| 释义 |
radial, a. and n.|ˈreɪdɪəl|
[a. late L. radiāl-is (see Quicherat), F. radial (1611 in sense 5), or directly f. radi-us + -al1.]
A. adj.
1. Of light, beams, etc.: Proceeding or issuing as rays from a common centre; also, of or pertaining to light in the form of rays. Now rare.
1570Dee Math. Pref. 19 The certaine and determined actiue Radiall emanations. 1637R. Ashley tr. Malvezzi's David Persecuted 83 A violent starre, whose radiall beames may be good. 1713C'tess of Winchilsea Misc. Poems 69 Enliv'ning Beams might from them fly, To re-inkindle..The radial sparks. a1774Goldsm. Surv. Exp. Philos. (1776) II. 353 Place an object that is blue under a yellow ray, the object immediately assumes the radial colour.
transf.1650Charleton Van Helmont's Tern. Paradoxes Proleg. D 1 b, The omnipotent Odor, or radial activity whereof. Ibid. D 2, An Influential or Radial activity (so have I taken the liberty to Christen it).
2. a. Arranged like rays or the radii of a circle; having the position or direction of a radius.
1750Franklin Lett. etc. Wks. 1840 VI. 103 Eight concentric circles, and eight radial rows. 1756Burke Subl. & B. iv. xvi, The contraction of the radial fibres of the iris. 1837Brewster Magnet. 115 When the eight open radial spaces were filled up with tin. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xv. 100 The glacier of the Rhone..its system of radial crevasses. 1884Bower & Scott De Bary's Phaner. 338 The radial walls of the layer of cells bordering these canals.
b. radial axle, an axle (of a railway carriage, tramway car, etc.) which on a curve of the track assumes the position of a radius to that curve; so radial axle box.
1883Daily News 6 July 3/7 A system of cars by which..a truly radial axle is obtained. 1889G. Findlay Eng. Railway 104 The compound engines are fitted with ‘Webb's radial axle-box.’
c. Pertaining to the radius of a circle.
1869Rankine Machinery & Millwork 111 The radial pitch [is to be found] by dividing the radius by the same number.
d. Bot. and Timber. Applied to a longitudinal section or cut along a radius or diameter, and to the surface so exposed. Also as adv., as radial-sawn adj.
1881J. S. Gamble Man. Indian Timbers 175 Medullary rays fine, equidistant, prominent on a radial section. 1924Holman & Robbins Textbk. Gen. Bot. iv. 104 The annual rings appear in radial section as more or less parallel bands which impart to the wood its characteristic grain. 1938H. E. Desch Timber ii. 19 The rays are usually just visible to the naked eye on radial surfaces, where they appear as narrow, horizontal ribbons. 1958N.Z. Timber Jrnl. Apr. 61/2 Radial sawn. 1969H. L. Edlin What Wood is That? i. 20 (caption) The radial cut through a birch-log, which splits it into two, becomes convex after seasoning. 1972H. J. Dittmer Mod. Plant Biol. viii. 151 Radial or quarter-sawed wood is taken through the radius of the log.
e. Of a road, route, etc.: running directly from the centre of a town or city to an outlying district (usu. as part of a system of such roads). Hence also used of transport services using such routes.
[1909H. I. Triggs Town Planning ii. 88 In cities laid out upon the radial system, the radiating streets form as it were the skeleton of the system.] 1937[see parkway s.v. park n. 7]. 1942Policy on Rotary Intersections (Amer. Assoc. State Highway Officials) 1 Each road approaching a rotary hereafter is called ‘radial road’. 1948T. Sharp Oxford Replanned 7 Radials. Oxford has a highly developed pattern of radial roads which all centre on Carfax. 1957Encycl. Brit. XXII. 335 Wren suggested the use of radial streets integrated with the rectangular plotting of intervening areas, broad streets and location of industry outside the city limits. 1976P. R. White Planning for Public Transport v. 93 The major growth during the twentieth century was in improvement of principal radial roads beyond the limit of the then built-up areas, and construction of bypasses or ring roads. Ibid. 106 Even on the radial Green Line Services, the heaviest loads are often between inner and outer suburban centres.
