concentrateadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈkɒnsntreɪt/,

/ˈkɒnsɛntreɪt/, U.S.

/ˈkɑnsənˌtreɪt/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin concentratus, concentrare.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin concentratus, past participle of concentrare concentrate v. Compare earlier concentrated adj., concentred adj., and also earlier concentrate v.In sense B. 1 after concentration n. 4b, concentrate v. 3b. N.E.D. (1891) gives the pronunciation as (kǫ̆nse·ntrĕt) /kənˈsɛntrət/.

A. adj.

= concentrated adj. (in various senses).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > physical chemistry > solutions > [adjective] > concentration

stronga1325

concentrated1689

concentrate1758

concentric1772

the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > [adjective] > on single point

concentred1641

concentrated1652

concentrating1662

concentrative1725

concentrate1834

focalizing1838

1758 R. Dossie Handmaid to Arts I. 114 It is, when good, a concentrate yellow.

1802 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 92 133 When the alkaline solution is very concentrate.

1834 R. M. Milnes Memorials of Tour in Greece 108 One last unshackled blow Strong with concentrate vengeance.

1845 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 2) 304 With all concentrate and superfluent woe.

1951 Pop. Photogr. May 174/1 (advt.) For film; concentrate solution; combination physical-chemical dev.

2011 Optimizing Use of Aircraft Deicing & Anti-icing Fluids (ACRP) v. 80/1 Subtracting the liters of concentrate fluid required in the diluted operation.

B. n.

1. Mining. Ore or mineral matter from which less valuable or worthless material has been removed (cf. concentration n. 4b).

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > [noun] > other mining products

corec1420

slam1650

concentrate1871

surfacing1890

1871 Mining Statistics in Executive Documents U.S. House of Representatives (42nd Congress, 1st Sess.) I. No. 10. 358 The work is always done by contract, the price being about 20 cents per hundred-weight of final concentrate.

1884 W. B. Kunhardt Pract. Ore Dressing Europe 105 The concentrate may run high in zinc as well as in iron.

1920 C. W. Henderson Mining Colorado 200/1 This company also has a sampling plant for treatment and shipment of their own ores and concentrates.

1958 A. D. Merriman Dict. Metall. 95/1 Flash roasting, a process for removing sulphur from ores by blowing the pulverised concentrates through a combustion chamber.

2014 Australian (Nexis) 10 Feb. 17 Transporting small amounts of mineral concentrates by barge to larger vessels offshore has been used in Australia since the early 1990s.

2. A type of animal feed having a high energy value or containing large concentrations of nutrients. Frequently in plural.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > animal food > [noun] > fodder > concentrated food

concentrate1907

1907 T. Shaw Feeding Farm Animals iii. 54 The relative cost of bulky foods and concentrates respectively should be duly considered when feeding animals.

1942 Jrnl. Wildlife Managem. 6 285/2 Hay was then provided for roughage, with one part of calf meal to seven parts of rolled oats for a concentrate.

2013 New Statesman 22 Feb. 22/1 You don't need imported soya to fatten animals that are raised on it—in fact, you don't need concentrates of any kind.

3. A substance (esp. a liquid) made by removing a diluting agent so that a high concentration of a foodstuff or other component remains. Frequently with distinguishing word.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > liquid > [noun] > types of liquid generally > concentrated liquid

concentrate1922

1922 Bridgeport (Connecticut) Telegram 17 May 7 (advt.) Since Vegex is full of Vitamin B concentrate you may if you wish, eat white bread with the spread.

1944 Good Housek. Baby Bk. (1945) vi. 96 Special orange juice, obtainable at the food office or clinic..is the best vitamin concentrate obtainable.

1968 Times 24 Oct. 7/8 To test whether any of this matter was resistant to breakdown, he incubated concentrates of the water samples.

1973 Washington Post 26 July f14 To make coffee from the concentrate, add boiling water.

2002 J. McGahern That they may face Rising Sun (2003) 82 Ruttledge poured rum from a dust-covered bottle into a glass and added blackcurrant concentrate.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

concentratev.

Brit.

/ˈkɒnsntreɪt/,

/ˈkɒnsɛntreɪt/, U.S.

