clown.¹

/klaʊ/

Forms: α. Middle English (dative) cluse, Middle English–1500s clowse, clowze, clouse, plural clousis, clowses, 1800s dialect cloose. β. plural Middle English clowys, 1500s– clowes, 1800s cloughs; singular Middle English clowe, 1600s–1800s clow, 1700s–1800s clough; dialect clow, clew.

Etymology: Clow is a false singular formed upon clowes , clowis , taken in 15–16th cent. for a plural, but originally a singular, in Middle English clowse , clowze , early Middle English cluse , Old English clúse , < late Latin clūsa , variant of clausa , lit. a closed or shut place or way. Du Cange has, among other senses, ‘agger in quo concluduntur aquæ’. Hence, also, Old High German chlûsa , Middle High German klûse , klûs , modern German klause , in Bavaria and Tirôl, a dam on a mountain stream for floating timber; klaus , in Rhineland, a mill-dam, also dialect a sluice. So Middle Dutch clûse , Dutch kluis . The Old English clús , clúse , is recorded in the senses ‘enclosure’, ‘narrow pass’, but not in that of ‘dam’, ‘lock’, or ‘sluice’, though ‘dam’ appears already in Ancren Riwle in 13th cent. In the 18th cent. clow began to be spelt clough , by engineers, etc., either through identification with clough n. ‘ravine’, or by association with plow, plough. In some of the dialect glossaries it is spelt clew, meaning /kluː/. An unexplained clowre, cloor, is found in Catholicon Anglicum, and northern dialects.A compound of Latin clūsa was exclūsa (in Gregory of Tours; in medieval Latin sclūsa , slūsa ), giving Old French escluse , French écluse . Hence Scots cluss n., clush; Old French gave Middle Dutch sluyse, Dutch sluys, whence English sluice, Low German slüse, German schleuse. Thus clows and sluice are ultimately closely related.

1. †(a) A dam for water, a mill-dam. Perhaps Obsolete. (b) A sluice or floodgate: ‘esp. the outfall sluice of a river or drain communicating with a tidal river and provided with flood-gates’; (also) ‘a shuttle in the gates or masonry of a lock, which is raised to admit or discharge water; a similar arrangement by which the admission of water to the wheels of water-mills is regulated’. Peacock Gloss. Manley and Corringham (N. W. Lincoln).

ΘΠ

the world > the earth > water > lake > pool > [noun] > artificially confined water > contrivance for impounding water > dam

clowa1250

head?a1425

damc1440

weir-dike1518

bay1581

rampirea1586

anicut1784

pond-bay1863

the world > the earth > water > lake > pool > [noun] > artificially confined water > contrivance for impounding water > gate, lock, or sluice

hatchOE

clowa1250

lock1261

water lock1261

sluice1340

water gate1390

sewer-gate1402

spay1415

floodgatec1440

shuttlec1440

spayer1450

gate1496

falling gate1524

spoye1528

gote1531

penstock1542

ventil1570

drawgate1587

flood-hatch1587

turnpike1623

slaker1664

lock gate1677

hatchway1705

flash1768

turnpike-lock1771

sluice-gate1781

pound-lock1783

stop-gate1790

buck gate1791

slacker1797

aboiteau1802

koker1814

guard-lock1815

falling sluice1819

lasher1840

fender1847

tailgate1875

weir-hatch1875

wicket1875

α. cluse, clouse, clowze.

a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 31 Auh moni punt hire word uorte leten mo vt. as me deð water etter mulne cluse.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 84 Clowys, water schedynge [c1490 MS. K. clowse, watyrkepyng; MS. H. clowze; 1499 Pynson, clowse, water shettinge], sinoglocitorium.

1493 Acta Dom. Conc. 314 (Jam.) Tuiching the watter passagis & clousis of thar millis.

1503 Act Jas. IV, c. 72 (1597) 93 The slayers of Smoltes in milne-dames, clowses, and be nettes, thornes, and cruves.

1595 A. Duncan Appendix Etymologiae: Index in Latinae Grammaticae Emissarium, a clowse.

1875Cloose [see β. ].

