commutationn.

/kɒmjuːˈteɪʃən/

Forms: Also 1500s co(m)mutacion.

Etymology: < French commutacion (14th cent. in Littré) -ation , < Latin commūtātiōn-em , noun of action < commūtāre to commute v.: see -ation suffix.

a. The action or process of changing or altering; change, alteration, mutation. ? Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > [noun]

wendingeOE

changing?c1225

stirringa1240

wrixlinga1240

changec1325

variancec1340

transmutationc1380

varyingc1380

whileness1382

translationc1384

alterationa1398

mutationa1398

removinga1425

revolutiona1425

shiftingc1440

changementc1450

muance1480

commutation1509

altry1527

transition1545

turning1548

novation1549

immutation?c1550

alterance1559

alienation1562

turn?1567

vicissitude1603

refraction1614

fermentationa1661

diabasis1672

parallax1677

motion1678

aliation1775

transience1946

1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure x. v Thys commutacion shoulde be refused.

1528 Roy Satire O wofull chaunce: most infortunate, So sodenly makynge comutacion.

1663 R. South Serm. preached Nov. 9, 1662 25 So great is the commutation, that the Soul then hated onely that, which now onely it loves.

1837 S. Smith Let. to Singleton in Wks. (1859) II. 286/2 Such a scene of revolution and commutation.

b. with of and object.

ΚΠ

1528 in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) I. App. xxiii. 58 The commutation and alteration of those religious places.

1637 R. Humfrey tr. St. Ambrose Christian Offices ii. 17 Commutation of them [words] where there seemeth any harshnesse.

†2. The exchanging of one thing for another; exchange, barter. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > barter > [noun]

formanginga1300

nifferc1400

barteringc1440

roring1440

commutation1496

scorsing1509

chopping and changing1548

exchange1553

truck1553

block1568

bartery1570

chopping1581

scorse1590

barter1592

trucking1594

swap1625

truckage1641

truck trade1740

handling1850

the world > time > change > exchange > [noun]

change?c1225

changingc1350

interchangingc1374

exchangec1384

permutationa1398

commutation1496

achange1530

chopping and changing1548

interchange1548

exchanging1553

promutation1560

intercourse1576

counterchange1579

chopping1581

counter-cambio?1592

interchangementa1616

commerce1631

swapping1695

barter1819

counterchanging1881

switching1904

va-et-vient1919

switch-around1981

1496 Act 12 Hen. VII c. 6 To buy, sell, and make the Commutations with the Wares..at their Pleasure.

1553 S. Cabot in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) i. 261 No commutation or trucke to be made by any of the pettie Marchants.

1663 S. Patrick Parable of Pilgrim (1668) xxxix. 521 Friendship they say is a commutation of hearts.

1727 J. Arbuthnot Tables Anc. Coins 5 The use of money..is that of saving the commutation of more bulky commodities.

1744 J. Harris Three Treat. iii. i. 154 A State..of Commutation and Traffic.

3. The putting of one thing instead of another; substitution, interchange.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > [noun]

changec1325

substitution1572

shift1573

quid pro quo1580

counterchange1589

supposing1591

subrogation1596

commutation1597

suffection1612

surrogationa1638

supplying1643

changeover1918

1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. liii. 112 A kinde of mutuall commutation..wherby those concrete names God, and Man, when we speake of Christ, do take interchangeablie one anothers roome.

1836 J. Gilbert Christian Atonem. vii. 256 Regarding awards of punishment thus..there could plainly be no commutation of persons.

1870 F. C. Bowen Logic viii. 255 The commutation is only from equal to equal.

4. spec.

a. The substitution of one kind of payment for another; of a money payment instead of the performance of some obligation; of a single payment instead of a number of successive payments; figurative the performance of some act or observance instead of the discharge of a moral obligation, or by way of making up or compounding for an offence.

b. Law. The substitution of a lesser punishment for a greater. (See commute v.)

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [noun] > lesser punishment for greater

commutation1824

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > sentencing > [noun] > sentence > commutation of punishment

commutation1824

1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxxix. 244 By waye of commutation, where in steade of naturall commodities..the price of them might bee taken.

1640–4 Lond. Petit. in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) I. 95 They have..decreed, That the commutation of Penance shall not be without the Bishop's privity.

