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单词 cittern
释义

citternn.

Brit. /ˈsɪtəːn/, U.S. /ˈsɪtərn/
Forms:

α. 1500s citharne, 1500s cithron, 1500s cittharn, 1500s cytharin, 1500s cythren, 1500s sytherne, 1500s–1600s citherne, 1500s–1600s citheron, 1600s citharen, 1600s citheran, 1600s citthern, 1600s cytheron, 1600s cythron, 1600s sitherne, 1600s sythern, 1600s (1800s– historical) cithren, 1600s– cithern, 1800s citharn.

β. 1500s citern, 1500s cittarn, 1500s siterin (Scottish), 1500s–1600s citerne, 1500s–1600s citterne, 1500s–1600s cytern, 1500s–1600s cyterne, 1500s–1600s cyttern, 1500s–1600s cytterne, 1500s– cittern, 1600s citron, 1600s cittren, 1600s cittron, 1600s cytarin, 1600s cytteron.

Origin: Apparently a variant or alteration of another lexical item; modelled on a Latin lexical item. Etymon: gittern n.
Etymology: Apparently an alteration of gittern n. after classical Latin cithara cithara n. Compare later cithara n., cither n., and perhaps also sistre n.With the forms in -ren , -ron compare discussion at pattern n.
Music.
An instrument of the lute family, typically having a shallow teardrop-shaped body, wire strings, and a curved pegbox often terminating in a grotesquely carved head, and played with a plectrum or quill. Also sometimes used of other similar plucked stringed instruments.The instrument's popularity in Britain declined after the 17th cent., whereupon cittern began to be used more or less vaguely to suggest any of various stringed instruments, esp. in archaic contexts. More recently the instrument has been revived, primarily for playing folk music.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > stringed instruments > guitar or lute type > [noun] > cittern or gittern
gittern1377
citolea1393
cittern1567
α.
1567 G. Turberville Epit. Maister Edwards Poems 142 Now lay your chearfull Cithrons downe and to lamenting fall.
1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. xv. i. 272 The yoongest sort [of ladies]..applie their lutes, citharnes, and all kind of musike.
1604 T. Wright Passions of Minde (new ed.) v. §2. 159 Saul being possessed..with the deuil, David played vpon his Citheran.
1611 Bible (King James) 1 Macc. iv. 54 Dedicated with songs, and cittherns, and harpes. View more context for this quotation
1666 J. Playford Musick's Delight on Cithren 1 The cithren is strung with eight Wyre strings, which are divided into four course, two in a course.
1790 tr. J.-J. Rousseau Confessions: Pt. 2 II. xi. 170 He writes light poetry and fashionable letters, strums on the cithern, and pretends to draw with crayons.
1830 G. P. R. James Darnley I. xii. 288 A cithren or mandolin.
1865 A. C. Swinburne Ballad of Life in Poems & Ballads 11 She held a little cithern by the strings.
1933 E. Sitwell Five Variations 2 And gold-stringed citherns of loud waters made a madrigal.
1949 Musical Times 90 272/1 A carving in wood on a misericord seat of an angel playing a cithern.
1994 D. Landau & P. Parshall Renaissance Print 100/2 Giulio Campagnola..was..said to be a good poet, a singer, a player of the lute and cithern.
β. ?1570 T. Preston Lamentable Trag. Cambises sig. Ev On Lute and Cittern there to play a heauenly hermony.?1578 W. Patten Let. Entertainm. Killingwoorth 84 Noow with my Gyttern, & els with my Cyttern, then at the Uirginallz.1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §146 An Irish Harpe..maketh a more Resounding Sound, than a Bandora, Orpharion, or Citterne, which haue likewise Wire-strings.1630 T. Dekker Second Pt. Honest Whore sig. Kv A Barbers Citterne for euery Seruingman to play vpon.1683 T. Tryon Way to Health 657 Cyterns and Gitterns..being well managed..yield pleasant soft effeminate Harmonies.1720 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad V. xviii. 574 [Dancing] to the..Cittern's silver Sound.1776 J. Hawkins Gen. Hist. Music II. i. vii. 82 The music of Lutes, of Harps, and Citterns, even in those days was usual in taverns.1808 H. Owen Some Acct. Shrewsbury 364 A cittern was the constant furniture of a barber's shop.1844 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. Aug. 203 Ever-changeful notes, from citterns borne Through the wild tangled shadows of Romance.1929 F. Hackett Henry VIII vii. 380 The man that had once played the cittern and written music was now examining boat designs, making suggestions for redoubts, [etc.].1982 Southern Rag 12 27/1 Stefan Sobell made me the first cittern that he produced for another musician.1995 Billboard 6 May 83/5 McCusker made his mark as a multi-instrumentalist (whistle, cittern, accordion, keyboards) with Battlefield Band.2007 J. Montagu Origins & Devel. Musical Instruments vi. 179/2 The difficulty of tuning wire strings accurately with normal pegs is one of the main problems with the cittern.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.
cittern string n.