β. plural clowes, clows, singular clowe, clow.1483 Cath. Angl. 68/2 A clowe of flodeȝate, singlocitorium, gurgustium.1541 Act 33 Hen. VIII c. 33 Diches and bankes, as of other clowes, sloweses, getties, gutters, gootes, and other fortresses.1615 in Quarter Sessions Rec. (N. Riding Rec. Soc.) (1884) II. 103 Ric. Cuthbert presented for pulling-up the mill-clowes.1662 W. Dugdale Hist. Imbanking & Drayning Fens 165 A new gote, or clow, be set in Waynflet haven.1693 A. de la Pryme Let. 21 Dec. in Diary (1870) App. 272 It runs into the sea..when the clow is opened.1705 W. Calverley Memorandum Bk. in C. Jackson et al. Yorks. Diaries (1886) II. 106 Thomas Haighton..pulled down a stone or two of the clow, and one or two of the stones of the dam.1807 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. (new ed.) II. 435 Proper to have a flood-hatch or clow.1862 S. Smiles Lives Engineers I. 70 Vermuyden had erected a sluice, of the nature of a ‘clow’, being a strong gate suspended by hinges, which opened to admit the egress of the inland waters at low tide, and closed..when the tide rose.1869 J. C. Atkinson Peacock's Gloss. Dial. Hundred of Lonsdale Clauw, a floodgate in a watercourse.1875 Lanc. Gloss. Claw (Fylde), cleaw (S. & E. Lanc.), cloose (N. Lanc.), clow (E. & M. Lanc.), a floodgate in a watercourse.1884 R. Holland Gloss. Words County of Chester (1886) Clew, a door or lid hung at the end of a drain or water~course to prevent the influx of tidal water.γ. 8– clough.1774 Bainton Inclos. Act 12 Banks, cloughs, engines.1839 W. B. Stonehouse Hist. Isle of Axholme 377 Here also the Croule warping cloughs..receive their waters from the Trent.1865 W. White Eastern Eng. II. 6 Clough—pronounced with the same terminal sound as plough—is the local word for Sluicegate.1884 York Herald 26 Aug. 1/2 The Cloughs at Naburn Lock will be drawn at six o'clock in the morning.δ. Middle English clowre(?), 1800s dialect cloor.1483 Cath. Angl. 68 A Clowe of flodeȝete [A Clowre or flodȝate A.].1847–78 J. O. Halliwell Dict. Archaic & Provinc. Words Cloor, a sluice. Northumb.1878 W. Dickinson Gloss. Words & Phrases Cumberland (ed. 2) Cloor-head, a sluice at the head of a mill-dam.

2. A sluice or sliding door for other purposes.

ΘΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > other specific types of equipment > [noun] > tap > device controlling flow of water

sluice1617

clow1820

1820 W. Scoresby Acct. Arctic Regions II. 399 A ‘fenk-back’ or depository for the refuse of the blubber..sometimes provided with a clough on the side next the water, for ‘starting’ the fenks into a barge or lighter placed below.

1874 W. Crookes Pract. Handbk. Dyeing 84 By stirring up the wool in a tank..the water being let off through a ‘clow’ or shuttle, furnished with a grating, at the bottom of the vat.

3. floating clow (also floating clough): a name sometimes given to a contrivance for clearing away mud from channels communicating with tidal rivers (e.g. the Humber, where the local name is ‘Devil’). It resembles a broad barge, with extensible wings which act as floodgates, and retain a head of water, by which it is forced down the channel, ploughing or scraping up the mud as it goes along.

ΚΠ

1874 in E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

† clowv.¹

Etymology: < French clouer to nail.

Obsolete. rare.

To fasten with nails; to wound with a nail; to spike. Cf. cloy v.¹

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > working with tools or equipment > fastening > fasten [verb (transitive)] > with nails

nailOE

clencha1250

clinkc1440

rivetc1450

cloyc1460

clowa1522

to nail up1532

clinch1570

clint1575

inclavate1666

to nail down1669

the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of horses > cause injury or disease of horse [verb (transitive)] > disorders of feet or hooves > caused by shoeing

accloyc1330

encloy1393

clowa1522

cloy1530

prick1591

society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > putting weapons or equipment out of action > put weapons or equipment out of action [verb (transitive)] > silence a gun > by spiking

clowa1522

peg1551

to nail up1562

cloy1577

nail1598

spick1623

spike1644

wedge1680

spike1687

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) v. v. 30 A habirgyon of byrnyst mailȝeis brycht, With gold ourgilt clowit thrynfald ful tycht.

1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Inchiodare, to clow or pricke a horse with a naile..to clow ordinance. Inchiodatura, a pricking or clowing of a horse with a naile, called a clowing.

