Chichimecan.adj.

Brit.

/ˌtʃiːtʃᵻˈmɛkə/,

/ˌtʃiːtʃᵻˈmeɪkə/, U.S.

/ˌtʃitʃiˈmeɪkə/,

/ˌtʃitʃiˈmɛkə/,

/ˌtʃitʃəˈmeɪkə/,

/ˌtʃitʃəˈmɛkə/

Inflections: Plural unchanged, Chichimecas.

Forms:

α. 1500s– Chichimeca, 1600s Chichimecae (plural), 1600s Chichimecha, 1600s Chichimequa, 1600s Chichimeque.

β. 1500s–1600s 1800s– Chichimeco, 1600s Chichimechi (plural), 1600s Chichimechi (plural), 1600s Chichimeci (plural), 1600s Chichimici (plural).

γ. 1600s Chichimecen (plural).

Origin: A borrowing from Spanish. Etymon: Spanish Chichimeca.

Etymology: < Spanish Chichimeca, denoting the people (1530 or earlier; in early use usually in plural chichimecas) < Nahuatl Chīchīmēcatl (plural Chīchīmēcah), denoting a member of the indigenous groups of northern Mexico (which were regarded as less civilized by the Nahua), of uncertain origin, perhaps < a derivative of Nahuatl chīchī to suckle.Variant forms. With the form Chichimeco compare Spanish chichimeco , adjective and noun (second half of the 16th cent., e.g. in lengua chichimeca Chichimec language (1577), indio chichimeco , literally ‘Chichimec Indian’ (1578 or earlier)). In the plural form Chichimecae at α. forms probably after Latin plurals with -ae (formed from feminine singular forms in -a ). With the form Chichimeque at α. forms compare French Chichimèque (1640 or earlier). In the plural forms with -i (compare the β. forms) probably after Italian Chichimechi , plural (1566 or earlier; now usually Cicimechi , singular Cicimeco ). In the γ. forms probably after Dutch Chichimecen plural (1624 or earlier; now Chichimeken ). Specific senses. With sense A. 2 compare slightly earlier Chichimec n. 2.

A. n.

1. A member of any of various indigenous peoples of Mexico, esp. the nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples inhabiting northern and central Mexico before the Spanish conquest; = Chichimec n. 1. Usually in plural.In later use also spec. with reference to an indigenous people, also called the Chichimeca-Jonaz, now living chiefly in the state of Guanajuato in central Mexico (cf. sense A. 2).

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > Indian of Central or South America > [noun] > peoples of Central America

Chichimeca1578

Miskito1697

Tiwa1710

Nahuatlaca1775

Otomi1782

Aztec1787

Mazahua1787

Mixteca1787

Totonac1787

Zapotec1797

Chichimec1809

Quiché1823

Mayo1829

Seri1829

Mixtec1852

Olmec1852

Mogollon1855

Mimbres1859

Yaqui1861

Cuna1868

Tzeltal1868

Nahuatl1873

Huastec1874

Tarahumara1874

Tlapanec1874

Bribri1875

Nahua1875

Mangue1876

Mazatec1878

Subtiaba1891

Tequistlatec1891

Trique1891

Nahuatlan1897

Huichol1900

Mixtecan1900

Tarascan1931

Mixe–Zoque1957

Mixteco1972

Garifuna1977

Mixean1982

Garinagu1983

Mixe–Zoquean1989

1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India 378 The stocke of most antiquitie [in newe Spayne], is the people nowe called Chichimecas [Sp. es los chichimecas], whiche proceeded out of the house of Aculhuacan.

1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies vii. iii. 502 The Chichimecas seeking to defend themselves, they did want their armes.

1664 T. Philipot Orig. & Growth Spanish Monarchy 138 One of the Seven Tribes, which having supplanted the Ancient Natives, the Chichimechas, [etc.].

1724 T. Townsend tr. A. de Solis Hist. Conquest Mexico ii. iii. 80 The..hilly Countries possessed by the Chichimecas and Ottomies, a barbarous People.