1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. I. viii. 166 Henry..levied upon his vassals..a sum of money in lieu of their service; and this commutation, etc.

1824 W. Irving Tales of Traveller II. 147 A commutation of his own sentence from death to the galleys.

1833 H. Martineau French Wines & Politics i. 7 Fines which they had to pay in commutation of the service of keeping the frogs quiet by night.

1837 S. Smith Let. to Singleton in Wks. (1859) II. 255/2 The Commutation of Tithes.

1876 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People iv. 171 The commutation of those uncertain dues for a fixed sum paid annually to the Crown.

c. concrete. The money or other price paid by way of commutation.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > payment > [noun] > commutation or compounding

redemptiona1513

composition1570

commutation money1650

commutationa1707

a1707 W. Beveridge Serm. XI. lxix. (R.) This is his substitute, his commutation, or in his place.

1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies I. v. 52 There must be a Commutation of Money paid by the separating Party to the other.

d. Linguistics. Substitution, as a test of differentiation of phonemes, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [noun] > phoneme, allophone, etc. > replacement of one phoneme by another > as test of differentiation of phonemes

commutation1952

1952 A. Cohen Phonemes of Eng. ii. 25 The remedy suggested by Martinet against this phoneticism is the commutation test. Thus two successive sounds can only with certainty be said to represent two phonemes if they are both commutable, i.e. if by substituting them for another sound one gets a different word.

1953 C. E. Bazell Ling. Form 6 The criterion of commutation, which elsewhere is the distributional criterion par excellence, is here simply one criterion among others.

1953 F. J. Whitfield tr. L. Hjelmslev Prolegomena to Theory of Lang. 46 A correlation in one plane, which in this way has relation to a correlation in another plane of a language, we shall call a commutation.

1964 E. Palmer tr. A. Martinet Elements Gen. Linguistics iii. 73 Everything is based on the operation called commutation, the one which permitted us to oppose the first segment of lampe to that of rampe.

5. Astronomy. (See quot.)

ΚΠ

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Commutation, in Astronomy. The Angle of Commutation, is the Distance between the Sun's true Place seen from the Earth, and the Place of a Planet reduc'd to the Eclyptic.

1834 Nat. Philos. (Libr. Useful Knowl.) III. Astron. x. 203/2 The angle OSE is technically called the commutation.

6. The reversing or altering of the course of an electric current. (See commutator n.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrical engineering > operation of machinery > [noun] > regulation of current

commutation1876

commutating1890

1876 D. Ferrier Functions of Brain 129 The closing, opening, or commutation of the current of a galvanic pile.

1881 Nature 17 Feb. 368/2 Each..clock makes its commutation, i.e. cuts off the line from the telegraph and connects it with the electro-magnet of the clock.

7. Rhetoric. (See quot. 1823.)

ΚΠ

1823 G. Crabb Universal Technol. Dict. Commutation (Rhet.), a figure of speech whereby a complete transposition of the words takes place; as ‘I do not live that I may eat, but I eat that I may live’.

8. Algebra. The reversal of the order of two quantities. Also attributive, as commutation rule n. a rule expressing the effect of such an interchange.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > transformation > [noun] > correspondence > preserving relations or elements > changing order

permutation1645

transposition1664

alternation1685

transmutationa1690

variation1710

commutation1852

substitution1854

logical shift1946

the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > transformation > [noun] > principle or rule in

commutative principle1876

commutation rule1935

1852 J. J. Sylvester Coll. Math. Papers (1904) i. 318 The method of partial commutation.

1886 G. Chrystal Algebra I. i. i. 16 The laws of association and commutation.

1935 E. U. Condon & G. H. Shortley Theory Atomic Spectra iii. 45 From the basic commutation rules..we find that the vector L does not commute with itself.

1957 M. E. Rose Elem. Theory Angular Momentum ii. 22 We find the usual commutation rule..J_xJ_y—J_yJ_x = iJ_z. The other commutation relations follow from considering infinitesimal rotations about the other two pairs of co-ordinate axes.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

commutation money n.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > payment > [noun] > commutation or compounding

redemptiona1513

composition1570

commutation money1650

commutationa1707

1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine iii. 436 This commutation-money..made a dearth of dutifull children.

commutation system n.

ΚΠ

1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity I. iii. v. 393 The commutation system of the Church.

commutation pedal n.

