| 单词 | chronic |
| 释义 | chronic (krɒnɪk ) 1. adjective [usually ADJECTIVE noun] A chronic illness or disability lasts for a very long time. Compare acute. ...chronic back pain. chronically (krɒnɪkli ) adverb [ADVERB adjective/-ed] Most of them were chronically ill. 2. adjective [ADJECTIVE noun] You can describe someone's bad habits or behaviour as chronic when they have behaved like that for a long time and do not seem to be able to stop themselves. Anyone who does not believe that smoking is an addiction has never been a chronic smoker. ...a chronic worrier. 3. adjective [usually ADJECTIVE noun] A chronic situation or problem is very severe and unpleasant. One cause of the artist's suicide seems to have been chronic poverty. There is a chronic shortage of patrol cars in this police district. Synonyms: serious, dangerous, acute, alarming chronically adverb [ADVERB adjective/-ed] Research and technology are said to be chronically underfunded. Collocations: chronic complainer But being a chronic complainer should disqualify them. Christianity Today Once you give in, you will have lost more -; far more -; than whatever battle the chronic complainer wanted to draw you in to. Christianity Today Not all criticism merits response, especially that of chronic complainers. Christianity Today Chronic complainers need to be deflected, not destroyed. Christianity Today And there are a lot of people who are chronic complainers, psychic leeches, spiritual bloodsuckers, who will siphon the life and energy right out of you if you let them. Christianity Today I've come to look at one plight in particular: river blindness, a chronic condition that potentially affects 125 m people. Times, Sunday Times (2007) My chronic condition - lateral epicondylitis (even more middle-class than ' avocado hand' or ' oyster thumb') was back. Times, Sunday Times (2017) We may soon come to see this dread disease largely as a manageable and chronic condition. Times, Sunday Times (2009) This chronic condition causes a ruddy nose and cheeks and while its cause isn't known, possible triggers include hot and cold weather and sunlight. The Sun (2016) Here we show that mechanical stimuli by postnasal drip cause chronic cough. 2015, 'Mechanical Stimulation by Postnasal Drip Evokes Cough.', PLoS ONE Postnasal drip, asthma and gastroesophageal reflux are the known cause of chronic cough. 2009, 'Evaluation of Methacholine Challenge Test Results in Chronic Cough Patients Referring to Clinic of Pulmonary Disease', Acta Medica Iranica Gastroesophageal reflux and postnasal drip syndrome remain one of the most common causes of chronic cough. 2012, 'Chronic Cough, Reflux, Postnasal Drip Syndrome, and the Otolaryngologist', International Journal of Otolaryngology Should that fail you may need medical treatment for chronic depression. Times, Sunday Times She was diagnosed with chronic depression and generalised anxiety disorder. Times, Sunday Times The healing effect of working on the land was not sufficient to stave off his chronic depression. Times, Sunday Times Electrical stimulation has been shown to eliminate chronic depression in some patients. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Domestic violence, chronic depression and death all feature prominently throughout the six episodes. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 In 1944, he was diagnosed with what was reported as being a minor chronic disorder which caused him to need surgery. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Patients who suffer from chronic disorders who have undergone a wide variety of treatments often share their experiences over the internet. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 From our inquiries we have reason to conclude that the waters do relieve and in some cases banish chronic disorders. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 There are many types of chronic disorders which affect the stomach. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Differentiation of transient from chronic disorders and primary from secondary ones influences the direction of evaluation and treatment plans. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 But these bouts of harshness are usually briefand the researchers wanted to know how the sharks might cope with more chronic exposure. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The two groups share chronic exposure to fright hormones. Times, Sunday Times But science suggests that chronic exposure to multiple bioactive substances may well harm human health, even at low levels. Globe and Mail Chronic exposure to humans may cause kidney damage. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Several studies using cultured cells and laboratory rodents suggest the possibility of leukemogenic, and of genetic, reproductive, and neurological effects from chronic exposure. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 In the immunocompromised patients chronic infection may result with rapid progression to cirrhosis. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Chronic infection can cause loss of appetite, weight loss, lethargy, exercise intolerance, coughing, and difficulty breathing. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Other indications are problematic ulcers with persistent bleeding or chronic infection. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 While most infections clear up spontaneously, treatment with tetracycline or doxycycline appears to reduce the symptomatic duration and reduce the likelihood of chronic infection. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Chronic infection leading to leaky capillaries may also cause retinal haemorrhages and oedema in the lower extremities leading to necrosis and gangrene. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Include turmeric in your diet, as it reduces chronic inflammation, as does the enzyme bromelain, found in pineapple. Times, Sunday Times (2006) Diseases caused by chronic inflammation (e. g., arthritis, multiple sclerosis and diabetic ulcers) are multicausal, thus making treatment difficult and inefficient. 