circulationn.

/səkjʊleɪʃən/

Etymology: < French circulation or Latin circulātiōn-em, noun of action < circulāre : see circulate v.

The action of circulating.

1. Movement in a circle, circular motion or course.

†a. Movement round or about.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement in circle or curve > [noun] > movement in circle

umganga1300

umganginga1340

circlingc1440

compassing1530

circuition1533

circulation1535

round1539

circumgyration1606

rounding1612

circuling1647

circuiting1659

circumagitation1660

circuity1770

ringing1868

milling1874

circumfluence1881

ring-a-ring1922

mill1961

1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 646 With circulatioun sa about tha ȝeid, For les expenssis and for grittar speid.

1576 F. Thynne Let. 19 Mar. in Animaduersions (1875) p. lv From one, all nombers doo arise, & by circulatione doo ende againe in thee same oone.

1642 T. Fuller Holy State iii. xx. 208 As the world is round, so we may observe a circulation in opinions.

1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 601 According to this Latter Platonick Hypothesis, there would seem to be not so much a Gradation or Descent, as a kind of Circulation in the Trinity.

†b. A rotation about an axis, gyration; orbitual revolution. Obsolete or archaic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in specific manner > revolution or rotation > [noun]

swayc1374

turning1390

overwhelming?a1439

circumvolution1447

winding1530

conversion1541

rotationa1550

revolution1566

gyring?1578

revolve1598

circulation1605

gyration1615

evolution1654

sweep1679

gyrating1837

revolving1867

1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke i. iv. 15 The perpetuall circulation by which the heaven is married to the earth.

a1701 H. Maundrell Journey Aleppo to Jerusalem (1703) 94 After they had by these vertiginous circulations and clamours turn'd their heads.

1822 T. Taylor tr. Apuleius Metamorphosis 215 Orderly and established circulations of the stars.

†c. An undulation propagated in circles from a centre. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in specific manner > alternating or reciprocating motion > [noun] > undulatory motion > instance of > propagated in circles from a centre

circulation1642

1642 H. More Ψυχωδια Platonica sig. I4 The circulations Of sounds would be well known by outward sight.

1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 581 The Circulations of Water, when some Heavy Body falling into it, its Superficies is depressed, and from thence every way Circularly Wrinkled.

1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. 177 An emission and a circulation of solar particles.

†2.

a. A continuous repetition of a series of actions, events, etc., in the same order or direction; a round. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > continuing > [noun] > a continuous succession of events, actions, etc.

round1650

circulation1682

rotund1761

ronde1846

1682 H. Maurice Serm. before King 22 The World..grown Old under the Tautologies of Sin, and the Circulations of repeated Judgments.

1690 T. Burnet Theory of Earth iii. 114 What is this life, but a circulation of little mean actions?

1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 8 Living in a daily Circulation of Sorrow, living but to work.

1731 S. Hales Statical Ess. I. 1 Such a circulation of causes and effects..necessary to the great ends of nature.

†b. Alternate action, alternation; ‘reciprocal interchange of meaning’ (Johnson). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > alternation > [noun]

interchangingc1374

alternationc1443

alternement1483

interchange1559

intercourse1571

reciprocation1586

circulation1597

counterchange1602

interchangeableness1606

subalternation1616

vicissitude1624

alternity1646

alternacy1650

alternative1732

variegation1781

fluctuation1802

alternance1826

up and down1855

intermittence1860

the world > relative properties > relationship > correlation > [noun] > interaction

interdeal1591

circulation1597

discourse1603

reciprocation1656

intercommunion1817

interaction1832

interplay1863

meshing1967

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > meaning of linguistic unit > [noun] > exchange of meaning

circulation1597

1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. liii. 112 There is in these two speeches that mutuall circulation before mentioned.

1642 H. More Ψυχωδια Platonica sig. D2 Each knave these bellows blow in mutuall circulation.

†3. Old Chemistry. The continuous distillation of a liquid for the purpose of concentrating or refining it: see circulate v. 1 and circulatory n. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > distillation

distillation1393

stilling1477

rectificationa1500

distilling1527

circulating1545

circulation1587

cohobation1605

abstraction1617

redistillation1639

cohobating1654

distillery1677

1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. 1168/2 After the order of circulation in alchimicall art.

1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke iii. 183 Circulation is to rectifie any thing to a higher perfection.