ΚΠ

1880 C. A. Edwards Organs ii. ix. 91 There is another action for commanding the stops..called the ‘commutation pedal’ movement.

C2.

Commutation Act n. an act for the commutation of tithes in England, passed in 1836; also, formerly, that of 1784, imposing an additional window-tax in lieu of a partial remission of the duty on tea.

ΚΠ

1787 Ann. Reg. 1784–5 Hist. Europe 153/1 The foundation of the act, since known by the name of the Commutation Act.

1852 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation (ed. 2) ii. iv. 191 The Commutation Act will have to undergo..important modifications.

commutation passenger n. U.S. a season-ticket holder on a railway.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > rail travel > [noun] > traveller by rail > types of

commutation passenger1856

commuter1865

train jumper1879

tube traveller1903

rod-rider1904

1856 W. H. Swift in Mass. Railroads 1842–55 14 Commutation or Season Passengers, so called.

1887 C. B. George 40 Years on Rail v. 89 You have had a great deal of experience in carrying commutation passengers in Boston.

commutation road n. (Ogilvie) a parish or county road, so called because a sum of money is now paid in commutation of the compulsory service of man and horse formerly exacted for the repair of the road from owners of horses.

commutation ticket n. U.S. a ticket issued by a railway company, etc., at a reduced rate, entitling the holder to travel over a given route a certain number of times or during a certain period; a season-ticket.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > rail travel > [noun] > train ticket > types of

commutation ticket1848

scalp ticket1880

parliamentary ticket1893

contract1899

awayday1972

1848 Amer. Railroad Jrnl. 29 July 481/3 Commutation tickets.., costing $5, are issued at Trenton, signed by ‘B. Fish’, which entitles the receiver to eight passages between Trenton and New Brunswick, by any line on the route.

1879 Constit. Calif. in J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. (1888) II. App. 671 Excursion and commutation tickets issued at special rates.

