| 释义 |
cryo-|kraɪəʊ|
combining form of Gr. κρύος frost, icy cold (cf. kryo-); as in cryobiˈology, the biology of materials cooled to temperatures lower than those at which they normally function; low-temperature biology; hence cryobiˈologist, one who studies or is skilled in cryobiology; cryobioˈlogical a., of or pertaining to cryobiology; cryoˈglobulin Biochem. (see quots.); cryˈology (see quots.); cryopeˈdology (see quot.); cryoˈphilic a., applied to bacteria which flourish at low temperatures; ˈcryophyte (see quots.); cryoplaˈnation (see quot.); cryoˈplankton, plankton inhabiting snow and ice; cryoˈpump, a vacuum-pump which produces a very high vacuum by the use of liquefied gases; hence cryoˈpumping vbl. n., the use of the cryopump; ˈcryosar, a switching device in computers (see quot. 1959); cryoˈsurgery, surgery using instruments that produce intense cold locally; cryogenic surgery; hence cryoˈsurgical a.; cryoturˈbation [cf. G. kryoturbat adj. (C. H. Edelman et al. 1936, in Verh. van het Geol.-Mijnbouwkundig Genootsch., Nederland, Geol. Ser. XI. 332)], any physical disturbance to the soil produced by the action of frost on water in the soil.
1960H. T. Meryman in Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. LXXXV. ii. 509 The future of cryobiology is exciting, permitting as it does the attainment of indefinitely suspended animation. 1961Lancet 16 Sept. 657/2 At the cryobiology laboratories..A. Rowe..demonstrated new apparatus for the..low-temperature storage of bone-marrow. 1962Business Week 16 June 72/1 Cryobiology is the marriage of two separate sciences: cryogenics, or extreme low-temperature physics, and biology. Ibid., Cryobiologists have come up with two ways to preserve cells by freezing. 1964Internat. Science & Technol. June 58/2 The realm of cryobiology encompasses everything below the optimum temperatures at which life functions... The problems of cryobiology stretch all the way from trying to understand what happens to an animal, an insect, or a single cell when it is cooled (or later warmed) to techniques for preserving useful cells like blood or destroying undesirable cells such as those in the brain of a patient suffering from Parkinson's disease. Ibid. 66/2 The trouble is that these high rates of heat transfer occur too late—at temperature differences between specimen and fluid that are too low for cryobiological use.
1947Lerner & Watson in Amer. Jrnl. Med. Sci. CCXIV. 413/1 The term cryoglobulin is..suggested to represent a group of proteins with the common property of precipitating (or gelifying) from cooled serum. 1965Oxford Mag. 25 Feb. 235/2 He [sc. Bagratuni] perfected a technique for the assay of cryoglobulins, proteins separating from blood at temperatures below that of the body.
1947Jrnl. Glaciology I. 35 ‘Cryology’. Shortly before the war this new word for the study of glaciology was coined in Central Europe... In America the word ‘cryology’ is coming into fashion to describe the study of refrigeration. 1961L. D. Stamp Gloss. Geogr. Terms 140/1 At the International Association of Scientific Hydrology in Zurich, Meinzen referred to four divisions of hydrology—potamology, limnology, hydrology..and cryology (the scientific study of ice and snow).
1946K. Bryan in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CCXLIV. 639 Cryopedology, the science of intensive frost action and permanently frozen ground including studies of the processes and their occurrence and also the engineering devices which may be invented to avoid or overcome difficulties induced by them.
1942C. S. Morris in Dairy Industries VII. 63 (title) Cryophilic bacteria as a cause of milk samples failing the methylene blue test. 1962Lancet 5 May 955/2 Where stored blood is used, the greatest danger is its accidental infection with cryophilic bacteria, though this happens only once or twice for each million bottles issued.
1909Groom & Balfour tr. Warming's Oecology of Plants xxxvii. 154 Closely allied to plankton, but of a subsidiary..nature, is the glacial community forming the cryophyte-formation, which is composed of microphytes that are periodically exposed to ice-cold water. 1960N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. xv. 490 It is perhaps best to refer to the plants growing on snow or ice as ‘cryophytes’.
1946K. Bryan in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CCXLIV. 640 Cryoplanation, land reduction by the processes of intensive frost-action... Includes the work of rivers and streams in transporting materials delivered by the above process.
1932Fuller & Conard tr. Braun-Blanquet's Plant Sociology xii. 289 Cryoplankton, protista inhabiting snow and ice.
1961New Scientist 25 May 434/2 Cryopumps which involve the liquefaction of hydrogen or helium to produce high vacua over large volumes. 1963Ibid. 11 Apr. 99/1 ‘Cryopumping’—freezing the air in a chamber.
1959McWhorter & Rediker in Proc. Inst. Radio Engin. XLVIII. 1207/1 The cryosar is a new semiconductor device, intended primarily for high-speed computer switching and memory applications, which utilizes the low-temperature avalanche breakdown produced by impact ionization of impurities. The name of the device was derived from ‘low-temperature (cryo-) switching by avalanche and recombination’. 1962Engineering 5 Jan. 21/3 Cryogenic devices such as..the cryotron and the cryosar.