1617 J. Woodall Surgions Mate Termes 339 Circulation is the exaltation of pure liquour,..by circular solution, and coagulation in a Pelican.

1651 J. French Art Distillation i. 9 Circulation, is when any liquor is so placed in digestion, that it shall rise up and fall down..continually, and thereby become more digested.

†4. (See quot. 1656) Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > surrounding > [noun] > state of being surrounded

circulation1656

encincture1881

encompassment1882

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Circulation, properly an incircling, or invironing.

a. The circuit of the blood from the heart through the arteries and veins, and back to the heart. Hence, of any nutritive fluid through the vessels of animals or plants.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > by nutrition or respiration > [noun] > transfer of nutritive materials or digestion

circulation1656

translocation1868

autodigestion1879

the world > life > the body > vascular system > circulation > [noun]

circulation1656

blood circulation1684

circulation1707

flowing1807

1628 Harvey (title) Exercitatio anatomica..de circulatione sanguinis.]

1656 J. Smith Compl. Pract. Physick 337 The Cause of Vertigo is the circulation of the spirits animal by a thin vapour.

1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection Pref. 5 in Justice Vindicated The Physitians..in blood-letting supposed the circulation of the blood, yet none asserted it before..Doctor William Harvey.

1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 543. ¶1 Since the Circulation of the Blood has been found out.

1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. 177 The circulation of the fluids of an animal, or of a vegetable.

1813 H. Davy Elements Agric. Chem. iii. 59 The leaves preserve their functions..no longer than there is a circulation of fluids through them.

1851 W. B. Carpenter Man. Physiol. (ed. 2) 321 Objects of the circulation of Nutrient Fluid.

b. Often called simply ‘the circulation’.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > vascular system > circulation > [noun]

circulation1656

blood circulation1684

circulation1707

flowing1807

the world > life > biology > biological processes > movement > [noun] > circulation of fluids

circulation1707

cyclosis1835

1707 J. Floyer Physician's Pulse-watch 258 The Circulation runs too quick in Fevers.

1732 J. Arbuthnot Pract. Rules of Diet iv. 391 Any Stoppage of the Circulation will produce a Dropsy.

1828 J. Stark Elements Nat. Hist. II. 8 The circulation is complete in the Mollusca.

1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. i. 25 I cannot keep up my circulation on a sledge.

6. The movement of any thing in a ‘round’, not strictly circular, but such that it returns again into itself after making a general circuit of the intermediate points.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement in circle or curve > [noun] > movement in circle > movement round and returning to start

circulation1654

1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 555 The Bodies..are now as serviceable to the Circulation of matter..turn to as good Grasse, prove as beneficiall to the Parsons Cowes, or Sheep.

1656 A. Cowley Davideis i. 26 (note) in Poems All which maintain a perpetual Circulation of water, like that of Blood in mans body.

1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) xx. 337 The waters of the earth are in a state of constant circulation.

1880 S. Haughton Six Lect. Physical Geogr. iii. 128 The indirect heat contributed by the rainfall and atmospheric circulation.

figurative.1722 W. Wollaston Relig. of Nature §7. 149 Guardians and executors of laws are therefore the vitals of a Society, without which there can be no circulation of justice in it.

a. The transmission or passage of anything (e.g. money, news) from hand to hand, or from person to person (with the notion of its ‘going the round’ of a country, etc.); dissemination or publication, whether by transmission from one to another, or by distribution or diffusion of separate copies.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > [noun] > from place to place

circulation1684

society > communication > information > publishing or spreading abroad > [noun]

publicationa1387

publishing?c1450

publishmenta1513

propagation1531

divulgating1537

bruit1548

divulgation1548

edition1549

notifying1550

promulgation1562

provulgation1566

diffusion1600

blazon1603

divulging1604

divulge1619

ventilationa1631

evulgation1638

propalationa1676

circulation1684

popularization1797

pervulgationa1832

1684 Bp. G. Burnet tr. T. More Utopia 52 A free circulation of Mony..is necessary for the course of Commerce and Exchange.

1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. ii. ii. 72 Money changeth hands, and in this circulation the life of business and commerce consists.

1836 R. W. Emerson Commodity in Nature in Wks. (1906) II. 144 The rain feeds the plant; the plant feeds the animal: and thus the endless circulations of the divine charity nourish man.

1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation ii. vii. 285 The free circulation of information.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 115 This order was intended to prevent the circulation of Protestant treatises.