/ˈkɑnsənˌtreɪt/

Forms: 1600s concentrat, 1600s concentrate (past participle), 1600s– concentrate.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin concentrat-, concentrare.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin concentrat-, past participial stem (see -ate suffix³) of concentrare to bring towards a common centre, to cause to converge (1517 or earlier) < classical Latin con- con- prefix + centrum centre n.¹ Compare earlier concentre v. and the foreign-language parallels cited at that entry, and also earlier concentration n.The verb was apparently originally stressed on the second syllable; pronouncing dictionaries up to the mid 19th cent. (e.g. Walker and Sheridan) give only this stress pattern, and N.E.D. (1891) comments that first-syllable stress, although already dominant at the time (and the sole stress pattern recorded in pronouncing dictionaries from the early 20th cent. onwards), was of relatively recent origin. With this historical variation compare e.g. compensate v.

(a) transitive. To bring (two or more things) to or towards a common centre; to cause to converge at one point or place; to cause to be focused on or directed towards a particular point or object.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > gather together [verb (transitive)] > (as) to a centre

concentre1598

concentrate1628

the world > space > relative position > inclination > state or quality of being convergent > converge with [verb (transitive)] > cause to converge

convergea1774

concentricate1787

focalize1804

concentrate1831

1628 Z. Boyd Last Battell Soule iii. 271 Sathan most craftilie by some cunning slight as by an hollow burning glasse, so concentrats and vnites them [sc. sins] together like fierie beames that they set on fire the whole bodie of mans corruption.

1642 R. Harris Serm. preached to House of Commons 21 Here all his Perfections..are Concentrate.

1646 H. Lawrence Of Communion & Warre with Angels 125 Love will concentrate all in God, make all lines meet in him.

1789 Crit. Rev. May 396 Our author must correct much, leave his dashes, and concentrate his pointed sarcasms.

1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics x. 91 The different rays concentrated by the lens.

1832 W. Macgillivray Trav. & Researches A. von Humboldt xxiv. 367 The population is concentrated on this table-land.

1939 Jrnl. Business Univ. Chicago 12 291 All railroads..may concentrate at one point their inbound and outbound shipments of produce.

1958 J. K. Galbraith Affluent Society xxv. 274 Our failure to match this achievement was the result of the failure to concentrate the requisite resources on the desired ends.

2012 Birdwatch Apr. 78/3 Despite the freeze, there were still plenty of Yellow-browed Warblers in the South-West: if anything, the weather seemed to concentrate them further.

(b) transitive. To reduce in compass or volume; to contract, condense; (hence) to intensify.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > extension in space > reduction in size or extent > reduce in size or extent [verb (transitive)] > concentrate or condense

condense1477

concentre1598

sum1609

compact1633

epitomizea1634

concentrate1665

1665 R. Boyle New Exper. & Observ. Cold 667 The water, wherein Cabbage has been decocted, will, when frozen, represent a Cabbage, the vegetable spirits being, as he supposes, concentrated by the cold.

1758 S. Johnson Idler 24 June 89 Accounts..of one mind expanded in the Summer, and of another concentrated in the Winter.

1802 J. Playfair Illustr. Huttonian Theory 303 It has been expelled from some parts of a mass, only to be condensed and concentrated in others.

1853 C. Brontë Villette III. xxxii. 70 ‘The obstinacy of my whole sex’ it seems, was concentrated in me.

1917 Rotarian Feb. 104/2 To concentrate the power and influence of Rotary and use it as a unit when some worthy need arises.

1996 Compl. Illustr. Guide to Feng Shui (1999) vi. 115/2 At ground level, gaps between very tall buildings have the effect of concentrating and accelerating the wind.

2012 Gay Times May 117/3 Mauritius is like nowhere else on earth—Maradiva draws on this uniqueness, concentrating it into something truly idyllic.

b. intransitive. To collect or come together at a centre or other point; to become more concentrated or intense.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > inclination > state or quality of being convergent > converge [verb (intransitive)]

close1551

concur1570

collineatea1631

concentrate1640

converge1691

corradiate1800

approximate1835

concentre1853

navel1855

radiate1866

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement towards a thing, person, or position > move towards [verb (intransitive)] > towards a centre

concentre1613

concentrate1640

ray1876

1640 G. Watts tr. F. Bacon Of Advancem. Learning Pref. 16 That the Images and beams of things (as in sense) may meet and concentrate [L. coire possint].

