| 释义 |
species, n.|ˈspiːʃiːz, ˈspiːʃɪiːz|
Pl. species; also 7–9 specieses.
[a. L. speciēs (abl. sing. speciē specie) appearance, form, kind, etc., f. specĕre to look, behold; hence also G. species, spezies. Within the Romanic languages the word is represented by It. specie, spezie, Sp. and Pg. especie (and especia), OF. espece (F. espèce) and espice (F. épice): see spece and spice n.]
I.
†1.
a. Appearance; outward form. Obs.
This sense is partly represented in the legal use of the word: see quots. 1651 and 1765–8 under specification 1 b.
1559Morwyng Evonym. 400 An other very good wine with the same species, but in other weight. 1651Hobbes Leviath. iv. xliv. 338 A Divinity under their species, or likenesse.
b. Math. Of geometrical figures (see quot. 1842).
But in earlier quots. taken in sense 9.
1660Barrow Euclid i. xxxii, All right-lined figures of the same species. Ibid. vi. vii, The angles C and F are not of the same species or kind. 1715tr. Gregory's Astron. (1726) I. 411 The Methods..for finding the Species and Position of the Orbit of the Earth. 1842Penny Cycl. XXII. 322/2 Euclid..means by figures of the same species those which have the same form, whatever may be their size... The word species is here used in its primitive sense of appearance. 1881Casey Sequel to Euclid 37 A triangle is said to be given in species when its angles are given.
2. Eccl. The visible form of each of the elements of bread and wine used in the sacrament of the Eucharist; one or other of these elements.
Sometimes rendered by ‘form’, but more commonly (through association with 9) by ‘kind’: see kind n. 13 b.
1579Fulke Heskins's Parl. 84 They ceasse to be the body & bloud of Christ, when the species or kinds of bread and wine, are putrified or rotten. 1614Brerewood Lang. & Relig. 213 They deny the true body of Christ to be really in the sacrament of the eucharist under the species of bread and wine. 1637Gillespie Eng. Pop. Cerem. iii. ii. 34 Now that which was under the species, though in their conceit it was Christs body, yet it was indeed Bread. 1671Woodhead St. Teresa ii. xi. 97 As soon as I had communicated (the Species remaining yet as it were intire). 1737Challoner Cath. Chr. Instr. (1753) 99 The Ceremony of mixing a Particle of the Host with the Species of Wine in the Chalice. 1849Rock Ch. of Fathers I. ii. 101 The sacramental species are no longer bread and wine, but have been changed into the Very Body and Blood of Christ Himself. 1880Littledale Plain Reasons xxx. 78 note, All the acts..took place in relation to the species of bread, and not with regard to the chalice.
†3.
a. The outward appearance or aspect, the visible form or image, of something, as constituting the immediate object of vision. Obs. (Common in 17th cent.)
1598R. Haydocke tr. Lomatius Pref. 4 The picture mooveth the eye, and that committeth the species and formes of the things seene to the memory. 1603H. Crosse Vertues Commw. (1878) 42 Our sight being remoued from the obiect and species of things. 1653Urquhart Rabelais i. xliv, As if they had seen the very proper species and forme of death before their eyes. 1699Ld. Tarbut Let. in Pepys' Diary (1870) 688 That which is generally seen by them is the species of living creatures, and inanimate things, which are in motion.
†b. Similarly without of. Obs.
c1613W. Browne in Sir T. Overbury's Wks. (1856) 12 Yet through thy wounded fame, as thorow these Glasses which multiply the species, We see thy vertues more. 1654Gayton Pleas. Notes i. viii. 27 For he saw at a convenient distance forty windmills to be the very same, that the species represented them. a1700Ken Hymnotheo Poet. Wks. 1721 III. 355 As the two Eyes, two Species entertain.
†c. The image of something as cast upon, or reflected from, a surface; a reflection. Obs.