2012, 'Macrophage-Targeted Therapy: CD64-Based Immunotoxins for Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases', Toxins In smears one can find polynuclear giant cells of chronic inflammation. 2016, 'Cytological study of tonsils functional state in children with type 1 diabetes and chronic tonsillitis', Sovremennaâ Pediatriâ During chronic inflammation (day 30 postinfection), microglia were still present within areas of demyelination. 2013, 'Microglia Play a Major Role in Direct Viral-Induced Demyelination', Clinical and Developmental Immunology Parietal cell atrophy in a setting of chronic inflammation induces spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia, a critical step in gastric carcinogenesis. 2018, 'Interleukin-17A Promotes Parietal Cell Atrophy by Inducing ApoptosisSummary', Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology The chronic injury has heavily punctuated his career. Times, Sunday Times One thing chronic injury gives you free: lots of lines. Times, Sunday Times Over a long period of time and with re-injury there can be long term effects such as chronic injury and debilitating arthritis. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 He ran only six times in a career which was restricted by chronic injury problems. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 His determination to carry on despite chronic injury has won him admirers. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 She no longer gives interviews, and has been suffering from chronic insomnia. Times, Sunday Times (2007) He would take sleeping tablets in an attempt to defeat his chronic insomnia. The Sun (2009) Only those suffering from chronic insomnia would give that the green light. The Sun (2014) Others praised him for seeking help for his chronic insomnia. Times, Sunday Times (2012) Research to be published this summer will suggest they risk chronic insomnia. Times, Sunday Times (2011) It was a time of chronic instability and political danger. Times, Sunday Times Not chronic instability caused by me changing managers every few weeks. The Sun Vaulting ambitions, though, should not mask chronic instability nearer home. Times, Sunday Times The disadvantage could be chronic instability. Globe and Mail Generational and political differences among officers and a scarcity of resources for the military led to chronic instability that culminated in military coups. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 International aid agencies report chronic malnutrition in some regions. Times, Sunday Times Low albumin levels can be an indicator of chronic malnutrition or protein losing enteropathy. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Of the remaining, a large number were already impoverished by centuries of warfare and weakened by chronic malnutrition. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Despite constant ill health because of chronic malnutrition, he excelled in school and was accepted to one of the city's most prestigious institutions. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Improvement rates are highest for patients whose problems are of recent onset; chronic patients do worse, regardless of the type of treatment. Christianity Today The tracking system also allows the following of chronic patients who need longitudinal care and a steady supply of medicines. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Further, patients who discontinue treatment are more likely to be characterized as chronic patients, resulting in over-utilization of services, up to twice as much as appropriate terminators. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The scientific term is hormesis: when an organism gains strength from chronic stress. Times, Sunday Times (2013) Cortisol from chronic stress doesn't only damage our brains directly. Times, Sunday Times (2018) Stress hormones can help performance in the short term, but long-term chronic stress is universally bad. Times, Sunday Times (2013) Most cases settle after 4-6 weeks, so your more chronic symptoms need to be investigated. Times, Sunday Times Are patients with chronic symptoms deterred by the lack of non-urgent appointments? Times, Sunday Times Chronic symptoms may delay the diagnosis by up to five years. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Benefits are equal to medical treatment in those with chronic symptoms. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Individuals with prolonged, chronic symptoms will require additional testing and treatment. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The course has proved popular in a country with chronic unemployment. Times, Sunday Times And so the world's chronic unemployment and under-employment are not primarily economic issues. Christianity Today Chronic unemployment and a 24 per cent inflation rate have given him bite. Times, Sunday Times Wholly reliant upon the textile industry, the cotton famine created chronic unemployment in the town. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The most serious effect was the emergence of chronic unemployment. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 This process, marked by inflammation lasting many days, months or even years, may lead to the formation of a chronic wound. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 The combination and interactions of these actions make maggots an extremely potent tool in chronic wound care. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 It offset a poor performance in its wound management division, which makes products to treat chronic wounds, mainly in older people, such as pressure sores and venous leg ulcers. Times, Sunday Times Doctors testing the solution on chronic wounds and burns are delighted. Outlook India It can be difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Retrieved from Wikipedia CC BY-SA 3.0 Translations: Chinese: 慢性的 Japanese: 慢性の |
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