3. a. Having spokes, bars, lines, etc., extending from a centre; spec. applied to certain apparatus or machines having a part or parts thus arranged, as radial drill, radial drilling-machine, radial plane, etc.
1762Falconer Shipwr. i. 174 In his radial wheel the circling Sun Thro bright Astræa and the Scales had run. 1869E. J. Reed Shipbuild. xv. 278 Common radial paddle wheels usually have two shaft bearings. 1875Practical Mag. V. 276/1 Bouhey's radial machine. Ibid., It will be seen that it is a radial drill. 1898Cycling 46 The tangent wheel, as it is called, is immensely stronger than the old⁓fashioned radial or ‘direct’ wheel.
b. radial point = radiant point (sense a).
1867J. Hogg Microsc. i. ii. 40 The pencil d n..having a radial point at p q.
c. radial engine, a type of internal-combustion engine (used chiefly in aircraft) having its cylinders fixed radially around a rotating crankshaft. Hence radial-engined adj.
1909R. Kennedy Flying Machines vii. 115 Miesse aero⁓motor: 8-cylinder radial engine, having the cylinders arranged in pairs and in an horizontal position. 1934Discovery Dec. 353/1 The tendency in Great Britain is to develop both types, the large in-line engine being composed of four banks of cylinders forming an H, and the corresponding radial engines with two circles of cylinders one immediately behind the other. 1942R.A.F. Jrnl. 16 May 14/1 Single-seat, low-wing, radial-engined monoplane fighters..are standardised by the Army. 1963Bird & Hutton-Stott Veteran Motor Car 21 The interesting radial-engined Enfield-Allday. 1971L. J. K. Setright Power to Fly vi. 162 Each of the 9 cylinder banks had its own overhead camshaft, a most uncommon luxury in radial engines.
d. Also radial-ply. Denoting a tyre in which the layers of fabric are laid with the cords running at right angles to the circumference of the tyre, and the tread is strengthened by further layers of fabric running round the circumference. Also ellipt. as n.
1964Economist 26 Sept. 1191/2 British manufacturers have shied away..from buying components at more than minimal cost. They are changing their attitudes..with the advent of the radial-ply tyre, whose greater expense is..compensated for by better wear. Ibid. 1254/1 Firestone has been experimenting with fibreglass cords for radials. 1966Ibid. 22 Oct. 388/2 Michelin, pioneers of radial-plies, have yet another new tyre. 1967Autocar 5 Oct. 19/2 Radial tyres..add appreciably to the car's safety margin, especially in the wet. 1971Guardian 23 Mar. 18/4 Patents for radial-ply tyre design were first registered in about 1912. It was not until 36 years later that Michelin..introduced the first radial for commercial sale. 1972Practical Motorist Oct. 82/1 Since July 1 it has been illegal to fit a cross-ply tyre and a radial on the same axle. 1972C. Weston Poor, Poor Ophelia (1973) viii. 42 His car whirled up, radial tires singing on the glossy pavement. 1976Field 18 Nov. 1021 (Advt.), The..radial ply tyres produce a very peaceful ride.
4. a. Of immaterial things: Involving or characterized by the divergence of lines or parts from a centre; taking the direction of, acting or moving along, such lines.
1833Herschel Astron. xi. 353 The radial part of the disturbing force. 1862H. Spencer First Princ. ii. xix. §155 (1875) 426 When the blow is violent enough to fracture the mass, we see, in the radial dispersion of its fragments [etc.]. 1872Mivart Elem. Anat. 10 Another form of symmetry which is entirely absent in Man is radial symmetry. 1875Bennett & Dyer tr. Sachs' Bot. 692 The root takes an outward radial direction..the stem an inward radial direction.