ΚΠ
1594 T. Nashe Vnfortunate Traveller sig. H4 His helmet round proportioned like a gardeners water-pot, from which seemed to issue forth small thrids of water, like citerne stringes.
1861 J. N. Paton Poems by Painter 139 Nor touch ye the cithern string!
1906 S. W. Mitchell Pearl 18 Nor cittern string nor minstrelsy Might hope to match their joyous call.
C2.
cittern-head n. Obsolete used as a term of abuse, with reference to the grotesquely carved head of a cittern.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > stupid, foolish, or inadequate person > stupid person, dolt, blockhead > [noun]
asseOE
sotc1000
beastc1225
long-ear?a1300
stock1303
buzzard1377
mis-feelinga1382
dasarta1400
stonea1400
dasiberd14..
dottlec1400
doddypoll1401
dastardc1440
dotterel1440
dullardc1440
wantwit1449
jobardc1475
nollc1475
assheada1500
mulea1500
dull-pate15..
peak1509
dulbert?a1513
doddy-patec1525
noddypolla1529
hammer-head1532
dull-head?1534
capon1542
dolt1543
blockhead1549
cod's head1549
mome1550
grout-head1551
gander1553
skit-brains?1553
blocka1556
calfa1556
tomfool1565
dunce1567
druggard1569
cobble1570
dummel1570
Essex calf1573
jolthead1573
hardhead1576
beetle-head1577
dor-head1577
groutnoll1578
grosshead1580
thickskin1582
noddyship?1589
jobbernowl1592
beetle-brain1593
Dorbel1593
oatmeal-groat1594
loggerhead1595
block-pate1598
cittern-head1598
noddypoop1598
dorbellist1599
numps1599
dor1601
stump1602
ram-head1605
look-like-a-goose1606
ruff1606
clod1607
turf1607
asinego1609
clot-poll1609
doddiea1611
druggle1611
duncecomb1612
ox-head1613
clod-polla1616
dulman1615
jolterhead1620
bullhead1624
dunderwhelpa1625
dunderhead1630
macaroona1631
clod-patea1635
clota1637
dildo1638
clot-pate1640
stupid1640
clod-head1644
stub1644
simpletonian1652
bottle-head1654
Bœotiana1657
vappe1657
lackwit1668
cudden1673
plant-animal1673
dolt-head1679
cabbage head1682
put1688
a piece of wood1691
ouphe1694
dunderpate1697
numbskull1697
leather-head1699
nocky1699
Tom Cony1699
mopus1700
bluff-head1703
clod skull1707
dunny1709
dowf1722
stupe1722
gamphrel1729
gobbin?1746
duncehead1749
half-wit1755
thick-skull1755
jackass1756
woollen-head1756
numbhead1757
beef-head1775
granny1776
stupid-head1792
stunpolla1794
timber-head1794
wether heada1796
dummy1796
noghead1800
staumrel1802
muttonhead1803
num1807
dummkopf1809
tumphya1813
cod's head and shoulders1820
stoopid1823
thick-head1824
gype1825
stob1825
stookiea1828
woodenhead1831
ning-nong1832
log-head1834
fat-head1835
dunderheadism1836
turnip1837
mudhead1838
donkey1840
stupex1843
cabbage1844
morepork1845
lubber-head1847
slowpoke1847
stupiditarian1850
pudding-head1851
cod's head and shoulders1852
putty head1853
moke1855
mullet-head1855
pothead1855
mug1857
thick1857
boodle1862
meathead1863
missing link1863
half-baked1866
lunk1867
turnip-head1869
rummy1872
pumpkin-head1876
tattie1879
chump1883
dully1883
cretin1884
lunkhead1884
mopstick1886
dumbhead1887
peanut head1891
pie-face1891
doughbakea1895
butt-head1896
pinhead1896
cheesehead1900
nyamps1900
box head1902
bonehead1903
chickenhead1903
thickwit1904
cluck1906
boob1907
John1908
mooch1910
nitwit1910
dikkop1913
goop1914
goofus1916
rumdum1916
bone dome1917
moron1917
oik1917
jabroni1919
dumb-bell1920
knob1920
goon1921
dimwit1922
ivory dome1923
stone jug1923
dingleberry1924
gimp1924
bird brain1926
jughead1926
cloth-head1927
dumb1928
gazook1928
mouldwarp1928
ding-dong1929
stupido1929
mook1930
sparrow-brain1930
knobhead1931
dip1932
drip1932
epsilon1932
bohunkus1933
Nimrod1933
dumbass1934
zombie1936
pea-brain1938
knot-head1940
schlump1941
jarhead1942
Joe Soap1943
knuckle-head1944
nong1944
lame-brain1945
gobshite1946
rock-head1947
potato head1948
jerko1949
turkey1951
momo1953
poop-head1955
a right one1958
bam1959
nong-nong1959
dickhead1960
dumbo1960
Herbert1960
lamer1961
bampot1962
dipshit1963
bamstick1965
doofus1965
dick1966
pillock1967
