurg., Howe many coniunctions of bone be in the hande, and howe many bones in euery coniunction. 1633Bp. Hall Hard Texts 419 The Lord will not suffer these wicked conjunctions to prosper. 1644Chillingw. Fast Serm. at Oxf. 15 It exceedes the conjunction of all the good things of the world. 1722De Foe Plague (1756) 197 A populous Conjunction or Collection of Alleys, Courts, and Passages. 1863Kinglake Crimea (1876) I. xvii. 376 A strong man and a good cause make a formidable conjunction.
†b. A joining; a joint. Obs.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 110 (MS. A.) Þe schap of þe coniunccioun of þe .v. boonys of þe heed. 1578Banister Hist. Man i. 4 Sutura..is a coniunction of the bones. 1686W. Harris tr. Lemery's Chym. i. xiii. (ed. 3) 339 Fit to it a large capacious Receiver, lute well the conjunctions.
†c. A thing that conjoins or unites; a bond or tie. Obs. rare.
1570Queen Elizabeth in Strype Ann. Ref. I. lvi. 615 So near a neighbour by situation, blood, natural language, and other conjunctions.
6. Gram. One of the Parts of Speech; an uninflected word used to connect clauses or sentences, or to co-ordinate words in the same clause.
1388Wyclif Prol. 57 A participle..mai be resoluid into a verbe..and a coniunccion copulatif, as thus, dicens, that is, seiynge, mai be resoluid thus, and seith. 1530Palsgr. Introd. 44 The table of conjunctyons. 1615J. Stephens Ess. & Charac., Taylors man (1857) 249 A Taylors man—Is a Conjunction copulative: He makes things hang together. a1637B. Jonson Eng. Gram. xxii, A conjunction is a word without number, knitting divers speeches together. 1876Mason Eng. Gram. (ed. 21) §287 Prepositions show the relation of one notion to another. Conjunctions show the relation of one thought to another. Hence conjunctions for the most part join one sentence to another.
†b. = conjugation. Obs. rare.
1578Cooper Thesaurus Introd., In a verbe they have to note..of what conjunction it is.
Add:7. Chiefly Logic. A complex proposition (typically of the form ‘p and q’) which is true only when the component propositions are all true; the operation resulting in such a proposition.
1903B. Russell Princ. Math. v. 57 We may call the first a numerical conjunction, since it gives rise to number, the second a propositional conjunction, since the proposition in which it occurs is equivalent to a conjunction of propositions. 1931R. M. Eaton Gen. Logic i. 29 The compound propositions in which and, or, and if–then figure as major logical relations are known respectively as conjunctions, disjunctions, and implications. 1941O. Helmer tr. Tarski's Introd. Logic i. 20 The joining of two sentences (or more) by the word ‘and’ results in their so-called conjunction or logical product. 1955A. N. Prior Formal Logic i. 6 Medieval logicians described compounds of the form ‘p and q’ as ‘copulative’ propositions; they are now generally called ‘conjunctive’ propositions or ‘conjunctions’. 1980C. S. French Computer Sci. xxii. 141 The AND operation may also be called the logical product, intersection or conjunction. 1982W. S. Hatcher Logical Found. Math. i. 2 The truth table for the conjunction..of two sentences is the following. Ibid., Since conjunction is a binary operation, the number of possible cases of truth and falsity is greater than that of the negation operation. |