1736 T. Salmon Mod. Hist. XXVIII. vi. 144 He saw some of the Chichimecas, when he was at Mexico.

1811 J. Black tr. A. von Humboldt Polit. Ess. New Spain IV. vi. vi. 256 The Indians known by the name of..Yutas, Chichimecas, and Taouaiazes.

1852 De Bow's Rev. Oct. 344 Of the aborigines, there are the descendants of the ancient Toltecs, Chichimecos, Acolhuis, Olmecs.., all preserving their primitive idioms.

1900 Amer. Anthropologist 2 167 Sahagun also regarded the Tolteca as a part of or identical with the Chichimeca.

1956 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 22 242/1 The group of 300 Chichimecas—‘Chichimeca Jonás’—of the state of Guanajuato.

1979 Americas 35 600 It is..refreshing to see examined the life of a man who was of more humble origins (his mother was a Chichimeca).

2013 R. H. Jackson Conflict & Conversion in 16th Cent. Central Mexico iv. 146 The Spanish and their native allies fought to subjugate the Chichimecas.

2. Any of the languages spoken by the Chichimecas; esp. an Oto-Manguean language now chiefly spoken in the state of Guanajuato in central Mexico; = Chichimec n. 2.The Oto-Manguean language is also called Chichimeca-Jonaz (cf. note at sense A. 1).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > Amerindian > [noun] > Central Amerindian languages > Oto-Manguean languages

Otomi1845

Mazahua1877

Mazatec1878

Chichimec1882

Mangue1886

Chichimeca1900

Otomian1900

Trique1900

Oto-Manguean1940

1900 tr. Velasco in Q. Texas State Hist. Assoc. 4 16 Among the Indians Otomi, Tarasco, Pame, Chichimeca, and Jarepecha..are spoken.

1916 Man 16 78 Six languages were in use at Tacuba (a suburb of Mexico): Mexican, Otomí, Guata, Mazaua, Chuchumé, and Chichimeca.

1963 H. E. Driver & W. Driver Ethnogr. & Acculturation of Chichimeca-Jonaz of Northeast Mexico 206 Both informants were more fluent in Chichimeca and were obviously translating when they spoke in Spanish.

2007 E. Hekking & D. Bakker in Y. Matras & J. Sakel Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective 435 Otomi..constitutes together with Mazahua, Ocuilteca, Matlatzinca, Pame and Chichimeca the Otopame group within Otomanguean.

B. adj.

Of, relating to, or designating the Chichimecas or their languages; = Chichimec adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > Indian of Central or South America > [adjective] > peoples of Central America

Chichimeca1726

Aztec1787

Miskito1789

Chichimec1811

Quiché1823

Mayo1829

Seri1829

Otomi1843

Mimbres1856

Nahuatl1858

Yaqui1861

Zapotec1861

Tzeltal1868

Tlapanec1874

Mixtec1875

Bribri1876

Mangue1876

Nahua1876

Nahuatlaca1877

Mixe1888

Trique1891

Mazatecan1892

Subtiaba1892

Huichol1900

Cuna1905

Mixteca1911

Subtiaban1911

Tarascan1911

Tarahumara1912

Zapotecan1922

Tzotzil1939

Mixe–Zoquean1940

Tiwa1950

Mixteco1959

Kekchi1960

1726 J. Stevens tr. A. de Herrera Tordesillas Gen. Hist. Amer. VI. v. viii. i. 304 (heading) The discovery of the Chichimeca Indians.

1883 Proc. Amer. Antiquarian Soc. 2 228 Both those families may be considered as the promoters of civilization among the Chichimeca and Otomi tribes.

1951 Agric. Hist. 25 116/2 The site was in the Chichimeca country in the district of Amazcala.

1980 N.Y. Times 21 Sept. 3/4 He supervised 40 Chichimeca women cleaning and packing garlic heads to be sold in the United States.