1638Wilkins New World v. (1707) 41 The Light which appears in the Moon at the Eclipses, is nothing else but the second Species of the Sun's Rays. 1669Phil. Trans. IV. 1104 The way of casting the Species of the Sun through a good Telescope of a competent length, on an extended paper. 1697Dryden æneid viii. 36 The glitt'ring species here and there divide, And cast their dubious beams from side to side. 1737Gentl. Mag. VII. 121/2, I cast the Species of the Sun on a Sheet of Paper..thro' a two-foot Telescope. c1790J. Imison Sch. Arts I. 200 The Species of an object is the image or representation thereof made by the rays of light in the Focus, or place where they unite.
†4. A thing seen; a spectacle; esp. an unreal or imaginary object of sight; a phantom or illusion. Obs.
1639S. Du Verger tr. Camus' Admir. Events 34 We will cause her obsequies to be prepared, and a fantasme, or species to be put into the grave. 1652J. Wright tr. Camus' Nat. Paradox vi. 134 Shee had no sooner opened her Eyes, but the first species that formed it self to her sight, was an horrible Serpent of an immense growth. 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 82 It helps against vaine species.
†5. Metaph. A supposed emission or emanation from outward things, forming the direct object of cognition for the various senses or for the understanding. Obs.
The species affecting the senses were classed as sensible (divided into audible, visible, etc.) and distinguished from the intelligible. See also intentional a. 3.
a. With qualifying adjs.
1614Bp. Hall No Peace with Rome §8 (1627) 665 In the same state as the faculty of seeing when a sensible species is absent. 1651Hobbes Govt. & Soc. xiii. §7. 195 We may more truly say..that the sensible, and intelligible species of outward things,..are by the ayre transported to the soule. 1661Boyle Spring of Air (1682) 108 Because no visual species's could proceed either from it, or through it, unto the eye. 1700J. A. Astry tr. Saavedra-Faxardo II. 54 The Councils are as 'twere..the Optick Nerves, by which visible Species are transmitted to the Prince. 1707J. Frazer Disc. Second Sight 17 Visible Ideas, or Species, are emitted from every visible Object to the Organ of the Eye.
b. In general use.
1621Burton Anat. Mel. i. i. ii. vii, Memory layes vp all the Species which the Senses haue brought in, and records them. 1668Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. Man. iv. viii. 345 That the Species of odours may with the Air be carried to the..Organs of Smelling. 1683Tryon Way to Health 269 The very Air conveys the Species of diseased People, more especially if there be fit and prepared matter for Diseases. 1756Gibbon Autobiog. & Corr. (1869) 182 If you understand by ideas these chimerical species, the mere fictions of metaphysicians.
c. A mental impression; an idea.
1644Digby Nat. Bodies xxxviii. §3. 329 If there be aboundance of specieses of any one kind of obiect then strong in the imagination. 1650Earl of Monmouth tr. Senault's Man bec. Guilty 244 Imagine..that his soul exercising those species which she by the senses had received, considered the works of God. 1711Shaftesbury Charact. (1737) III. 33 There are certain moral Species or Appearances so striking,..that..they bear down all contrary Opinion.
†6. In Platonic philosophy, = idea n. 1. Obs.
1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. 261, I suppose, said Socrates, that God and the very Species, Essence or Idea of Life, will be granted by all to be Incorruptible. 1704Norris Ideal World ii. vi. 315 Plato..supposed besides these corporal things another kind of beings separate from matter and motion, which he called species or ideas. Ibid., That so the soul did not understand those corporal things, but the separate species of those corporal things. 1792Ld. Monboddo Language ix. 110 These perfect ideas of Plato are no other than the specieses of things which were held by Aristotle to exist in the mind of the deity.
II.
7. Logic. The second of the five Predicables (q.v.), connoting the common attributes or essential qualities of a class of persons or things as distinguished from the genus on the one hand and the individual on the other.