1776 J. Mills Treat. Cattle vii. i. 393 All it's ways are gross, all it's inclinations are filthy, and all it's sensations concentrate in a furious lust.

1835 I. Taylor Spiritual Despotism vi. 278 The progress of Church Power..as concentrating around the See of Rome.

1841 H. Alford Jrnl. in Life, Jrnls. & Lett. (1873) iv. 133 Would that..my powers and attention as I advance may concentrate.

1926 R. S. Lull Org. Evol. xiii. 203 These posterior cells are generally somewhat larger than the anterior ones, especially in those embryos in which much food-yolk tends to concentrate.

1955 Sci. Amer. Aug. 37/1 Most fission products are known as ‘bone-seekers’: they tend to concentrate in the skeleton.

2002 Canad. Geographic May 26/3 PBDEs are persistent pollutants that biomagnify up the food chain, concentrating as they pass from smaller to larger organisms.

a. transitive. To cause (one's gaze, attention, effort, etc.) to be focused (on something).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > fix the attention, concentrate [verb (transitive)] > implant, fix > at central point

concentrate1632

concentricate1647

to bring to a focus1730

focus1807

polarize1868

the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > fix the attention, concentrate [verb (transitive)] > in one direction

concentre1643

think1821

concentrate1860

to zero in1955

1632 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Eromena i. 32 Eromena..stood in that instant (with her faire eyes concentrated [It. con gli occhi concentrati]) pale, and wan.

1639 W. Balcanquhall Large Declar. Tumults Scotl. 3 [They] were all assembled in one place, and had all their wits and devices concentrated into one conclusion and resolution.

1744 R. North & M. North Life Sir D. North & Rev. J. North 262 The Doctor began to concentrate his Thoughts to certain particular Subjects.

1788 Acct. Life Author in T. Leland Serm. Var. Subj. I. p. lvii Whatever work he engaged in concentrated his attention: he seemed absorbed in it, to a degree scarce credible.

1860 C. Kingsley Misc. (ed. 2) I. 22 I must concentrate my powers on one subject.

1879 H. Calderwood Relations Mind & Brain ii. 10 To concentrate attention on the nerve system.

1937 J. Marquand Thank you, Mr. Moto xx. 161 Except for an occasional glimpse about me, my sight was concentrated on the back of Wu Lo Feng's neck.

1980 J. M. Coetzee Waiting for Barbarians ii. 47 With an effort I concentrate my mind on her.

2011 M. Irvine Nucl. Power iii. 36 The USA concentrated its efforts on the development of PWRs.

b. intransitive. With on, upon. To focus all one's attention on; to spend one's time working on or dealing with (one particular thing) above all others; to give special attention to.

ΚΠ

1843 Philanthropist 3 May The great probability is, that the Democratic party will concentrate upon Mr. Van Buren.

1887 T. Hardy Woodlanders III. xiii. 259 I wish you would concentrate on your profession, and give up those strange studies that used to distract you so much.

1910 E. M. Forster Howards End xviii. 158 She could not concentrate on details. Parliament, the Thames, the irresponsive chauffeur, would flash into the field of house-hunting, and all demand some comment or response.

1921 J. Thurber Let. 22 Jan. (2002) 81 In my plethora of off-hours—comprising almost every afternoon and evening I am going to concentrate on free-lancing.

1967 J. Wain Smaller Sky 54 All you did was to concentrate entirely on the person you were interviewing, banishing all other thoughts.

2011 Maya News 16 Feb. 28/3 Most studies have concentrated on large droplets, known as aerosols, that carry the virus in the air.

c. intransitive. Without construction. To focus all one's attention on a particular activity; to maintain a state of concentration (concentration n. 7b).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > be absorbed in [verb (intransitive)] > be intent > on a focal point

stick1534

concentre1613

centre1642

focus1858

concentrate1899

home1955

1899 Lippincott's Monthly Mag. Nov. 746 The eldest Miss Martin found it hard to concentrate that morning.

1932 D. Thomas Let. Feb. (1987) 8 I can't concentrate. My mind leaps from thought to thought like a wombat.

1963 Pop. Sci. Aug. 64/2 Concentrating hard as I zoomed into the next curve, I found myself braking, shifting, and steering according to thought-messages formed a few seconds earlier.

