| 释义 |
▪ I. crayfish, crawfish, n.|ˈkreɪfɪʃ, ˈkrɔːfɪʃ|
Forms: α. 5 creuesse, -ez, -eys, krevys, 5–6 crev-, creues, -ys(e, 5–7 -is(e, -ice, 6 -yce, -iz, 6–7 -isse, creavis(e, 7 krevise; β. 6 creuysshe, 6–7 crev-, creuish(e, 7 creyvish, 7–8 creevish; γ. 6 crefysshe, 6–7 crefish, 7 creyfish, craifish, crea-fish, 7– cray-fish, crayfish; δ. 5 craveys, 6 crav-, craues, -ish, crafyshe, 6–8 crafish, (8 cra-fish), 7– craw-fish, crawfish.
[ME. crevice, -visse, a. OF. crevice (13–15th c. in Littré); cf. crevis m., crevicel dim. in Godef.; in OF. also escrevisse, mod.F. écrevisse, Walloon grèvèse, Rouchi graviche (Littré); a. OHG. crebiȥ MHG. krebeȥ, a derivative of stem *kraƀ- in krab-bo crab q.v.
In Southern ME. the second syllable was naturally confounded with vish (written viss in Ayenbite), ‘fish’; whence the corrupted forms under β and γ, and the later crey-, cray-fish. The variants in cra- go back to Anglo-Fr. when the stress was still on second syllable, and the first liable to vary between cre- and cra-; they are the origin of the modern craw-fish, now used chiefly in U.S.]
A. Illustration of forms.
αa1400–50Alexander 3864 Creuesses. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 154 A krevys with his klawes longe. 1481–90Howard Househ. Bks. (Roxb.) 84 For v. crevys ij. d. c1490Promp. Parv. 102 (MS. K) Creveys, fysshe [Pynson creues]. 1513Bk. Keruynge in Babees Bk. (1868) 281 A creues, dyght hym thus. 1544T. Phaer Regim. Lyfe (1553) I iv a, Excepte it be a creuisse. 1570B. Googe Pop. Kingd. ii. (1880) 21 Some pleasant River..full of creuis. 1612tr. Benvenuto's Passenger i. ii. §87. 163 Creauises are good for Hectickes. 1657Coles Adam in Eden lviii, To seek after Crevises. 1679Plot Staffordsh. (1686) 19 Lobsters..analogous to a Crevice. 1783Ainsworth Lat. Dict. 11, *Carabus..a crab, cray-fish, or crevice.
β1555Eden Decades 302 The flesshe of creuysshes. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iv. (1586) 173 b, Crevishes, Barbils, and Chevins. 1658Rowland Moufet's Theat. Ins. 1041 Crabs or river Crevish. 1783[see B 1 b].
γ1555Eden Decades 115 Full of crabbes or crefysshes. 1571B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. ii. (1586) 70 Take a good sort of Crefishes. 1597Gerarde ii. ccli, Crayfish Woolfes⁓bane. 1613–6W. Browne Brit. Past. ii. iii, From his lurking hole Had pull'd the Cray-fish. 1683Phil. Trans. XIII. 269 The Crefish are some of them red. 1756Nugent Gr. Tour, Germ. II. 443 The largest crayfish in Europe. 1880Huxley (title), The Cray-fish.
δ1478Botoner Itin. (1778) 291 Homines possunt piscare..de craveys. 1526Househ. Exp. Sir T. Le Strange (Add. MS. 27448, f. 27 b), A craves and ij crabbes. 1577Harrison England iii. x. (1878) ii. 21 The lobstar, crafish [1587 or crevis], and the crab. 1565–73Cooper Thesaurus s.v. Crusta, Pilles of certain fishes, as of Crauishes. 1624Capt. Smith Virginia v. 175 They caught..great craw-fishes. 1626Bacon Sylva (1677) §45 The Flesh of the Crab or Crafish. 1747Wesley Prim. Physic. (1762) 82 Ashes of Crawfish. 1796H. Glasse Cookery v. 86 A ragoo of crawfish. 1867F. Francis Angling i. (1880) 48 The tail of a craw-fish. 1883Century Mag. 378 A dozen large crawfish.
B. Signification.
†1. Formerly, like Ger. krebs, a general name for all the larger edible crustacea. Obs.
a1400–50Alexander 3864 Þan comes þare-out creuesses of manykins hewis. 1575Laneham Let. (1871) 9 Fresh Herring, Oisters, Samon, Creuis, and such like. 1656W. D. tr. Comenius' Gate Lat. Unl. ⁋159 Crevices are shelled swimmers, with ten feet, and two claws: among which are huge Lobsters of three cubits; round Crabs; Craw-fish, little Lobsters.
†b. spec. applied to the crab. Obs.
1509Barclay Shyp of Folys (1874) I. 271 On the Crauys he styll shall bacwarde ryde. 1546T. Phaer Bk. Childr. (1553) S vj a, The canker..spreadeth it selfe abrode, like the fete of a creues, called in latin cancer. 1579Tomson Calvin's Serm. Tim. 909 To say, walk on, behaue your selues manfully: and go cleane kam ourselues like crevises. 1783Ainsworth Lat. Dict. (Morrell) i, Crevis, or crevish, cancer.