1551T. Wilson Logike B vj, Species is a common word that is spoken of many whiche differ only in number, as manne is spoken of Socrates,..and of euery proper name belonging to a man. As Socrates is a man. 1567Jewel Def. Apol. iii. v. 343 What adoo was made in daily disputations..aboute Genus and Species, and the reste of the Vniuersals. 1657J. Smith Myst. Rhet. A viij b, Species, is a more special title attributed to divers particulars under it: as, Man to William, Thomas, John. 1668Wilkins Real Char. ii. i. §3. 26 That common nature which is communicable to several Individuals, is called Species, Sort or special kind. 1725Watts Logic (1726) 36 A special Idea is call'd by the Schools, a Species; it is one common Nature that agrees to several singular or individual Beings. Ibid. 235 All those supposed unknown Parts, Properties or Species are clearly and distinctly perceived to be..contain'd in the known Parts, Properties or general Ideas. 1827Whately Logic 138 Whatever Term can be affirmed of several things, must express..their whole essence, which is called a Species. 1857–60[see difference n. 4 c].
†b. The essential quality or specific properties of a thing. Obs.
1594T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. II. 429 The instruments whereby the Species or kinde of any thing is vnited and knit vnto the matter. 1599B. Jonson Ev. Man out of Hum. ii. vi, I am come to have you play the Alchymist with me, and change the species of my land, into that mettall you talke of. 1610― Alch. ii. iii, We..can produce the species of each mettall More perfect thence, then nature doth in earth. 1651Hobbes Govt. & Soc. vii. §1. 109 We have already spoken of a City by institution in its Genus; we now say somewhat of its species.
8. a. A class composed of individuals having some common qualities or characteristics, freq. as a subdivision of a larger class or genus.
1630Prynne Anti-Armin. 180 This kinde of argument from euery indiuiduall to the species will not hold. 1653? Hales Brevis Disq. in Phenix (1708) II. 324 Are you not yet sure whether..if you reject all the Species, the whole Genus be taken away? 1690Locke Hum. Und. iii. vi. §8 The individuals that are ranked into one sort, called by one common name, and so received as being of one species. 1762Kames Elem. Crit. (1833) 486 A number of individuals considered with respect to qualities that distinguish them from others, is termed a species. 1822I. Taylor Elem. Educ. 39 The smaller parcels into which we afterwards divide the whole, are called species. 1843Mill Logic i. vii. §3 In this popular sense any two classes one of which includes the whole of the other and more may be called a genus and a species. 1870Jevons Elem. Logic xii. 98 A species is any class which is regarded as forming part of the next larger class.
†b. Algebra. (See quot. 1704.) Obs.
‘The term was..used by Vieta in its logical sense, as opposed to individual, in designating the algebraical notation which he first distinctly proposed’ (Penny Cycl. XXII. 322).
1674S. Jeake Arith. (1696) 334 Species are Quantities or Magnitudes, denoted by Letters, signifying Numbers, Lines,..Figures,..&c. 1688Lond. Gaz. No. 2319/4 Together with Arithmetick in Species or Algebra, &c. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Species in Algebra, are those Letters, Notes, Marks, or Symbols, which represent the Quantities in any Equation or Demonstration.
c. Without article, esp. in phr. in species.
1785Reid Intell. Powers 28 To differ in species is one thing, to differ in degree another. 1841Lane Arab. Nts. I. 30 It is believed..that the difference between them and the Jinn and Sheytáns is a difference of species.
9. a. A distinct class, sort, or kind, of something specifically mentioned or indicated. Freq. const. of.
The separate groups of quotations illustrate the chief varieties of context.
(a)1561T. Hoby tr. Castiglione's Courtyer iii. (1900) 223 Both the one and the other is conteined under the Species of Homo. 1660R. Coke Justice Vind. 26 If the Scriptures be true,..that since Adam..the species of Mankind was continued by generation. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 830 Sheep, Oxen, Horses fall; and heap'd on high, The diff'ring Species in Confusion lye. a1763Shenstone Ess. Wks. 1765 II. 155 Man is not proud as a species, but as an individual. 1799Washington Lett. Writ. 1893 XIV. 196 To sell the overplus I cannot, because I am principled against this kind of traffic in the human species.