2009 N. Reding Methland ii. 54 One's lucidity and ability to concentrate actually increases short-term.

a. transitive. Chemistry. To increase the proportionate amount of a substance dissolved in (a solution) or contained in (a mixture) by evaporating solvent, adding a selected component, or otherwise reducing the relative proportion of diluting agent(s). Also: to increase the proportion of (a particular substance) in a solution, mixture, etc., by such means.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > physical chemistry > solutions > solutions (concentration) [verb (transitive)]

concentre1655

concentrate1686

the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (transitive)] > increase the intensity of > by concentration

reduce1601

concentrate1686

condense1849

1686 Philos. Trans. 1685 (Royal Soc.) 15 901 The fourth Position he [sc. Mr. Kunkel] answers thus, that any Acidum may be concentrated in a body, and is there stronger, or have its parts extended and diffused, and so weaker.

1689 C. Packe tr. J. R. Glauber Wks. i. 330/1 By what means even Gold and Silver may be concentrated [L. Concentrare liceat].

1731 J. Arbuthnot Ess. Nature Aliments 105 Spirit of Vinegar concentrated, and reduced to its greatest Strength, will coagulate the Serum.

1796 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 86 426 Manganese would have been seen on concentrating by evaporation the nitrate solution.

1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. xiv. 313 The sap is concentrated by boiling, and is then called treacle.

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 1600/2 Overflow furnace-pans are used in concentrating sulphuric acid.

1933 S. W. Cole Pract. Physiol. Chem. (ed. 9) v. 133 If a good yield of tyrosine is especially desired, it is advisable to concentrate the filtrate..to about one-fourth.

1950 Sci. Monthly June 367/1 It was found necessary to concentrate the solution..before the radioanalysis was attempted.

1990 New Scientist 7 July 27/3 To measure such a tiny concentration of gold in sea water, Kenison-Falkner and Edmond first concentrated the gold using a technique known as anion exchange.

2012 Guardian 16 June 38/4 Prolacta Bioscience is concentrating and pasteurising donated human milk..as an ‘immunonutrition’ supplement for premature babies.

b. transitive. Mining. To convert (ore, or a metal or mineral in it) into a richer or purer form by mechanical or physical means.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > mining > mine [verb (transitive)] > dress ore

stamp1568

shadder1582

craze1610

tye1757

spall1758

toze1758

trunk1758

concentrate1771

to griddle out1778

jig1778

puddle1963

society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > refine > refine gold or silver

affine?1473

concentrate1873

1771 J. Keir tr. P. J. Macquer Dict. Chem. II. 695/2 When a sulphureous ore is mixed with much earthy matter..it is frequently melted, in order to disengage it from these earthy matters, and to concentrate its metallic contents.

1835 C. F. Partington Brit. Cycl. Arts & Sci. II. 60/1 If..we have two sorts of ores; one coarsely disseminated, the other finely, which we wish to concentrate by ‘tossing sieves’.

1873 J. S. Phillips Explorers', Miners', & Metallurgists' Compan. (ed. 2) iv. vii. 472 The base minerals and the precious metals may be concentrated in numerous ways.

1921 E. W. Davis Magn. Concentration Iron 136 It may be necessary to..concentrate two tons of ore, dewater and agglomerate one ton of ore, stockpile one-half ton of ore, and dispose of two tons of tailings.

2005 L. H. Kaufman Leaders Count ii. 53 As the richest iron deposits were consumed, the mining companies developed technology to concentrate lower-grade ores.

4. Military.

a. transitive. To increase the concentration of (one's troops) in a particular place; to bring (one's troops) closer together.

ΚΠ

1761 T. Smollett Contin. Compl. Hist. Eng. V. 91 It was found convenient to avoid a foreign war, and concentrate all her forces in her own dominions.

1800 Gentleman's Mag. July 676/1 He concentrated his forces at Neuberg.

1813 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1838) X. 595 We attacked the enemy on the 30th, the right and centre having been tolerably concentrated.

1878 R. B. Smith Carthage 80 Here Hannibal..concentrated the forces which had been gathered from such distant countries.

1915 D. Haig Diary 9 Oct. in War Diaries & Lett. 1914–18 (2005) 163 The two divisions were billeted in depth a long distance from where they would be wanted, and no attempt was made to concentrate them before the battle began.