†b. radial curve (see quot.). Obs. rare—0.
1710J. Harris Lex. Techn. II. s.v., Radial-Curves are Curves of the Spiral-kind, whose Ordinates, if they may be so called, do all terminate in the Centre of the including Circle, and appear like so many Radii or Semi-diameters of that including Circle. [Hence in Bailey, Chambers, Crabb, Worcester, and recent Dicts.]
c. radial-flow adj.: being or employing a turbine, pump, or the like in which fluid is forced to move at right angles to an axis of rotation.
1881Encycl. Brit. XII. 527/1 For radial flow turbines the wheel may have the form A or B, fig. 191, A being most usual with inward, and B with outward flow turbines. 1914W. M. Wallace Hydraulics vii. 101 It is usual to designate turbines as radial flow or parallel flow according as the water flows in a radial or axial direction through the wheel. 1958Technology Mar. 29/3 The basic principles of the Derwent, radial-flow, jet engine are described. 1972J. M. K. Dake Essentials of Engin. Hydraulics vi. 160 The centrifugal pump and the Francis turbine are examples of radial flow reaction machines.
d. Astr. radial velocity, the velocity of a star or other body along the line of sight of an observer.
1895Nature 13 June 155/2 (heading) Measurement of radial velocities. 1930R. H. Baker Astron. viii. 315 Radial velocities of the stars up to 30 km./sec...are usual. 1966J. D. Kraus Radio Astron. viii. 353 The wisps of nebulosity show a large radial velocity of over 5,000 km sec-1, indicating a rapid expansion. 1977F. N. Bash Astron. iii. 67 The Doppler effect..gives astronomers a way of measuring radial velocity.
e. Physical Geogr. Of (a pattern of) drainage: being or involving a pattern of streams flowing outwards from a central dome or other elevated region.
[1910Lake & Rastall Text-bk. Geol. iv. 86 The arrangement of the principal valleys, in most of which are considerable lakes, is distinctly radial.] 1932W. H. Emmons et al. Geol. vi. 106 (caption) A radial stream pattern developed on the surface of the dome-like uplift of the Black Hills in South Dakota. 1939A. K. Lobeck Geomorphol. xv. 513 A radial drainage pattern is characteristic of very young and undissected domes. 1954W. D. Thornbury Princ. Geomorphol. v. 126 In radial patterns,..the individual stream patterns may well be dendritic or pinnate, and radial designates more their arrangement with respect to each other than it does the stream pattern. 1969Geography LIV. 199 The almost perfect radial drainage developed on the andesite volcano of Mount Egmont.
5. Anat. Pertaining to the radius or chief bone of the forearm, esp. in radial artery, radial nerve, radial vein.
1741A. Monro Anat. Nerves (ed. 3) 64 The posterior Branches of the ulnar and radial Nerve. 1786J. Pearson in Med. Commun. II. 98 The radial artery. 1830R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 352 The section of the radial nerve at the lower part of the arm. 1840G. V. Ellis Anat. 392 The radial vein commences on the outer side of the back of the hand. 1851H. Mayo Pop. Superst. (ed. 2) 195 The radial (or thumb) edge of the wrist. 1870Rolleston Anim. Life 14 The long radial extensor of the metacarpus.
6. radial energy: in the writings of Teilhard de Chardin, a form of energy postulated to be independent of the conventional laws of thermodynamics and to tend to produce increasing organization and complexity in both the physical and spiritual worlds; it was held to be manifest, for example, in the evolution of living organisms and in the development of ideas. Cf. tangential energy. [Introduced in Fr. c 1938 in Le Phénomène Humain (1956) 62.]