1847–78 J. O. Halliwell Dict. Archaic & Provinc. Words Clow, to nail with clouts. West.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

单词	clow
释义	clown.¹ /klaʊ/ Forms: α. Middle English (dative) cluse, Middle English–1500s clowse, clowze, clouse, plural clousis, clowses, 1800s dialect cloose. β. plural Middle English clowys, 1500s– clowes, 1800s cloughs; singular Middle English clowe, 1600s–1800s clow, 1700s–1800s clough; dialect clow, clew. Etymology: Clow is a false singular formed upon clowes , clowis , taken in 15–16th cent. for a plural, but originally a singular, in Middle English clowse , clowze , early Middle English cluse , Old English clúse , < late Latin clūsa , variant of clausa , lit. a closed or shut place or way. Du Cange has, among other senses, ‘agger in quo concluduntur aquæ’. Hence, also, Old High German chlûsa , Middle High German klûse , klûs , modern German klause , in Bavaria and Tirôl, a dam on a mountain stream for floating timber; klaus , in Rhineland, a mill-dam, also dialect a sluice. So Middle Dutch clûse , Dutch kluis . The Old English clús , clúse , is recorded in the senses ‘enclosure’, ‘narrow pass’, but not in that of ‘dam’, ‘lock’, or ‘sluice’, though ‘dam’ appears already in Ancren Riwle in 13th cent. In the 18th cent. clow began to be spelt clough , by engineers, etc., either through identification with clough n. ‘ravine’, or by association with plow, plough. In some of the dialect glossaries it is spelt clew, meaning /kluː/. An unexplained clowre, cloor, is found in Catholicon Anglicum, and northern dialects.A compound of Latin clūsa was exclūsa (in Gregory of Tours; in medieval Latin sclūsa , slūsa ), giving Old French escluse , French écluse . Hence Scots cluss n., clush; Old French gave Middle Dutch sluyse, Dutch sluys, whence English sluice, Low German slüse, German schleuse. Thus clows and sluice are ultimately closely related. 1. †(a) A dam for water, a mill-dam. Perhaps Obsolete. (b) A sluice or floodgate: ‘esp. the outfall sluice of a river or drain communicating with a tidal river and provided with flood-gates’; (also) ‘a shuttle in the gates or masonry of a lock, which is raised to admit or discharge water; a similar arrangement by which the admission of water to the wheels of water-mills is regulated’. Peacock Gloss. Manley and Corringham (N. W. Lincoln). ΘΠ the world > the earth > water > lake > pool > [noun] > artificially confined water > contrivance for impounding water > dam clowa1250 head?a1425 damc1440 weir-dike1518 bay1581 rampirea1586 anicut1784 pond-bay1863 the world > the earth > water > lake > pool > [noun] > artificially confined water > contrivance for impounding water > gate, lock, or sluice hatchOE clowa1250 lock1261 water lock1261 sluice1340 water gate1390 sewer-gate1402 spay1415 floodgatec1440 shuttlec1440 spayer1450 gate1496 falling gate1524 spoye1528 gote1531 penstock1542 ventil1570 drawgate1587 flood-hatch1587 turnpike1623 slaker1664 lock gate1677 hatchway1705 flash1768 turnpike-lock1771 sluice-gate1781 pound-lock1783 stop-gate1790 buck gate1791 slacker1797 aboiteau1802 koker1814 guard-lock1815 falling sluice1819 lasher1840 fender1847 tailgate1875 weir-hatch1875 wicket1875 α. cluse, clouse, clowze. a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 31 Auh moni punt hire word uorte leten mo vt. as me deð water etter mulne cluse. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 84 Clowys, water schedynge [c1490 MS. K. clowse, watyrkepyng; MS. H. clowze; 1499 Pynson, clowse, water shettinge], sinoglocitorium. 1493 Acta Dom. Conc. 314 (Jam.) Tuiching the watter passagis & clousis of thar millis. 1503 Act Jas. IV, c. 72 (1597) 93 The slayers of Smoltes in milne-dames, clowses, and be nettes, thornes, and cruves. 1595 A. Duncan Appendix Etymologiae: Index in Latinae Grammaticae Emissarium, a clowse. 1875Cloose [see β. ]. β. plural clowes, clows, singular clowe, clow.1483 Cath. Angl. 68/2 A clowe of flodeȝate, singlocitorium, gurgustium.1541 Act 33 Hen. VIII c. 33 Diches and bankes, as of other clowes, sloweses, getties, gutters, gootes, and other fortresses.1615 in Quarter Sessions Rec. (N. Riding Rec. Soc.) (1884) II. 103 Ric. Cuthbert presented for pulling-up the mill-clowes.1662 W. Dugdale Hist. Imbanking & Drayning Fens 165 A new gote, or clow, be set in Waynflet haven.1693 A. de la Pryme Let. 21 Dec. in Diary (1870) App. 272 It runs into the sea..when the clow is opened.1705 W. Calverley Memorandum Bk. in C. Jackson et al. Yorks. Diaries (1886) II. 106 Thomas Haighton..pulled down a stone or two of the clow, and one or two of the stones of the dam.1807 R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. (new ed.) II. 435 Proper to have a flood-hatch or clow.1862 S. Smiles Lives Engineers I. 70 Vermuyden had erected a sluice, of the nature of a ‘clow’, being a strong gate suspended by hinges, which opened to admit the egress of the inland waters at low tide, and closed..when the tide rose.1869 J. C. Atkinson Peacock's Gloss. Dial. Hundred of Lonsdale Clauw, a floodgate in a watercourse.1875 Lanc. Gloss. Claw (Fylde), cleaw (S. & E. Lanc.), cloose (N. Lanc.), clow (E. & M. Lanc.), a floodgate in a watercourse.1884 R. Holland Gloss. Words County of Chester (1886) Clew, a door or lid hung at the end of a drain or water~course to prevent the influx of tidal water.