†2. A general name for large crustacea other than crabs. The name sea crayfish included the lobster and its allies: cf. 3 b. Obs. or arch.
c1440Anc. Cookery in Househ. Ord. (1790) 449 Crabbes and crevyse and lamprons in lentyne. c1460J. Russell Bk. Nurture 614 in Babees Bk. (1868) 159 The bak of þe Crevise, þus he must be sted: array hym as ye dothe þe crabbe. 1526Ord. Hen. VIII in Househ. Ord. (1790) 182 Perches, Creviz, Crabs. 1 mess 8d. c1532G. Du Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 913 Crevyce of the see, houmars. 1575Appius & Virginia in Hazl. Dodsley IV. 118 Yea, but what am I?..A crab or a crevis, a crane or a cockerel? 1624Capt. Smith Virginia ii. 28 Crabs, Shrimps, Crevises, Oysters.
3. In current use:
a. gen. A fresh-water crustacean, Astacus fluviatilis (River or Fresh-water Crayfish, crevice d'eau douce), resembling a small lobster, found in rivers and brooks. Also applied to other species of Astacus and of the allied American genus Cambarus, e.g. the blind crawfish of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky (C. pellucidus).
c1460J. Russell Bk. Nurture 618 in Babees Bk. 159 Of Crevis dewe douz. 1533Elyot Cast. Helthe (1541) 15 a, Shell fyshe, excepte crevyse deau doulce. 1577Harrison England iii. x. (1878) ii. 21 The little crafishes..taken..plentifullie in our fresh riuers. 1578Lyte Dodoens ii. xli. 60 The tayle of a Lobster, or river Creuis. Ibid. iii. lxxviii. 426 A freshwater Creauis. 1601Holland Pliny II. 443 Craifishes of the riuer..be diureticall. a1661Fuller Worthies iii. (1662) 223 This Sir Christopher is also memorable for stocking the river Yower..with Crevishes. 1837M. Donovan Dom. Econ. II. 213 The Cray-fish or Craw⁓fish is an inhabitant of fresh water, and indeed only of the purest water. 1880Huxley Crayfish i. 16 There are a number of kinds of Cray-fish..but they bear the common surname of Astacus. Ibid. 31 Crayfishes of a year old are..two inches long.
b. With London fishmongers and generally on the sea-coast of Great Britain: The Spiny Lobster, Palinurus vulgaris, the Langouste of the French.
1748Anson's Voy. ii. i. 125 This was sea cra-fish; they generally weighed eight or nine pounds apiece. 1770Wesley Wisd. God in Creation (1809) I. 275 The crab, the cray-fish, and many other animals are seen to devour them [muscles]. 1840Penny Cycl. XVII. 167 Palinurus vulgaris. It is the common Sea-crawfish of the shops, Langouste of the French. 1862Ansted Channel Isl. iv. xxii. (1865) 508 Crayfish are very fine, but not thought equal to lobsters in the London market. Note. This crustacean is..the spiny lobster (Palinurus vulgaris) of naturalists, and attains a length of 18 inches. 1865Gosse Land & Sea (1874) 81 The cray-fish, or thorny lobster.
c. S. Afr. An edible marine crustacean belonging to any of several genera of the families Scyllaridæ or Palinuridæ, especially the Cape crawfish, Jasus lalandii.
1853L. Pappe Edible Fishes Cape G.H. 11 This crawfish [sc. the Cape lobster, Palinurus lalandii], peculiar only to the West Coast, and common to Table Bay, is easily caught. 1954K. H. Barnard S. Afr. Shore-life 27 Farther east, instead of the Cape Crawfish, other species are found which are called stridentes or noisy Crawfishes... Gilchrist's Crawfish from the Agulhas Bank has the two short whips on each of the shorter feelers... The Port Elizabeth Crawfish..is a squat form. 1961Cape Times 21 July 11/5 Our kreef which still appears as crayfish or crawfish on Cape restaurant menus, is the langouste. We changed our kreef from crawfish to rock lobster to please American taste. It seems they despise the small, river crawfish with which they are familiar.
4. attrib., as crayfish broth, crayfish soup; † crevishe eyes = crab's eyes; † crevis fish = crayfish.
1599A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 125/1 Take 6 or 7 Pickerells Eyes..and as manye Crevishe eyes..contunde all these thinges very small. 1688R. Holme Armoury 338/1 A Crevice, or a Crefish, or as some write it, a Crevis Fish..a Species of the Lobster, but of a lesser size. 1702J. Purcell Cholick Index, Crafish Broths and Garlick recommended. 1719D'Urfey Pills I. 268 All must stoop to Crawfish Soop.
▪ II. ˈcrayfish, v. Austral.
[f. the n.]
intr. To move like a crayfish; to act in a cowardly or scheming manner. Cf. crawfish v.
1900H. Lawson Over Sliprails 63 The steamer was just crayfishing away from a mud island, where she had tied up for more wool. 1930K. S. Prichard Haxby's Circus xvii. 194 When he thought I was goin' to hit him, [he] crayfished..lay down on the floor, and said I couldn't hit a man when he was down. |