1959B. Wall et al. tr. Teilhard de Chardin's Phenomenon of Man i. ii. 65 In each particular element this fundamental energy is divided into two distinct components: a tangential energy which links the element with all others of the same order (that is to say, of the same complexity and the same centricity) as itself in the universe; and a radial energy which draws it towards ever greater complexity and centricity—in other words forwards. Ibid. iii. 72 Spiritual energy, by its very nature, increases in ‘radial’ value, positively, absolutely, and without determinable limits, in step with the increasing chemical complexity of the elements of which it represents the inner lining. 1965Listener 15 Apr. 558/2 We really need different kinds of language to deal with the concepts proper to biology and those proper to thermodynamics. One thinks at once of Teilhard's brilliant pioneering neologisms, such as ‘radial’ and ‘tangential’ energy, phrases devised precisely to meet some at least of the difficulties. 1969A. Richardson Dict. Christian Theol. 333/1 It is through increase in radial energy that decisive ‘critical points’ are reached, whether, for example, at the molecular level or at the leap from instinct to thought.
B. n.
1. Anat. A radiating segment of a crinoid, between the stem and the brachials.
1872Nicholson Palaeont. 125 A series of two or three rows of plates, which are directly superimposed upon one another, and which form the foundations of the arms... These are termed the ‘radials’. 1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. ix. 583 The first radial corresponds in direction with the origin of one of the arms, and is followed by a second and third radial.
2. Anat. Cuvier's name for the scapula or hypercoracoid bone of a fish.
In recent Dicts.
3. Anat. A radial nerve or artery.
1871Turner in Encycl. Brit. I. 868/2 The radial passes through the forearm to the hand. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 368 Extending the inquiry from the radials of both sides to the brachial and axillary arteries.
4. Aeronaut. A radial engine.
1920G. C. Bailey Complete Airman xii. 93 The rotary is very similar in appearance to the radial. 1944P. H. Wilkinson Aircraft Engines of World 44 The M-11 engine is a 100 h.p. 5-cylinder air-cooled radial which is used in secondary training planes. 1960C. H. Gibbs-Smith Aeroplane xiv. 110 The 247..was powered by two 550-h.p. Pratt and Whitney Wasp radials.
5. a. A radial road or route. b. Canad. A train or tram running on a radial route.
1948[see sense A. 2 e above]. 1966Globe & Mail (Toronto) 12 Sept. 16 (caption) The radials: commuter dream of the auto killed. 1972J. Mosher Adultery iii. xiv. 134 Father had already gone off on the half-past six radial.
6. (See quot. 1956.)
1956W. A. Heflin U.S.A.F. Dict. 417/2 Radial, any one of a number of lines of position radiating from an azimuthal radio-navigation facility,..identified in terms of the bearing of all points along that line from the facility. 1971Flying Apr. 42/2 Then via the Coyle 270 radial until intersecting the 113 radial of Modena. 1972R. L. Taylor Instrument Flying viii. 114 The number that now appears under the OBS index is your course to the station (inbound it will always be the reciprocal of the radial you are on).
7. A radial-ply tyre (see sense A. 3 d above).
Senses B. 6–7 in Dict. become 7–8. Add: [B.] 6. Radio. Each of a number of wires attached radially (freq. in a horizontal plane) to the base of a vertical antenna, which partially reproduce the reception and transmission characteristics of a horizontal sheet of conducting material attached at this point.
1939A.R.R.L. Antenna Bk. xii. 93/1 Better results can be expected as the length of the radial wires is increased... As many radials as possible should be used. 1952QST May 12/1 The antenna at W5CSU is operated with a ground system of 16 radials varying between 25 and 40 feet in length. 1961Amat. Radio Handbk. (ed. 3) xiii. 365/1 The inner conductor..is connected to the vertical rod or wire and a set of four or more quarter-wave radials is connected to the sheath. 1976CB Mag. June 7/1 (Advt.), Electrical design of the long, .64 wavelength vertical radiating element plus full size radials guarantee unequalled performance. 1981P. Chippindale Brit. CB Bk. ix. 133 Instead of your car the normal home-base aerial..has radials at the bottom which take its place. |