1962New Scientist 26 July 213 (heading) Cryosurgery cures Parkinsonism. 1965Observer 2 May (Colour Suppl.) 14 (Advt.), Union Carbide also manufacture..cryosurgical equipment.
1946K. Bryan in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CCXLIV. 633 A recent coinage by Edelman, Florshutz and Jeswiet (1936) is ‘cryoturbation’. 1954Proc. Prehist. Soc. XX. 134 At a similar time cryoturbation took place where a clay and sand interface occurred near enough to the surface.
Add: ˌcryopreˈcipitate Med., a substance precipitated by controlled freezing; spec. a precipitate rich in a clotting factor obtained when rapidly frozen blood plasma is thawed at 4°C.
1965New England Jrnl. Med. 30 Dec. 1443/2 (heading) Preparation of *cryoprecipitates rich in antihemophilic globulin. 1967Brit. Med. Jrnl. 8 Apr. 91/1 Cryoprecipitate is an extremely valuable therapeutic material for the treatment of haemophilia. 1977Lancet 24 Sept. 641/1 Cryoprecipitate therapy is still widely used for treatment in hæmophilia A, especially in developing countries. 1985Brit. Med. Jrnl. 14 Sept. 695/2 Concentrates became freely available in the early 1970s, when their many advantages over fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate were recognised.
ˌcryoprecipiˈtation Med. and Biol., the low-temperature production or formation of a precipitate, esp. a cryoprecipitate.
1965Biol. Abstr. XLVI. 4233/1 (heading) *Cryoprecipitation in the neuro-psychiatric milieu. 1966Ibid. XLVII. 1983/1 The phenomenon of cryoprecipitation takes place not only in extracts but also in the cytoplasmic fluids of some seeds. 1969Britannica Bk. of Year (U.S.) 498 Cryoprecipitation, so-called because it is effected at low temperature, enables the antihemophilic factor from a pint of blood to be concentrated in a volume of only 10 ml. 1985Molecular Immunol. XXII. 717/2 A hapten-induced conformational change can accompany the cryoprecipitation of the immunoglobulin.
ˈcryoprobe, (a) rare, a nose section of a rocket cooled to a very low temperature for collecting samples of air from the upper atmosphere; (b) Med., an instrument with a tip cooled to a very low temperature, used in cryosurgery for destroying tissue.
1965Aviation Week 11 Jan. 44/2 The Nesco cryogenic probe, designated *cryoprobe, is a streamlined nose section which is fitted to the Genie booster. 1965N.Y. Times 25 Dec. 21/4 Dr. Armao intends his cryoprobe for such operations as the knifeless removal of a diseased prostate. 1967Time 21 July 44/2 Faced with cases that seemed beyond help, Dr. Bellows decided to try a cryoprobe chilled to a temperature of -65°C. 1981Brit. Med. Jrnl. 10 Oct. 945/1 Intercostal nerves frozen with a cryoprobe.
ˈcryosphere, the part of the earth's surface that is permanently frozen; also, the entire region of the earth (atmospheric and lithospheric) that is below 0°C.
1957Gloss. Geol. (Amer. Geol. Inst.) 69/2 *Cryosphere, all of the earth's surface that is permanently frozen. 1968R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Geomorphol. 227 In some regions of permafrost, the cryosphere penetrates the lithosphere as deep as 600 meters. 1975Nature 28 Aug. 689/3 An improved understanding of the workings and interactions of the five physical elements of the total climatic system—atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere—is badly needed. 1982Barry & Chorley Atmosphere, Weather & Climate (ed. 4) viii. 332 Two categories of causal factors affecting the earth's climate system can be distinguished... This second category, especially, involves complex feedback effects between atmosphere, ocean and cryosphere.
hence cryosˈpheric a.
1975Nature 28 Aug. 717/1 These results..seem capable of providing accurate estimates of the lag times involved in the change of the oceanic and *cryospheric systems from glacial to interglacial modes. 1986Internat. Jrnl. Remote Sensing VII. 1359 The well-established effect of orographic shadowing is particularly important for cryospheric surfaces.
cryoˈtherapy Med. [ad. F. cryothérapie (F. Bordas 1913, in Compt. Rend. CLVI. 84)], the use of very low temperatures for therapeutic purposes, esp. the treatment of skin cancer.
1939Arch. Dermatol. & Syphilol. XXXIX. 997 *Cryotherapy should be guardedly administered when there is atrophy of the skin. 1969New Scientist 30 Jan. 230/2 In advanced ano-rectal neoplasms and bladder tumours palliative cryotherapy provides worthwhile symptomatic relief by surface destruction of the tumour and by its ability to reduce local haemorrhage and mucoid discharge. 1985E. H. Hart German Shepherd Dog xxii. 296 Cryotherapy, the freezing of tissues by agents such as liquid nitrogen and freon via a probe, is being used successfully by many veterinarians. |