(b)1599B. Jonson Cynthia's Rev. ii. iii, Every your most noted species of persons, as your marchant, your scholer, your souldier. 1662J. Davies tr. Olearius' Voy. Amb. 170 They were certain Indian Lords... The same Author distinguishes them into four species. a1687Petty Pol. Arith. (1690) 95 Might not the several Species of the Kings Subjects be equally mixt in their Habitations? 1750Johnson Rambler No. 75 ⁋2 That species of men whom the ladies generally mention with terror. 1780Bentham Princ. Legisl. xviii. §44 note, Aristotle..divides mankind into two distinct species: that of freemen and that of slaves. 1867Kingsley Water Life vi. (1879) 71 Dante, with his various bolge, tenanted each by its various species of sinners.
(c)1581Sidney Apol. Poet. (Arb.) 43 Now in his parts, kindes, or Species, (as you list to terme them) it is to be noted, that some Poesies haue coupled together two or three kindes. 1759Goldsm. Wks. (1837) III. 215 Disapproving in one species of composition, what we approve in another! 1780Mirror No. 79, No species of poetry has given occasion to more observation and criticism than what is called pastoral. 1801Busby Dict. Mus., Species, a subdivision of one of the genera of the ancient music. The genera of the Greeks were three... The Species were called Chroia, or colours of the genera. 1826Macaulay Misc. Writ. (1860) I. 303 No species of fiction is so delightful to us as the old English drama. 1845M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 1 Such history is a distinct species of composition.
(d)a1625Sir H. Finch Law (1636) 252 Wood is the generall of all trees growing, and therefore shall be put in demand before Alders and Willowes which are but species of it. 1656[? J. Sergeant] tr. T. White's Peripat. Inst. 355 By the meeting of different parts, as many kinds and species of Earths,..we see [etc.]. 1727A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. II. l. 229, I told them what the current Price was in Town for every Species of my Goods. 1794Hutton Philos. Light, etc. 65 That it is the invisible species of light which is most absorbed by the..glass.
(e)1635J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Banish'd Virg. 136 There was not any species of simplicity that I counterfeited not affectately. 1644Digby Nat. Bodies ii. §8. 14 There remaineth no more to be said of this subiect, but to enumerate the seuerall specieses of Quantity. 1769E. Bancroft Guiana 368 In this situation they are subjected to many complicated species of misery. 1792J. Barlow Constit. of 1791, 9 That species of government which offers a premium for wickedness. 1825Macaulay Ess., Milton (1851) I. 26 He fought for the species of freedom which is the most valuable. 1834L. Ritchie Wand. by Seine 83 That imaginative species of memory which converts the past into the present.
b. a species of, a kind of (cf. kind n. 14); also with the. † In early use in more definite sense.
1620T. Granger Div. Logike xiii. 315 When in the handling of a controuerted question, diuers opinions are recited, it is a part, or species of a narration. 1644Bulwer Chirol. 108 For suretiship is a species of bargaining. 1751Johnson Rambler No. 87 ⁋9 Their gratitude is a species of revenge. 1815Scott Guy M. xii, A species of native banditti who were always on the watch for prey. 1839Fr. Kemble Resid. in Georgia (1863) 12 Under the species of social proscription in which the blacks in your Northern cities exist. 1842Loudon Suburban Hort. 345 Clipping is a species of pruning that was formerly much more general.
c. Applied to individuals as unique or as typical of a class.
1644Cleveland Char. Lond. Diurnall 7 As the Angels, each of them makes a severall Species; so every one of his Souldiers is a distinct Church. 1656Cowley Pindar. Odes, Praise of Pindar i, Pindar is imitable by none; The Phœnix Pindar is a vast Species alone. 1719Young Busiris v. i, I can't complain in common with mankind—But am a wretched species all alone. 1768Johnson Pref. to Shaks. Wks. IX. 243 In the writings of other poets a character is too often an individual; in those of Shakespeare it is commonly a species.
d. With possessive pronouns, usually with reference to man or animals.
1706E. Ward Wooden World Diss. (1708) 42 He loves dearly to propagate his Species, even in the very Lands that know him not. 1794Godwin Caleb Williams 48 You will live deserted in the midst of your species. 1839Ruskin Poetry Arch. vi. §87 A man who could remain a radical in a wood country is a disgrace to his species.
e. the species, the human race.