1880 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times III. xxxix. 196 The most extravagant exaggerations were put into circulation.

b. The extent to which copies of a newspaper, periodical, etc., are distributed, the number of readers which it reaches.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > journalism > supply of news or newspapers > [noun] > circulation or readership

circulation1847

readership1901

1847 T. De Quincey Secret Societies in Tait's Edinb. Mag. Oct. 662/1 The journal had a limited circulation.

1857 W. Whewell Hist. Inductive Sci. (new ed.) Pref. 7 [This] is sufficiently proved by the circulation which it has obtained.

†8. A statement circulated, a rumour, a report.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > information > rumour > [noun]

speechc1000

wordOE

hearinga1300

opinion1340

talesa1375

famea1387

inklinga1400

slandera1400

noising1422

rumour?a1425

bruit1477

nickinga1500

commoninga1513

roarc1520

murmura1522

hearsay?1533

cry1569

scandal1596

vogue1626

discourse1677

sough1716

circulation1775

gossip1811

myth1849

breeze1879

sound1899

potin1922

dirt1926

rumble1929

skinny1938

labrish1942

lie and story1950

scam1964

he-say-she-say1972

factoid1973

ripple1977

goss1985

1775 E. Burke Speech Amer. Taxation 29 There is also another circulation abroad, (spread with a malignant intention..).

1776 E. Burke Corr. (1844) II. 105 The government circulation is, that they [the troops] retired without molestation.

9. concrete. A circulating medium, a currency.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > [noun]

money?a1425

medium of exchange1695

currency1729

circulation1790

circulating medium1803

1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 78 A boundless paper circulation .

1866 A. Crump Pract. Treat. Banking iv. 86 Cheques, which are such an important part of the circulation of the country.

1875 W. S. Jevons Money (1878) 56 The present circulation of China is composed to a considerable extent of the so-called Sycee silver.

Draft additions October 2009

a. in circulation: in general use or currency; available, going around; (in extended use of a person) seen in public, socially active.

ΚΠ

?1700 Observ. Our Trade 194 A Town or City that formerly had a Stock of 10000 l. in circulation for Trade.

1784 H. Cowley More Ways than One iv. 68 There is a vile story in circulation, which, if true, would sink me beneath the lowest med'cine grinder—beneath a mixer of eggs and turpentine.

1813 J. Austen Pride & Prejudice III. xi. 192 Her mind opened again to the agitation of hope, by an article of news, which then began to be in circulation .

1853 A. Atkins Colonel I. v. 123 Tolerably good-looking, slightly accomplished, with good taste in dress,..she was soon in general circulation.

1956 S. Selvon Lonely Londoners v. 65 But fellars like Bart, ordinary death through illness not make [sic] for them. In a few days the old Bart was back in circulation.

1993 Compute July 46/2 No virus currently in circulation specializes in infecting compilers in such a way that they would generate diseased EXE files.

2003 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 7 Sept. i. 28/2 Other fire widows and partners are in circulation again. At a recent firehouse family cookout, every widow present had a date.

b. out of circulation: not in general use or currency; not available, withdrawn; (in extended use of a person) not seen in public, socially inactive; isolated, out of touch; (also euphemistic) in prison.

ΚΠ

1752 R. Parrott Refl. Arts & Commerce 56 No Money being ever dormant, or out of Circulation.

1806 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. VI. 551 Thereby placing land out of circulation, during any one life.

1893 H. H. Gibbs Colloquy on Currency 72 We shall be flooded with silver and all gold will go out of circulation.

1909 F. J. McConnell Christmas Serm. xiii. 204 He gets out of circulation altogether... He has the same kind of shrinking from the rough and soiled life of the world that a crisp and shining coin might have from..grimy hands.

1939 R. Chandler Big Sleep xxi. 155 Carol Lundgren, the boy killer with the limited vocabulary, was out of circulation for a long, long time.

1951 A. Ginsberg Let. May (2008) 74 Now he's sick and out of circulation.

1966 Telegraph (Brisbane) 13 Oct. 13/2 The zack, now the 5c piece, is in such demand that very often its scarcity makes one wonder if it is gradually going out of circulation.