1885 Good Words July 450/1 A single ‘Commutation’ ticket is given, numbered and dated on the day on which it was issued.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	commutation
释义	commutationn. /kɒmjuːˈteɪʃən/ Forms: Also 1500s co(m)mutacion. Etymology: < French commutacion (14th cent. in Littré) -ation , < Latin commūtātiōn-em , noun of action < commūtāre to commute v.: see -ation suffix. 1. a. The action or process of changing or altering; change, alteration, mutation. ? Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > [noun] wendingeOE changing?c1225 stirringa1240 wrixlinga1240 changec1325 variancec1340 transmutationc1380 varyingc1380 whileness1382 translationc1384 alterationa1398 mutationa1398 removinga1425 revolutiona1425 shiftingc1440 changementc1450 muance1480 commutation1509 altry1527 transition1545 turning1548 novation1549 immutation?c1550 alterance1559 alienation1562 turn?1567 vicissitude1603 refraction1614 fermentationa1661 diabasis1672 parallax1677 motion1678 aliation1775 transience1946 1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure x. v Thys commutacion shoulde be refused. 1528 Roy Satire O wofull chaunce: most infortunate, So sodenly makynge comutacion. 1663 R. South Serm. preached Nov. 9, 1662 25 So great is the commutation, that the Soul then hated onely that, which now onely it loves. 1837 S. Smith Let. to Singleton in Wks. (1859) II. 286/2 Such a scene of revolution and commutation. b. with of and object. ΚΠ 1528 in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) I. App. xxiii. 58 The commutation and alteration of those religious places. 1637 R. Humfrey tr. St. Ambrose Christian Offices ii. 17 Commutation of them [words] where there seemeth any harshnesse. †2. The exchanging of one thing for another; exchange, barter. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > barter > [noun] formanginga1300 nifferc1400 barteringc1440 roring1440 commutation1496 scorsing1509 chopping and changing1548 exchange1553 truck1553 block1568 bartery1570 chopping1581 scorse1590 barter1592 trucking1594 swap1625 truckage1641 truck trade1740 handling1850 the world > time > change > exchange > [noun] change?c1225 changingc1350 interchangingc1374 exchangec1384 permutationa1398 commutation1496 achange1530 chopping and changing1548 interchange1548 exchanging1553 promutation1560 intercourse1576 counterchange1579 chopping1581 counter-cambio?1592 interchangementa1616 commerce1631 swapping1695 barter1819 counterchanging1881 switching1904 va-et-vient1919 switch-around1981 1496 Act 12 Hen. VII c. 6 To buy, sell, and make the Commutations with the Wares..at their Pleasure. 1553 S. Cabot in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) i. 261 No commutation or trucke to be made by any of the pettie Marchants. 1663 S. Patrick Parable of Pilgrim (1668) xxxix. 521 Friendship they say is a commutation of hearts. 1727 J. Arbuthnot Tables Anc. Coins 5 The use of money..is that of saving the commutation of more bulky commodities. 1744 J. Harris Three Treat. iii. i. 154 A State..of Commutation and Traffic. 3. The putting of one thing instead of another; substitution, interchange. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > exchange > substitution > [noun] changec1325 substitution1572 shift1573 quid pro quo1580 counterchange1589 supposing1591 subrogation1596 commutation1597 suffection1612 surrogationa1638 supplying1643 changeover1918 1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. liii. 112 A kinde of mutuall commutation..wherby those concrete names God, and Man, when we speake of Christ, do take interchangeablie one anothers roome. 1836 J. Gilbert Christian Atonem. vii. 256 Regarding awards of punishment thus..there could plainly be no commutation of persons. 1870 F. C. Bowen Logic viii. 255 The commutation is only from equal to equal. 4. spec. a. The substitution of one kind of payment for another; of a money payment instead of the performance of some obligation; of a single payment instead of a number of successive payments; figurative the performance of some act or observance instead of the discharge of a moral obligation, or by way of making up or compounding for an offence. b. Law. The substitution of a lesser punishment for a greater. (See commute v.) ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [noun] > lesser punishment for greater commutation1824 society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > sentencing > [noun] > sentence > commutation of punishment commutation1824 1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. lxxix. 244 By waye of commutation, where in steade of naturall commodities..the price of them might bee taken. 1640–4 Lond. Petit. in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) I. 95 They have..decreed, That the commutation of Penance shall not be without the Bishop's privity. 1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. I. viii. 166 Henry..levied upon his vassals..a sum of money in lieu of their service; and this commutation, etc. 1824 W. Irving Tales of Traveller II. 147 A commutation of his own sentence from death to the galleys. 1833 H. Martineau French Wines & Politics i. 7 Fines which they had to pay in commutation of the service of keeping the frogs quiet by night. 1837 S. Smith Let. to Singleton in Wks. (1859) II. 255/2 The Commutation of Tithes. 1876 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People iv. 171 The commutation of those uncertain dues for a fixed sum paid annually to the Crown. c. concrete. The money or other price paid by way of commutation. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > payment > [noun] > commutation or compounding redemptiona1513 composition1570 commutation money1650 commutationa1707 a1707 W. Beveridge Serm. XI. lxix. (R.) This is his substitute, his commutation, or in his place. 