1711Addison Spect. No. 10 ⁋6 Their Amusements seem contrived for them rather as they are Women..; and are more adapted to the Sex, than to the Species. 1728Fielding Love in Sev. Masques Ded., Wks. 1882 VIII. 3 Those morose schoolmen, who would confine knowledge to the male part of the species. 1797Godwin Enquirer i. i. 1 If individuals were happy, the species would be happy. 1814Chalmers Evidences vi. 182 Every great step in the history of the species. 1859Mill Liberty i. 7 In the stage of progress into which the more civilized portions of the Species have now entered.
f. Chem. and Physics. A particular kind of molecule, ion, free radical, etc.; a distinct kind of atom (esp. a radioactive one) or sub-atomic particle.
[1857W. A. Miller Elem. Chem. III. 45 Other remarkable species of compounds which are obtained by substitution, are those in which a portion of the hydrogen of the original body is displaced by chlorine.] 1895C. S. Palmer tr. Nernst's Theoret. Chem. iv. ii. 521 We will select as a further..example of complete heterogeneous equilibrium, a system composed of H2O and SO2, i.e. two molecular species. 1948Nature 28 Feb. 291/2 The use of tracer materials, radioactive species, and radiations. 1962Cotton & Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. xiv. 427 Pure sulfuric acid contains a number of species in equilibrium. 1967M. Chandler Ceramics in Mod. World vi. 179 Natural uranium is not a single nuclear species. It contains two isotopes. 1971Physics Bull. Dec. 720/3 Using the techniques of flash photolysis..he has identified the spectra of many new species, like CH2, CH3 and NH2. 1974Nature 13 Dec. 538/1 Whether n is considered to be the total number of particles in the Universe or the number of a given species, such as electrons or nucleons, is not important within the accuracy considered here.
10. Zool. and Bot. A group or class of animals or plants (usually constituting a subdivision of a genus) having certain common and permanent characteristics which clearly distinguish it from other groups.
The exact definition of a species, and the criteria by which species are to be distinguished (esp. in relation to genera or varieties), have been the subject of much discussion.
1608Topsell Serpents 126 Some haue taken the word Crocodilus for the Genus, and the seuerall Species, they distinguish into the Crocodile of the Earth, and the water. 1676Ray Corr. (1848) 122 In the ‘History of the Fero Islands’ I find no more species of birds than what I have already inserted in the Ornithology. 1695Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth vi. (1723) 272 There were then the very same kinds of Animals and Vegetables, and the same subordinate Species under each kind that now there is. 1730Miller Gard. Dict. s.v. Leontopetalon, We have but one Species of this Plant in the English Gardens. 1753Chambers' Cycl. Suppl. s.v. Specific, The torpedo maculosa, and non maculosa, seem to express two species different only in the spots. 1807J. E. Smith Phys. Bot. 462 Of which genus Phyllachne..is justly there reckoned a species. 1825Waterton Wand. S. Amer. i. i. 94 The Humming-birds are chiefly to be found near the flowers at which each of the species of the genus is wont to feed. 1862Johns Brit. Birds 415 The American Bittern..seems to differ in no material respect from the European species. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 208 Exactly the same kind or species of shell-fish is found to-day living in the Mediterranean.
†11.
a. pl. The separate materials or ingredients used in compounding a perfume, drug, or similar preparation. Obs.
1601Holland Pliny I. 375 The Species that goe to the composition of sweet Perfumes. Ibid. II. 289 It is one of the species or ingredients entring into the preseruatiue compositions called Antidotes. 1693tr. Blancard's Phys. Dict. (ed. 2), Species of Treacle are those Ingredients of which Treacle is compounded: By the same Name are called the Species of ordinary Decoctions.
†b. pl. Spices. Obs.—1
1652Crashaw Carmen Deo Nostro Wks. (1904) 198 Mountains of myrrh, & Beds of species.
†c. A composition used in embalming. Obs.
1767Gooch Treat. Wounds I. 457 Filled with a species, compounded of fragrant herbs, aromatic drugs, and gums reduced to powder.