1960 Daily Tel. 10 Oct. 24/6 It would be impractical..to withdraw American troops from Germany and concentrate them, say, in Alsace Lorraine.

2008 C. Paoletti Mil. Hist. Italy xxiv. 174 The Greek government..concentrated the entire army against the Italian invasion.

b. intransitive. Of troops: to become concentrated in a particular place; to come closer together.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military operations > distribution of troops > [verb (intransitive)] > take up position

liec1275

stalla1425

sleeve1598

to draw up1642

to take post1659

concentrate1813

society > armed hostility > military operations > distribution of troops > formation > form or reform [verb (intransitive)] > concentrate

concentrate1813

1813 R. Wilson Private Diary (1861) II. 258 The news of this failure made a great impression on the enemy: it obliged him to concentrate on the Elbe.

1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India II. ix. i. 277 Compelling the king's troops to concentrate and wait for assistance from Behár.

1968 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 5 June 2/6 It was no longer possible for the Viet Cong to concentrate anywhere in company strength.

2003 M. N. Vego Naval Strategy & Operations in Narrow Seas (ed. 2) iii. 56 A force operating from a central position can concentrate more quickly at a selected point.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	concentrate
释义	concentrateadj.n. Brit. /ˈkɒnsntreɪt/, /ˈkɒnsɛntreɪt/, U.S. /ˈkɑnsənˌtreɪt/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin concentratus, concentrare. Etymology: < post-classical Latin concentratus, past participle of concentrare concentrate v. Compare earlier concentrated adj., concentred adj., and also earlier concentrate v.In sense B. 1 after concentration n. 4b, concentrate v. 3b. N.E.D. (1891) gives the pronunciation as (kǫ̆nse·ntrĕt) /kənˈsɛntrət/. A. adj. = concentrated adj. (in various senses). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > physical chemistry > solutions > [adjective] > concentration stronga1325 concentrated1689 concentrate1758 concentric1772 the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > [adjective] > on single point concentred1641 concentrated1652 concentrating1662 concentrative1725 concentrate1834 focalizing1838 1758 R. Dossie Handmaid to Arts I. 114 It is, when good, a concentrate yellow. 1802 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 92 133 When the alkaline solution is very concentrate. 1834 R. M. Milnes Memorials of Tour in Greece 108 One last unshackled blow Strong with concentrate vengeance. 1845 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 2) 304 With all concentrate and superfluent woe. 1951 Pop. Photogr. May 174/1 (advt.) For film; concentrate solution; combination physical-chemical dev. 2011 Optimizing Use of Aircraft Deicing & Anti-icing Fluids (ACRP) v. 80/1 Subtracting the liters of concentrate fluid required in the diluted operation. B. n. 1. Mining. Ore or mineral matter from which less valuable or worthless material has been removed (cf. concentration n. 4b). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > [noun] > other mining products corec1420 slam1650 concentrate1871 surfacing1890 1871 Mining Statistics in Executive Documents U.S. House of Representatives (42nd Congress, 1st Sess.) I. No. 10. 358 The work is always done by contract, the price being about 20 cents per hundred-weight of final concentrate. 1884 W. B. Kunhardt Pract. Ore Dressing Europe 105 The concentrate may run high in zinc as well as in iron. 1920 C. W. Henderson Mining Colorado 200/1 This company also has a sampling plant for treatment and shipment of their own ores and concentrates. 1958 A. D. Merriman Dict. Metall. 95/1 Flash roasting, a process for removing sulphur from ores by blowing the pulverised concentrates through a combustion chamber. 2014 Australian (Nexis) 10 Feb. 17 Transporting small amounts of mineral concentrates by barge to larger vessels offshore has been used in Australia since the early 1990s. 2. A type of animal feed having a high energy value or containing large concentrations of nutrients. Frequently in plural. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > animal food > [noun] > fodder > concentrated food concentrate1907 1907 T. Shaw Feeding Farm Animals iii. 54 The relative cost of bulky foods and concentrates respectively should be duly considered when feeding animals. 1942 Jrnl. Wildlife Managem. 6 285/2 Hay was then provided for roughage, with one part of calf meal to seven parts of rolled oats for a concentrate. 