2017 B. Benton Lords of Tetzcoco 6 Juan Bautista de Pomar..records that Tetzcoco is a Culhua corruption of the Chichimeca word tetzcotl.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	chichimeca
释义	Chichimecan.adj. Brit. /ˌtʃiːtʃᵻˈmɛkə/, /ˌtʃiːtʃᵻˈmeɪkə/, U.S. /ˌtʃitʃiˈmeɪkə/, /ˌtʃitʃiˈmɛkə/, /ˌtʃitʃəˈmeɪkə/, /ˌtʃitʃəˈmɛkə/ Inflections: Plural unchanged, Chichimecas. Forms: α. 1500s– Chichimeca, 1600s Chichimecae (plural), 1600s Chichimecha, 1600s Chichimequa, 1600s Chichimeque. β. 1500s–1600s 1800s– Chichimeco, 1600s Chichimechi (plural), 1600s Chichimechi (plural), 1600s Chichimeci (plural), 1600s Chichimici (plural). γ. 1600s Chichimecen (plural). Origin: A borrowing from Spanish. Etymon: Spanish Chichimeca. Etymology: < Spanish Chichimeca, denoting the people (1530 or earlier; in early use usually in plural chichimecas) < Nahuatl Chīchīmēcatl (plural Chīchīmēcah), denoting a member of the indigenous groups of northern Mexico (which were regarded as less civilized by the Nahua), of uncertain origin, perhaps < a derivative of Nahuatl chīchī to suckle.Variant forms. With the form Chichimeco compare Spanish chichimeco , adjective and noun (second half of the 16th cent., e.g. in lengua chichimeca Chichimec language (1577), indio chichimeco , literally ‘Chichimec Indian’ (1578 or earlier)). In the plural form Chichimecae at α. forms probably after Latin plurals with -ae (formed from feminine singular forms in -a ). With the form Chichimeque at α. forms compare French Chichimèque (1640 or earlier). In the plural forms with -i (compare the β. forms) probably after Italian Chichimechi , plural (1566 or earlier; now usually Cicimechi , singular Cicimeco ). In the γ. forms probably after Dutch Chichimecen plural (1624 or earlier; now Chichimeken ). Specific senses. With sense A. 2 compare slightly earlier Chichimec n. 2. A. n. 1. A member of any of various indigenous peoples of Mexico, esp. the nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples inhabiting northern and central Mexico before the Spanish conquest; = Chichimec n. 1. Usually in plural.In later use also spec. with reference to an indigenous people, also called the Chichimeca-Jonaz, now living chiefly in the state of Guanajuato in central Mexico (cf. sense A. 2). ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > Indian of Central or South America > [noun] > peoples of Central America Chichimeca1578 Miskito1697 Tiwa1710 Nahuatlaca1775 Otomi1782 Aztec1787 Mazahua1787 Mixteca1787 Totonac1787 Zapotec1797 Chichimec1809 Quiché1823 Mayo1829 Seri1829 Mixtec1852 Olmec1852 Mogollon1855 Mimbres1859 Yaqui1861 Cuna1868 Tzeltal1868 Nahuatl1873 Huastec1874 Tarahumara1874 Tlapanec1874 Bribri1875 Nahua1875 Mangue1876 Mazatec1878 Subtiaba1891 Tequistlatec1891 Trique1891 Nahuatlan1897 Huichol1900 Mixtecan1900 Tarascan1931 Mixe–Zoque1957 Mixteco1972 Garifuna1977 Mixean1982 Garinagu1983 Mixe–Zoquean1989 1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India 378 The stocke of most antiquitie [in newe Spayne], is the people nowe called Chichimecas [Sp. es los chichimecas], whiche proceeded out of the house of Aculhuacan. 1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta Nat. & Morall Hist. Indies vii. iii. 502 The Chichimecas seeking to defend themselves, they did want their armes. 1664 T. Philipot Orig. & Growth Spanish Monarchy 138 One of the Seven Tribes, which having supplanted the Ancient Natives, the Chichimechas, [etc.]. 1724 T. Townsend tr. A. de Solis Hist. Conquest Mexico ii. iii. 80 The..hilly Countries possessed by the Chichimecas and Ottomies, a barbarous People. 