zipperhead1967
dipstick1968
thickie1968
poephol1969
yo-yo1970
doof1971
cockhead1972
nully1973
thicko1976
wazzock1976
motorhead1979
mouth-breather1979
no-brainer1979
jerkwad1980
woodentop1981
dickwad1983
dough ball1983
dickweed1984
bawheid1985
numpty1985
jerkweed1988
dick-sucker1989
knob-end1989
Muppet1989
dingus1997
dicksack1999
eight ball-
the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > condition of being held in contempt > [noun] > state or quality of being contemptible > contemptible person
wormc825
wretchOE
thingOE
hinderlingc1175
harlot?c1225
mixa1300
villain1303
whelpc1330
wonnera1340
bismera1400
vilec1400
beasta1425
creaturec1450
dog bolt1465
fouling?a1475
drivel1478
shit1508
marmoset1523
mammeta1529
pilgarlica1529
pode1528
slave1537
slim1548
skit-brains?1553
grasshopper1556
scavenger1563
old boss1566
rag1566
shrub1566
ketterela1572
shake-rag1571
skybala1572
mumpsimus1573
smatchetc1582
squib1586
scabship1589
vassal1589
baboon1592
Gibraltar1593
polecat1593
mushroom1594
nodc1595
cittern-head1598
nit1598
stockfish1598
cum-twang1599
dish-wash1599
pettitoe1599
mustard-token1600
viliaco1600
cargo1602
stump1602
snotty-nose1604
sprat1605
wormling1605
brock1607
dogfly?1611
shag-rag1611
shack-rag1612
thrum1612
rabbita1616
fitchock1616
unworthy1616
baseling1618
shag1620
glow-worm1624
snip1633
the son of a worm1633
grousea1637
shab1637
wormship1648
muckworm1649
whiffler1659
prig1679
rotten egg1686
prigster1688
begged fool1693
hang-dog1693
bugger1694
reptile1697
squinny1716
snool1718
ramscallion1734
footer1748
jackass1756
hallion1789
skite1790
rattlesnake1791
snot1809
mudworm1814
skunk1816
stirrah1816
spalpeen1817
nyaff1825
skin1825
weed1825
tiger1827
beggar1834
despicability1837
squirt1844
prawn1845
shake1846
white mouse1846
scurf1851
sweep1853
cockroach1856
bummer1857
medlar1859
cunt1860
shuck1862
missing link1863
schweinhund1871
creepa1876
bum1882
trashbag1886
tinhorn1887
snot-rag1888
rodent1889
whelpling1889
pie eatera1891
mess1891
schmuck1892
fucker1893
cheapskate1894
cocksucker1894
gutter-bird1896
perisher1896
skate1896
schmendrick1897
nyamps1900
ullage1901
fink1903
onion1904
punk1904
shitepoke1905
tinhorn sport1906
streeler1907
zob1911
stink1916
motherfucker1918
Oscar1918
shitass1918
shit-face1923
tripe-hound1923
gimp1924
garbage can1925
twerp1925
jughead1926
mong1926
fuck?1927
arsehole1928
dirty dog1928
gazook1928
muzzler1928
roach1929
shite1929
mook1930
lug1931
slug1931
woodchuck1931
crud1932
dip1932
bohunkus1933
lint-head1933
Nimrod1933
warb1933
fuck-piga1935
owl-hoot1934
pissant1935
poot1935
shmegegge1937
motheree1938
motorcycle1938
squiff1939
pendejo1940
snotnose1941
jerkface1942
slag1943
yuck1943
fuckface?1945
fuckhead?1945
shit-head1945
shite-hawk1948
schlub1950
asswipe1953
mother1955
weenie1956
hard-on1958
rass hole1959
schmucko1959
bitch ass1961
effer1961
lamer1961
arsewipe1962
asshole1962
butthole1962
cock1962
dipshit1963
motherfuck1964
dork1965
bumhole1967
mofo1967
tosspot1967
crudball1968
dipstick1968
douche1968
frickface1968
schlong1968
fuckwit1969
rassclaat1969
ass1970
wank1970
fecker1971
wanker1971
butt-fucker1972
slimeball1972
bloodclaat1973
fuckwad1974
mutha1974
suck1974
cocksuck1977
tosser1977
plank1981
sleazebag1981
spastic1981
dweeb1982
bumboclaat1983
dickwad1983
scuzzbag1983
sleazeball1983
butt-face1984
dickweed1984
saddie1985
butt plug1986
jerkweed1988
dick-sucker1989
microcephalic1989
wankstain1990
sadster1992
buttmunch1993
fanny1995
jackhole1996
fassyhole1997
fannybaws2000
fassy2002
1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost v. ii. 604 Pedan. I will not be put out of countenance. Bero. Because thou hast no face. Pedan. What is this? Boyet. A Cytterne head . View more context for this quotation
1598 J. Marston Scourge of Villanie In Lectores sig. Bv Shall brainles Cyterne heads, each iubernole, Poket the very Genius of thy soule?