2013 New Statesman 22 Feb. 22/1 You don't need imported soya to fatten animals that are raised on it—in fact, you don't need concentrates of any kind. 3. A substance (esp. a liquid) made by removing a diluting agent so that a high concentration of a foodstuff or other component remains. Frequently with distinguishing word. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > liquid > [noun] > types of liquid generally > concentrated liquid concentrate1922 1922 Bridgeport (Connecticut) Telegram 17 May 7 (advt.) Since Vegex is full of Vitamin B concentrate you may if you wish, eat white bread with the spread. 1944 Good Housek. Baby Bk. (1945) vi. 96 Special orange juice, obtainable at the food office or clinic..is the best vitamin concentrate obtainable. 1968 Times 24 Oct. 7/8 To test whether any of this matter was resistant to breakdown, he incubated concentrates of the water samples. 1973 Washington Post 26 July f14 To make coffee from the concentrate, add boiling water. 2002 J. McGahern That they may face Rising Sun (2003) 82 Ruttledge poured rum from a dust-covered bottle into a glass and added blackcurrant concentrate. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). concentratev. Brit. /ˈkɒnsntreɪt/, /ˈkɒnsɛntreɪt/, U.S. /ˈkɑnsənˌtreɪt/ Forms: 1600s concentrat, 1600s concentrate (past participle), 1600s– concentrate. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin concentrat-, concentrare. Etymology: < post-classical Latin concentrat-, past participial stem (see -ate suffix³) of concentrare to bring towards a common centre, to cause to converge (1517 or earlier) < classical Latin con- con- prefix + centrum centre n.¹ Compare earlier concentre v. and the foreign-language parallels cited at that entry, and also earlier concentration n.The verb was apparently originally stressed on the second syllable; pronouncing dictionaries up to the mid 19th cent. (e.g. Walker and Sheridan) give only this stress pattern, and N.E.D. (1891) comments that first-syllable stress, although already dominant at the time (and the sole stress pattern recorded in pronouncing dictionaries from the early 20th cent. onwards), was of relatively recent origin. With this historical variation compare e.g. compensate v. 1. a. (a) transitive. To bring (two or more things) to or towards a common centre; to cause to converge at one point or place; to cause to be focused on or directed towards a particular point or object. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > gather together [verb (transitive)] > (as) to a centre concentre1598 concentrate1628 the world > space > relative position > inclination > state or quality of being convergent > converge with [verb (transitive)] > cause to converge convergea1774 concentricate1787 focalize1804 concentrate1831 1628 Z. Boyd Last Battell Soule iii. 271 Sathan most craftilie by some cunning slight as by an hollow burning glasse, so concentrats and vnites them [sc. sins] together like fierie beames that they set on fire the whole bodie of mans corruption. 1642 R. Harris Serm. preached to House of Commons 21 Here all his Perfections..are Concentrate. 1646 H. Lawrence Of Communion & Warre with Angels 125 Love will concentrate all in God, make all lines meet in him. 1789 Crit. Rev. May 396 Our author must correct much, leave his dashes, and concentrate his pointed sarcasms. 1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics x. 91 The different rays concentrated by the lens. 1832 W. Macgillivray Trav. & Researches A. von Humboldt xxiv. 367 The population is concentrated on this table-land. 1939 Jrnl. Business Univ. Chicago 12 291 All railroads..may concentrate at one point their inbound and outbound shipments of produce. 1958 J. K. Galbraith Affluent Society xxv. 274 Our failure to match this achievement was the result of the failure to concentrate the requisite resources on the desired ends. 2012 Birdwatch Apr. 78/3 Despite the freeze, there were still plenty of Yellow-browed Warblers in the South-West: if anything, the weather seemed to concentrate them further. (b) transitive. To reduce in compass or volume; to contract, condense; (hence) to intensify. ΘΚΠ the world > space > extension in space > reduction in size or extent > reduce in size or extent [verb (transitive)] > concentrate or condense condense1477 concentre1598 sum1609 compact1633 epitomizea1634 concentrate1665 1665 R. Boyle New Exper. & Observ. Cold 667 The water, wherein Cabbage has been decocted, will, when frozen, represent a Cabbage, the vegetable spirits being, as he supposes, concentrated by the cold. 1758 S. Johnson Idler 24 June 89 Accounts..of one mind expanded in the Summer, and of another concentrated in the Winter. 