1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies I. v. 52 There must be a Commutation of Money paid by the separating Party to the other. d. Linguistics. Substitution, as a test of differentiation of phonemes, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [noun] > phoneme, allophone, etc. > replacement of one phoneme by another > as test of differentiation of phonemes commutation1952 1952 A. Cohen Phonemes of Eng. ii. 25 The remedy suggested by Martinet against this phoneticism is the commutation test. Thus two successive sounds can only with certainty be said to represent two phonemes if they are both commutable, i.e. if by substituting them for another sound one gets a different word. 1953 C. E. Bazell Ling. Form 6 The criterion of commutation, which elsewhere is the distributional criterion par excellence, is here simply one criterion among others. 1953 F. J. Whitfield tr. L. Hjelmslev Prolegomena to Theory of Lang. 46 A correlation in one plane, which in this way has relation to a correlation in another plane of a language, we shall call a commutation. 1964 E. Palmer tr. A. Martinet Elements Gen. Linguistics iii. 73 Everything is based on the operation called commutation, the one which permitted us to oppose the first segment of lampe to that of rampe. 5. Astronomy. (See quot.) ΚΠ 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Commutation, in Astronomy. The Angle of Commutation, is the Distance between the Sun's true Place seen from the Earth, and the Place of a Planet reduc'd to the Eclyptic. 1834 Nat. Philos. (Libr. Useful Knowl.) III. Astron. x. 203/2 The angle OSE is technically called the commutation. 6. The reversing or altering of the course of an electric current. (See commutator n.) ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrical engineering > operation of machinery > [noun] > regulation of current commutation1876 commutating1890 1876 D. Ferrier Functions of Brain 129 The closing, opening, or commutation of the current of a galvanic pile. 1881 Nature 17 Feb. 368/2 Each..clock makes its commutation, i.e. cuts off the line from the telegraph and connects it with the electro-magnet of the clock. 7. Rhetoric. (See quot. 1823.) ΚΠ 1823 G. Crabb Universal Technol. Dict. Commutation (Rhet.), a figure of speech whereby a complete transposition of the words takes place; as ‘I do not live that I may eat, but I eat that I may live’. 8. Algebra. The reversal of the order of two quantities. Also attributive, as commutation rule n. a rule expressing the effect of such an interchange. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > transformation > [noun] > correspondence > preserving relations or elements > changing order permutation1645 transposition1664 alternation1685 transmutationa1690 variation1710 commutation1852 substitution1854 logical shift1946 the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > transformation > [noun] > principle or rule in commutative principle1876 commutation rule1935 1852 J. J. Sylvester Coll. Math. Papers (1904) i. 318 The method of partial commutation. 1886 G. Chrystal Algebra I. i. i. 16 The laws of association and commutation. 1935 E. U. Condon & G. H. Shortley Theory Atomic Spectra iii. 45 From the basic commutation rules..we find that the vector L does not commute with itself. 1957 M. E. Rose Elem. Theory Angular Momentum ii. 22 We find the usual commutation rule..J_xJ_y—J_yJ_x = iJ_z. The other commutation relations follow from considering infinitesimal rotations about the other two pairs of co-ordinate axes. Compounds C1. General attributive. commutation money n. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > payment > [noun] > commutation or compounding redemptiona1513 composition1570 commutation money1650 commutationa1707 1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine iii. 436 This commutation-money..made a dearth of dutifull children. commutation system n. ΚΠ 1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity I. iii. v. 393 The commutation system of the Church. commutation pedal n. ΚΠ 1880 C. A. Edwards Organs ii. ix. 91 There is another action for commanding the stops..called the ‘commutation pedal’ movement. C2. Commutation Act n. an act for the commutation of tithes in England, passed in 1836; also, formerly, that of 1784, imposing an additional window-tax in lieu of a partial remission of the duty on tea. ΚΠ 1787 Ann. Reg. 1784–5 Hist. Europe 153/1 The foundation of the act, since known by the name of the Commutation Act. 1852 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation (ed. 2) ii. iv. 191 The Commutation Act will have to undergo..important modifications. commutation passenger n. U.S. a season-ticket holder on a railway. ΘΚΠ society > travel > rail travel > [noun] > traveller by rail > types of commutation passenger1856 commuter1865 train jumper1879 tube traveller1903 rod-rider1904 1856 W. H. Swift in Mass. Railroads 1842–55 14 Commutation or Season Passengers, so called. 1887 C. B. George 40 Years on Rail v. 89 You have had a great deal of experience in carrying commutation passengers in Boston. commutation road n. (Ogilvie) a parish or county road, so called because a sum of money is now paid in commutation of the compulsory service of man and horse formerly exacted for the repair of the road from owners of horses. commutation ticket n. U.S. a ticket issued by a railway company, etc., at a reduced rate, entitling the holder to travel over a given route a certain number of times or during a certain period; a season-ticket. ΘΚΠ society > travel > rail travel > [noun] > train ticket > types of commutation ticket1848 scalp ticket1880 parliamentary ticket1893 contract1899 awayday1972 1848 Amer. Railroad Jrnl. 29 July 481/3 Commutation tickets.., costing $5, are issued at Trenton, signed by ‘B. Fish’, which entitles the receiver to eight passages between Trenton and New Brunswick, by any line on the route. 1879 Constit. Calif. in J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. (1888) II. App. 671 Excursion and commutation tickets issued at special rates. 1885 Good Words July 450/1 A single ‘Commutation’ ticket is given, numbered and dated on the day on which it was issued. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < n.1496
随便看	nut-strewn nut-studded nut-sweet nut-wood nut-worm nutant nutarian nutarians nutate nutated nutates nutating nutation nutational nutations nutball nutballs nutbeam nutbearing nutbone nutbox nutboy nutbreaker nutbrown nutbrown maid