†12.
a. A particular kind or sort of coin or money. Obs.
1617Moryson Itin. i. 275 With covenant to deliver him by his Factor the same [coins], both in the Species or Kind, and in the number. 1699Bentley Phal. 440 Dionysius perhaps did not only recoin the money of Syracuse; but alter the Species too and the Names of it. 1704Lond. Gaz. No. 4029/1 The different Rates at which the same Species of Foreign Coins do pass. 1756F. Brooke Old Maid No. 20. 171 He gave me a note specifying the sum, and the several species of money of which it consisted.
†b. Coinage, coin, money, bullion. Obs.
In this sense it is difficult to distinguish between sing. and pl., and in some cases the pl. of specie may be intended.
a1618Raleigh Prerog. Parl. 58 If all be content to pay upon moderation and change of the Species. 1672Petty Pol. Anat. (1691) 70 What hath been said of the Silver-species, may be said of the Gold-species. 1701Lond. Gaz. No. 3740/3 The melting down of the Species is prohibited. 1748Anson's Voy. (ed. 4) 248 The species on board her was inconsiderable, being principally small silver money. 1788Priestley Lect. Hist. iii. xvi. 138 Their nominal species..being about three times higher than ours. 1804Captive of Valence II. 100 By prohibiting species to be carried out of his kingdom in such small quantities, he will prevent the entry of a sum much more considerable.
†c. Metal (gold or silver) used for coinage. Obs.
1790Burke Fr. Rev. Wks. V. 56 The paper securities..held out as a currency..in lieu of the two great recognized species that represent the lasting conventional credit of mankind.
†13. pl.
a. Naut. Sorts of provisions. Obs.
[1699Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) IV. 494 The victualling the Streights fleet without due proofe for the prime costs of the several species of provision.] 1716Lond. Gaz. No. 5464/3 The Goodness of the several Species, and Conditions expected from each Contractor. 1751Navy Board Orders 4 Apr. (MS.), The Kingfisher..to be Victualled to three months of all Species except Beer. 1806Capt. Mundy in Naval Chron. XXXIX. 13 Stored and victualled for five months, of all species.
†b. Sorts of produce. Obs.
c1730Burt Lett. N. Scotl. (1818) II. 53 So that if the tenant is not provided with all the species he is to pay, then that which is wanting may be converted into money.
14. attrib. and Comb., as species-cross, species-cycle, species diversity, species-evolution, species-formation, species group, species-maker, species-monger, species-preservation; species being, a term [tr. G. Gattungswesen (P. C. Reinhard, 1797)] used by Marx to denote man's objective consciousness of life and the mastery of the natural world through work which characterize the human species; man considered in respect to these qualities; species pair, a pair of species which are similar, sympatric, and closely related, but distinct; species-poor, -rich adjs., having a small, or large, number of species; so species richness; species rose, a rose belonging to a distinct species and not to one of the many varieties produced by hybridization; cf. old rose; species sanitation Med., measures taken against a particular species of mosquito in order to reduce the incidence of malaria; species-specific a., found in or characteristic of the members of one species only; hence species specificity; species-uniform a., consistent throughout a species.
1959M. Milligan tr. Marx's Econ. & Philos. MSS of 1844 75 Conscious life-activity directly distinguishes man from animal life-activity. It is just because of this that he is a *species being. Ibid. 76 It is just in the working-up of the objective world, therefore, that man first really proves himself to be a species being. 1979Glassner & Freedman Clinical Sociol. iv. 95 Workers are alienated from..their ‘species being’, or from their human capacity for conscious and creative activity.
1926J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. 25 Where the offspring of *species-crosses are perfectly fertile, [etc.].
1883Encycl. Brit. XVI. 843/2 The complete series of forms needed to represent the species being the *species-cycle.
1967Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. V. 257 An intuitive character referable to any natural population or assemblage of individuals is *species diversity or biotic diversity. 1972Species diversity [see species richness below].
1946F. E. Zeuner Dating Past xii. 355 This genus experienced an episode of abundant *species-evolution from the Eocene to the Miocene, or roughly for 50 million years. 1977R. Holland Self & Social Context viii. 246 Mead's concept of the social-self..never clarifies the relation between species-evolution and individual development.