a1627 T. Middleton & W. Rowley Old Law (1656) iv. 47 The Heads of your Instruments differ yours are Hogs-heads their Cittern and Gittern Heads. Bail. All wooden heads.
a1640 F. Beaumont et al. Loves Cure ii. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Rrrrr2/2 You Cittern-head, who have you talk'd to, hah? You nasty, stincking, and ill-countenanc'd Cur.
cittern-headed adj. rare (archaic in later use) that has a head like that of a cittern, spec. in grotesqueness of appearance or lack of intelligence (cf. wooden-headed adj. at wooden adj. Compounds 1b); also more generally as a term of abuse.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > condition of being held in contempt > [adjective] > contemptible
unworthc893
unwrastc893
littleOE
narrow-hearteda1200
wretcha1200
unworthya1240
wretchedc1250
un-i-wrastc1275
bad1276
lechera1300
feeblea1325
despisablea1340
villain1340
contemptiblec1384
lousyc1386
caitiff1393
brothelyc1400
roinousa1425
poor1425
sevenpennyc1475
nasty1477
peakish1519
filthy1533
despectuous1541
beggary1542
scald1542
shitten?1545
disdainfula1547
contemptuous1549
despicable1553
skit-brained?1553
contemniblea1555
vile1560
sluttish1561
queer1567
scornful1570
scallardc1575
tinkerly?1576
worthless1576
beggarly?1577
paltry1578
halfpenny1579
dog bolt1580
pitiful1582
sneaking1582
triobolar1585
wormisha1586
baddy1586
dudgeon1592
measled1596
packstaff1598
roguey1598
roguish1601
contemptful1608
grovelling1608
lightly1608
disdainable1611
purulent1611
snotty-nose1622
vilipendious1630
cittern-headed1638
wormy1640
pissabed1643
triobolary1644
disparageable1648
blue-bellied1652
unestimable1656
scullion1658
piteous1667
dirty1670
shabbed1674
shabby1679
snotty1681
snotty-nosed1682
mucky1683
bollocky1694
scoundrel1700
scaldeda1704
sneaking1703
ficulnean1716
unsolid1731
pitiable1753
scrubby1754
inimitable1798
scrubbish1798
worm-likea1807
small1824
lowlife1827
ketty1828
skunkish1831
yellow-bellied1833
scaly1843
cockroachya1845
wutless1853
nigger1859
trashy1862
low-down1872
cruddy1877
shitty1879
tinhorn1886
blithering1889
motherfucking1890
snidey1890
pilgarlicky1894
shitass1895
shoddy1918
yah boo1921
bitching1929
shit-faced1932
turdish1936
fricking1937
jerk-off1937
chickenshit1940
sheg-up1941
snot-nosed1941
jerky1944
mother-loving1948
scroungy1948
fecking1952
pissant1952
shit-kicking1953
shit-eating1956
bumboclaat1957
rassclaat1957
shit-headed1959
farkakte1960
shithouse1966
daggy1967
dipshit1968
scuzzy1969
bloodclaat1971
bitch ass1972
wanky1972
streelish1974
twatty1975
twattish1976
dweeby1988
douchey1991
wank1991
cockish1996
1638 J. Ford Fancies i. 7 Th'art a prickeard foyst, a citterne headed gew, gaw, a knacke, a snipper-snapper.
1863 G. A. Sala Strange Adventures Capt. Dangerous I. i. 2 There is a knot of these same cittern-headed simpletons who meet at a coffee-house in Great Swallow Street.
1990 ‘A. Scott’ Border Bride vii. 129 She decided the cittern-headed old trot would suppose her day had been turned upside down and inside out by now.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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