1992 A. Maupin Maybe the Moon xv. 200 Lorrie..knew a guy who had a friend who'd been ‘out of circulation’.

1995 Wired Apr. 148/2 After being out of circulation for four decades, The Emperor's Nightingale, a 1951 stop-motion animation feature, has finally resurfaced.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	circulation
释义	circulationn. /səkjʊleɪʃən/ Etymology: < French circulation or Latin circulātiōn-em, noun of action < circulāre : see circulate v. The action of circulating. 1. Movement in a circle, circular motion or course. †a. Movement round or about. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement in circle or curve > [noun] > movement in circle umganga1300 umganginga1340 circlingc1440 compassing1530 circuition1533 circulation1535 round1539 circumgyration1606 rounding1612 circuling1647 circuiting1659 circumagitation1660 circuity1770 ringing1868 milling1874 circumfluence1881 ring-a-ring1922 mill1961 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 646 With circulatioun sa about tha ȝeid, For les expenssis and for grittar speid. 1576 F. Thynne Let. 19 Mar. in Animaduersions (1875) p. lv From one, all nombers doo arise, & by circulatione doo ende againe in thee same oone. 1642 T. Fuller Holy State iii. xx. 208 As the world is round, so we may observe a circulation in opinions. 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 601 According to this Latter Platonick Hypothesis, there would seem to be not so much a Gradation or Descent, as a kind of Circulation in the Trinity. †b. A rotation about an axis, gyration; orbitual revolution. Obsolete or archaic. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in specific manner > revolution or rotation > [noun] swayc1374 turning1390 overwhelming?a1439 circumvolution1447 winding1530 conversion1541 rotationa1550 revolution1566 gyring?1578 revolve1598 circulation1605 gyration1615 evolution1654 sweep1679 gyrating1837 revolving1867 1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke i. iv. 15 The perpetuall circulation by which the heaven is married to the earth. a1701 H. Maundrell Journey Aleppo to Jerusalem (1703) 94 After they had by these vertiginous circulations and clamours turn'd their heads. 1822 T. Taylor tr. Apuleius Metamorphosis 215 Orderly and established circulations of the stars. †c. An undulation propagated in circles from a centre. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in specific manner > alternating or reciprocating motion > [noun] > undulatory motion > instance of > propagated in circles from a centre circulation1642 1642 H. More Ψυχωδια Platonica sig. I4 The circulations Of sounds would be well known by outward sight. 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 581 The Circulations of Water, when some Heavy Body falling into it, its Superficies is depressed, and from thence every way Circularly Wrinkled. 1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. 177 An emission and a circulation of solar particles. †2. a. A continuous repetition of a series of actions, events, etc., in the same order or direction; a round. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > continuing > [noun] > a continuous succession of events, actions, etc. round1650 circulation1682 rotund1761 ronde1846 1682 H. Maurice Serm. before King 22 The World..grown Old under the Tautologies of Sin, and the Circulations of repeated Judgments. 1690 T. Burnet Theory of Earth iii. 114 What is this life, but a circulation of little mean actions? 1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 8 Living in a daily Circulation of Sorrow, living but to work. 1731 S. Hales Statical Ess. I. 1 Such a circulation of causes and effects..necessary to the great ends of nature. †b. Alternate action, alternation; ‘reciprocal interchange of meaning’ (Johnson). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > alternation > [noun] interchangingc1374 alternationc1443 alternement1483 interchange1559 intercourse1571 reciprocation1586 circulation1597 counterchange1602 interchangeableness1606 subalternation1616 vicissitude1624 alternity1646 alternacy1650 alternative1732 variegation1781 fluctuation1802 alternance1826 up and down1855 intermittence1860 the world > relative properties > relationship > correlation > [noun] > interaction interdeal1591 circulation1597 discourse1603 reciprocation1656 intercommunion1817 interaction1832 interplay1863 meshing1967 the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > meaning of linguistic unit > [noun] > exchange of meaning circulation1597 1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. liii. 112 There is in these two speeches that mutuall circulation before mentioned. 1642 H. More Ψυχωδια Platonica sig. D2 Each knave these bellows blow in mutuall circulation. †3. Old Chemistry. The continuous distillation of a liquid for the purpose of concentrating or refining it: see circulate v. 1 and circulatory n. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > distillation distillation1393 stilling1477 rectificationa1500 distilling1527 circulating1545 circulation1587 cohobation1605 abstraction1617 redistillation1639 cohobating1654 distillery1677 1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. 