1941J. S. Huxley Uniqueness of Man vi. 155 Chromosome-doubling after crossing is a method of *species-formation in which the isolation is not spatial but genetic.
1975Nature 24 Jan. 290/3 Some hakes, especially the western South American *species-group (M[erluccius] gayi), might support a greater fishery than at present.
1851S. P. Woodward Mollusca i. 61 Fancying that the genus-maker, and not the *species-maker, should enjoy this privilege.
1849Darwin in F. Darwin Life & Lett. (1887) I. 366 As long as *species-mongers have their vanity tickled by seeing their own names appended to a species.
1942J. S. Huxley Evolution vi. 284 Overlapping *Species Pairs. Numerous puzzling cases are presented by extremely similar species which overlap over much of their range and yet remain distinct. 1959New Biol. XXVIII. 70 Of some sympatric species-pairs, one member releases pollen in the morning and the other in the evening, and the stigmas of each species are receptive only at the appropriate times, so considerably reducing the chances of receiving foreign pollen.
1964V. J. Chapman Coastal Veg. ix. 225 In the absence of grazing a luxuriant and *species-poor Festucetum rubrae develops. 1976Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXIV. 640/1 The Southern Ocean is characterized by a species-rich, productive ecosystem which contrasts sharply with the species-poor, relatively barren terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems of the islands and continental landmass.
1894H. Drummond Ascent Man 24 Obeying the law of *species-preservation, to feed its young.
1973Nature 30 Mar. 344/2 In maintaining or reconstructing types of herbaceous vegetation in which the density of flowering plants exceeds 20 species/m2—the so-called ‘*species-rich’ communities, success is often frustrated by competitive exclusion. 1981Country Life 12 Feb. 376/3 Species-rich hedges were treated sympathetically.
1972Ecology LIII. 279/2 The pattern of bird *species richness (mean number of species per census) was quite similar to the pattern of bird species diversity.
1930J. N. Hart Rose Growing ix. 57 The *species roses are actually wild roses, either native..or imported. 1935N. Mitchison We have been Warned ii. 196 There were Penzance briars, and species roses growing unpruned. 1976Ld. Home Way Wind Blows xiv. 200 A very attractive garden to the south and front of the house..had been filled with a wide variety of species roses.
1930M. F. Boyd Introd. Malariol. vi. 418 ‘Selective control’, ‘species control’ or ‘*species sanitation’, as it is variously designated, i.e., limiting efforts to the control of one species. 1945New Biol. I. 107 The disease can be controlled by applying anti-mosquito measures to these kinds [sc. malarial vectors] only. This method of control, species sanitation, was first used, with spectacular results, by Watson in Malaya. 1959A. A. Sandosham Malariology i. 19 The increased knowledge of the systematics and bionomics of local anopheline fauna made it possible to evolve the more scientific and more economic method of mosquito control referred to as ‘species-sanitation’.
1924Jrnl. Exper. Med. XL. 106 The question arises whether these antigens are simple *species-specific proteins. 1956Nature 21 Jan. 133/1 The reduction in oxygen consumption appears to be caused by a species-specific antibody in the N'Dama serum. 1980A. Kenny Aquinas iii. 76 Chomsky has argued that it is impossible to explain the rapidity with which children acquire the grammar of a language from the..utterances of their parents unless we postulate a species-specific innate language-learning ability.
1925Jrnl. Exper. Med. XLII. 141 Species specificity of cells is of a different order as opposed to *species specificity of proteins. 1964H. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 8) vii. 76 The differences that make a protein molecule a specific antibody are only minor; in chemical structure and species-specificity..it is still a γ-globulin molecule.
1968R. W. Langacker Lang. & its Structure ix. 247 The view that linguistic experience serves more to activate language than to shape it accounts for the fact that language is *species uniform and species specific. 1976Word 1971 XXVII. 225 If a sign language is treated on a par with an oral language, then language is neither species-specific nor species-uniform, because other species are now known to be capable of learning a sign language. |