1736 T. Salmon Mod. Hist. XXVIII. vi. 144 He saw some of the Chichimecas, when he was at Mexico. 1811 J. Black tr. A. von Humboldt Polit. Ess. New Spain IV. vi. vi. 256 The Indians known by the name of..Yutas, Chichimecas, and Taouaiazes. 1852 De Bow's Rev. Oct. 344 Of the aborigines, there are the descendants of the ancient Toltecs, Chichimecos, Acolhuis, Olmecs.., all preserving their primitive idioms. 1900 Amer. Anthropologist 2 167 Sahagun also regarded the Tolteca as a part of or identical with the Chichimeca. 1956 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 22 242/1 The group of 300 Chichimecas—‘Chichimeca Jonás’—of the state of Guanajuato. 1979 Americas 35 600 It is..refreshing to see examined the life of a man who was of more humble origins (his mother was a Chichimeca). 2013 R. H. Jackson Conflict & Conversion in 16th Cent. Central Mexico iv. 146 The Spanish and their native allies fought to subjugate the Chichimecas. 2. Any of the languages spoken by the Chichimecas; esp. an Oto-Manguean language now chiefly spoken in the state of Guanajuato in central Mexico; = Chichimec n. 2.The Oto-Manguean language is also called Chichimeca-Jonaz (cf. note at sense A. 1). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > Amerindian > [noun] > Central Amerindian languages > Oto-Manguean languages Otomi1845 Mazahua1877 Mazatec1878 Chichimec1882 Mangue1886 Chichimeca1900 Otomian1900 Trique1900 Oto-Manguean1940 1900 tr. Velasco in Q. Texas State Hist. Assoc. 4 16 Among the Indians Otomi, Tarasco, Pame, Chichimeca, and Jarepecha..are spoken. 1916 Man 16 78 Six languages were in use at Tacuba (a suburb of Mexico): Mexican, Otomí, Guata, Mazaua, Chuchumé, and Chichimeca. 1963 H. E. Driver & W. Driver Ethnogr. & Acculturation of Chichimeca-Jonaz of Northeast Mexico 206 Both informants were more fluent in Chichimeca and were obviously translating when they spoke in Spanish. 2007 E. Hekking & D. Bakker in Y. Matras & J. Sakel Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective 435 Otomi..constitutes together with Mazahua, Ocuilteca, Matlatzinca, Pame and Chichimeca the Otopame group within Otomanguean. B. adj. Of, relating to, or designating the Chichimecas or their languages; = Chichimec adj. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > Indian of Central or South America > [adjective] > peoples of Central America Chichimeca1726 Aztec1787 Miskito1789 Chichimec1811 Quiché1823 Mayo1829 Seri1829 Otomi1843 Mimbres1856 Nahuatl1858 Yaqui1861 Zapotec1861 Tzeltal1868 Tlapanec1874 Mixtec1875 Bribri1876 Mangue1876 Nahua1876 Nahuatlaca1877 Mixe1888 Trique1891 Mazatecan1892 Subtiaba1892 Huichol1900 Cuna1905 Mixteca1911 Subtiaban1911 Tarascan1911 Tarahumara1912 Zapotecan1922 Tzotzil1939 Mixe–Zoquean1940 Tiwa1950 Mixteco1959 Kekchi1960 1726 J. Stevens tr. A. de Herrera Tordesillas Gen. Hist. Amer. VI. v. viii. i. 304 (heading) The discovery of the Chichimeca Indians. 1883 Proc. Amer. Antiquarian Soc. 2 228 Both those families may be considered as the promoters of civilization among the Chichimeca and Otomi tribes. 1951 Agric. Hist. 25 116/2 The site was in the Chichimeca country in the district of Amazcala. 1980 N.Y. Times 21 Sept. 3/4 He supervised 40 Chichimeca women cleaning and packing garlic heads to be sold in the United States. 2017 B. Benton Lords of Tetzcoco 6 Juan Bautista de Pomar..records that Tetzcoco is a Culhua corruption of the Chichimeca word tetzcotl. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1578
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