1168/2 After the order of circulation in alchimicall art. 1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke iii. 183 Circulation is to rectifie any thing to a higher perfection. 1617 J. Woodall Surgions Mate Termes 339 Circulation is the exaltation of pure liquour,..by circular solution, and coagulation in a Pelican. 1651 J. French Art Distillation i. 9 Circulation, is when any liquor is so placed in digestion, that it shall rise up and fall down..continually, and thereby become more digested. †4. (See quot. 1656) Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > surrounding > [noun] > state of being surrounded circulation1656 encincture1881 encompassment1882 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Circulation, properly an incircling, or invironing. 5. a. The circuit of the blood from the heart through the arteries and veins, and back to the heart. Hence, of any nutritive fluid through the vessels of animals or plants. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > by nutrition or respiration > [noun] > transfer of nutritive materials or digestion circulation1656 translocation1868 autodigestion1879 the world > life > the body > vascular system > circulation > [noun] circulation1656 blood circulation1684 circulation1707 flowing1807 1628 Harvey (title) Exercitatio anatomica..de circulatione sanguinis.] 1656 J. Smith Compl. Pract. Physick 337 The Cause of Vertigo is the circulation of the spirits animal by a thin vapour. 1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection Pref. 5 in Justice Vindicated The Physitians..in blood-letting supposed the circulation of the blood, yet none asserted it before..Doctor William Harvey. 1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 543. ¶1 Since the Circulation of the Blood has been found out. 1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. 177 The circulation of the fluids of an animal, or of a vegetable. 1813 H. Davy Elements Agric. Chem. iii. 59 The leaves preserve their functions..no longer than there is a circulation of fluids through them. 1851 W. B. Carpenter Man. Physiol. (ed. 2) 321 Objects of the circulation of Nutrient Fluid. b. Often called simply ‘the circulation’. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > vascular system > circulation > [noun] circulation1656 blood circulation1684 circulation1707 flowing1807 the world > life > biology > biological processes > movement > [noun] > circulation of fluids circulation1707 cyclosis1835 1707 J. Floyer Physician's Pulse-watch 258 The Circulation runs too quick in Fevers. 1732 J. Arbuthnot Pract. Rules of Diet iv. 391 Any Stoppage of the Circulation will produce a Dropsy. 1828 J. Stark Elements Nat. Hist. II. 8 The circulation is complete in the Mollusca. 1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. i. 25 I cannot keep up my circulation on a sledge. 6. The movement of any thing in a ‘round’, not strictly circular, but such that it returns again into itself after making a general circuit of the intermediate points. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement in circle or curve > [noun] > movement in circle > movement round and returning to start circulation1654 1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 555 The Bodies..are now as serviceable to the Circulation of matter..turn to as good Grasse, prove as beneficiall to the Parsons Cowes, or Sheep. 1656 A. Cowley Davideis i. 26 (note) in Poems All which maintain a perpetual Circulation of water, like that of Blood in mans body. 1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) xx. 337 The waters of the earth are in a state of constant circulation. 1880 S. Haughton Six Lect. Physical Geogr. iii. 128 The indirect heat contributed by the rainfall and atmospheric circulation. figurative.1722 W. Wollaston Relig. of Nature §7. 149 Guardians and executors of laws are therefore the vitals of a Society, without which there can be no circulation of justice in it. 7. a. The transmission or passage of anything (e.g. money, news) from hand to hand, or from person to person (with the notion of its ‘going the round’ of a country, etc.); dissemination or publication, whether by transmission from one to another, or by distribution or diffusion of separate copies. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > [noun] > from place to place circulation1684 society > communication > information > publishing or spreading abroad > [noun] publicationa1387 publishing?c1450 publishmenta1513 propagation1531 divulgating1537 bruit1548 divulgation1548 edition1549 notifying1550 promulgation1562 provulgation1566 diffusion1600 blazon1603 divulging1604 divulge1619 ventilationa1631 evulgation1638 propalationa1676 circulation1684 popularization1797 pervulgationa1832 1684 Bp. G. Burnet tr. T. More Utopia 52 A free circulation of Mony..is necessary for the course of Commerce and Exchange. 1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. ii. ii. 72 Money changeth hands, and in this circulation the life of business and commerce consists. 