γ. 8– clough.1774 Bainton Inclos. Act 12 Banks, cloughs, engines.1839 W. B. Stonehouse Hist. Isle of Axholme 377 Here also the Croule warping cloughs..receive their waters from the Trent.1865 W. White Eastern Eng. II. 6 Clough—pronounced with the same terminal sound as plough—is the local word for Sluicegate.1884 York Herald 26 Aug. 1/2 The Cloughs at Naburn Lock will be drawn at six o'clock in the morning.δ. Middle English clowre(?), 1800s dialect cloor.1483 Cath. Angl. 68 A Clowe of flodeȝete [A Clowre or flodȝate A.].1847–78 J. O. Halliwell Dict. Archaic & Provinc. Words Cloor, a sluice. Northumb.1878 W. Dickinson Gloss. Words & Phrases Cumberland (ed. 2) Cloor-head, a sluice at the head of a mill-dam. 2. A sluice or sliding door for other purposes. ΘΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > other specific types of equipment > [noun] > tap > device controlling flow of water sluice1617 clow1820 1820 W. Scoresby Acct. Arctic Regions II. 399 A ‘fenk-back’ or depository for the refuse of the blubber..sometimes provided with a clough on the side next the water, for ‘starting’ the fenks into a barge or lighter placed below. 1874 W. Crookes Pract. Handbk. Dyeing 84 By stirring up the wool in a tank..the water being let off through a ‘clow’ or shuttle, furnished with a grating, at the bottom of the vat. 3. floating clow (also floating clough): a name sometimes given to a contrivance for clearing away mud from channels communicating with tidal rivers (e.g. the Humber, where the local name is ‘Devil’). It resembles a broad barge, with extensible wings which act as floodgates, and retain a head of water, by which it is forced down the channel, ploughing or scraping up the mud as it goes along. ΚΠ 1874 in E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online December 2021). † clown.² Etymology: ? < French clou. Obsolete. rare. ? A nail. ΚΠ 1419 in J. T. Fowler Memorials Church SS. Peter & Wilfrid, Ripon (1888) III. 144 In ij clowys et j sote emt. pro emendacione in diversis domibus. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online June 2018). clown.³ Etymology: perhaps a variant of claw n. local. An implement resembling a dung-fork with the prongs bent at right angles, used for dragging dung out of cow-stalls. ΚΠ 1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. Clow, a kind of hooked or bent fork—a claw—for dragging the dung out of cow-stalls. Derivatives Categories » clow v.² to drag or rake with a clow. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online September 2018). † clowv.¹ Etymology: < French clouer to nail. Obsolete. rare. To fasten with nails; to wound with a nail; to spike. Cf. cloy v.¹ ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with tools or equipment > fastening > fasten [verb (transitive)] > with nails nailOE clencha1250 clinkc1440 rivetc1450 cloyc1460 clowa1522 to nail up1532 clinch1570 clint1575 inclavate1666 to nail down1669 the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of horses > cause injury or disease of horse [verb (transitive)] > disorders of feet or hooves > caused by shoeing accloyc1330 encloy1393 clowa1522 cloy1530 prick1591 society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > putting weapons or equipment out of action > put weapons or equipment out of action [verb (transitive)] > silence a gun > by spiking clowa1522 peg1551 to nail up1562 cloy1577 nail1598 spick1623 spike1644 wedge1680 spike1687 a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) v. v. 30 A habirgyon of byrnyst mailȝeis brycht, With gold ourgilt clowit thrynfald ful tycht. 1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Inchiodare, to clow or pricke a horse with a naile..to clow ordinance. Inchiodatura, a pricking or clowing of a horse with a naile, called a clowing. 1847–78 J. O. Halliwell Dict. Archaic & Provinc. Words Clow, to nail with clouts. West. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online September 2021). < n.¹a1250n.²1419n.³1888v.¹a1522
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clown.1

† clown.2

clown.3

Derivatives

† clowv.1

clown.¹

† clown.²

clown.³

† clowv.¹