1836 R. W. Emerson Commodity in Nature in Wks. (1906) II. 144 The rain feeds the plant; the plant feeds the animal: and thus the endless circulations of the divine charity nourish man. 1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation ii. vii. 285 The free circulation of information. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 115 This order was intended to prevent the circulation of Protestant treatises. 1880 J. McCarthy Hist. our Own Times III. xxxix. 196 The most extravagant exaggerations were put into circulation. b. The extent to which copies of a newspaper, periodical, etc., are distributed, the number of readers which it reaches. ΘΚΠ society > communication > journalism > supply of news or newspapers > [noun] > circulation or readership circulation1847 readership1901 1847 T. De Quincey Secret Societies in Tait's Edinb. Mag. Oct. 662/1 The journal had a limited circulation. 1857 W. Whewell Hist. Inductive Sci. (new ed.) Pref. 7 [This] is sufficiently proved by the circulation which it has obtained. †8. A statement circulated, a rumour, a report. ΘΚΠ society > communication > information > rumour > [noun] speechc1000 wordOE hearinga1300 opinion1340 talesa1375 famea1387 inklinga1400 slandera1400 noising1422 rumour?a1425 bruit1477 nickinga1500 commoninga1513 roarc1520 murmura1522 hearsay?1533 cry1569 scandal1596 vogue1626 discourse1677 sough1716 circulation1775 gossip1811 myth1849 breeze1879 sound1899 potin1922 dirt1926 rumble1929 skinny1938 labrish1942 lie and story1950 scam1964 he-say-she-say1972 factoid1973 ripple1977 goss1985 1775 E. Burke Speech Amer. Taxation 29 There is also another circulation abroad, (spread with a malignant intention..). 1776 E. Burke Corr. (1844) II. 105 The government circulation is, that they [the troops] retired without molestation. 9. concrete. A circulating medium, a currency. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > [noun] money?a1425 medium of exchange1695 currency1729 circulation1790 circulating medium1803 1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 78 A boundless paper circulation . View more context for this quotation 1866 A. Crump Pract. Treat. Banking iv. 86 Cheques, which are such an important part of the circulation of the country. 1875 W. S. Jevons Money (1878) 56 The present circulation of China is composed to a considerable extent of the so-called Sycee silver. Draft additions October 2009 a. in circulation: in general use or currency; available, going around; (in extended use of a person) seen in public, socially active. ΚΠ ?1700 Observ. Our Trade 194 A Town or City that formerly had a Stock of 10000 l. in circulation for Trade. 1784 H. Cowley More Ways than One iv. 68 There is a vile story in circulation, which, if true, would sink me beneath the lowest med'cine grinder—beneath a mixer of eggs and turpentine. 1813 J. Austen Pride & Prejudice III. xi. 192 Her mind opened again to the agitation of hope, by an article of news, which then began to be in circulation . View more context for this quotation 1853 A. Atkins Colonel I. v. 123 Tolerably good-looking, slightly accomplished, with good taste in dress,..she was soon in general circulation. 1956 S. Selvon Lonely Londoners v. 65 But fellars like Bart, ordinary death through illness not make [sic] for them. In a few days the old Bart was back in circulation. 1993 Compute July 46/2 No virus currently in circulation specializes in infecting compilers in such a way that they would generate diseased EXE files. 2003 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 7 Sept. i. 28/2 Other fire widows and partners are in circulation again. At a recent firehouse family cookout, every widow present had a date. b. out of circulation: not in general use or currency; not available, withdrawn; (in extended use of a person) not seen in public, socially inactive; isolated, out of touch; (also euphemistic) in prison. ΚΠ 1752 R. Parrott Refl. Arts & Commerce 56 No Money being ever dormant, or out of Circulation. 1806 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. VI. 551 Thereby placing land out of circulation, during any one life. 1893 H. H. Gibbs Colloquy on Currency 72 We shall be flooded with silver and all gold will go out of circulation. 1909 F. J. McConnell Christmas Serm. xiii. 204 He gets out of circulation altogether... He has the same kind of shrinking from the rough and soiled life of the world that a crisp and shining coin might have from..grimy hands. 1939 R. Chandler Big Sleep xxi. 155 Carol Lundgren, the boy killer with the limited vocabulary, was out of circulation for a long, long time. 1951 A. Ginsberg Let. May (2008) 74 Now he's sick and out of circulation. 1966 Telegraph (Brisbane) 13 Oct. 13/2 The zack, now the 5c piece, is in such demand that very often its scarcity makes one wonder if it is gradually going out of circulation. 1992 A. Maupin Maybe the Moon xv. 200 Lorrie..knew a guy who had a friend who'd been ‘out of circulation’. 1995 Wired Apr. 148/2 After being out of circulation for four decades, The Emperor's Nightingale, a 1951 stop-motion animation feature, has finally resurfaced. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1889; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1535
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