1802 J. Playfair Illustr. Huttonian Theory 303 It has been expelled from some parts of a mass, only to be condensed and concentrated in others. 1853 C. Brontë Villette III. xxxii. 70 ‘The obstinacy of my whole sex’ it seems, was concentrated in me. 1917 Rotarian Feb. 104/2 To concentrate the power and influence of Rotary and use it as a unit when some worthy need arises. 1996 Compl. Illustr. Guide to Feng Shui (1999) vi. 115/2 At ground level, gaps between very tall buildings have the effect of concentrating and accelerating the wind. 2012 Gay Times May 117/3 Mauritius is like nowhere else on earth—Maradiva draws on this uniqueness, concentrating it into something truly idyllic. b. intransitive. To collect or come together at a centre or other point; to become more concentrated or intense. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > inclination > state or quality of being convergent > converge [verb (intransitive)] close1551 concur1570 collineatea1631 concentrate1640 converge1691 corradiate1800 approximate1835 concentre1853 navel1855 radiate1866 the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement towards a thing, person, or position > move towards [verb (intransitive)] > towards a centre concentre1613 concentrate1640 ray1876 1640 G. Watts tr. F. Bacon Of Advancem. Learning Pref. 16 That the Images and beams of things (as in sense) may meet and concentrate [L. coire possint]. 1776 J. Mills Treat. Cattle vii. i. 393 All it's ways are gross, all it's inclinations are filthy, and all it's sensations concentrate in a furious lust. 1835 I. Taylor Spiritual Despotism vi. 278 The progress of Church Power..as concentrating around the See of Rome. 1841 H. Alford Jrnl. in Life, Jrnls. & Lett. (1873) iv. 133 Would that..my powers and attention as I advance may concentrate. 1926 R. S. Lull Org. Evol. xiii. 203 These posterior cells are generally somewhat larger than the anterior ones, especially in those embryos in which much food-yolk tends to concentrate. 1955 Sci. Amer. Aug. 37/1 Most fission products are known as ‘bone-seekers’: they tend to concentrate in the skeleton. 2002 Canad. Geographic May 26/3 PBDEs are persistent pollutants that biomagnify up the food chain, concentrating as they pass from smaller to larger organisms. 2. a. transitive. To cause (one's gaze, attention, effort, etc.) to be focused (on something). ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > fix the attention, concentrate [verb (transitive)] > implant, fix > at central point concentrate1632 concentricate1647 to bring to a focus1730 focus1807 polarize1868 the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > fix the attention, concentrate [verb (transitive)] > in one direction concentre1643 think1821 concentrate1860 to zero in1955 1632 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Eromena i. 32 Eromena..stood in that instant (with her faire eyes concentrated [It. con gli occhi concentrati]) pale, and wan. 1639 W. Balcanquhall Large Declar. Tumults Scotl. 3 [They] were all assembled in one place, and had all their wits and devices concentrated into one conclusion and resolution. 1744 R. North & M. North Life Sir D. North & Rev. J. North 262 The Doctor began to concentrate his Thoughts to certain particular Subjects. 1788 Acct. Life Author in T. Leland Serm. Var. Subj. I. p. lvii Whatever work he engaged in concentrated his attention: he seemed absorbed in it, to a degree scarce credible. 1860 C. Kingsley Misc. (ed. 2) I. 22 I must concentrate my powers on one subject. 1879 H. Calderwood Relations Mind & Brain ii. 10 To concentrate attention on the nerve system. 1937 J. Marquand Thank you, Mr. Moto xx. 161 Except for an occasional glimpse about me, my sight was concentrated on the back of Wu Lo Feng's neck. 1980 J. M. Coetzee Waiting for Barbarians ii. 47 With an effort I concentrate my mind on her. 2011 M. Irvine Nucl. Power iii. 36 The USA concentrated its efforts on the development of PWRs. b. intransitive. With on, upon. To focus all one's attention on; to spend one's time working on or dealing with (one particular thing) above all others; to give special attention to. ΚΠ 1843 Philanthropist 3 May The great probability is, that the Democratic party will concentrate upon Mr. Van Buren. 1887 T. Hardy Woodlanders III. xiii. 259 I wish you would concentrate on your profession, and give up those strange studies that used to distract you so much. 1910 E. M. Forster Howards End xviii. 158 She could not concentrate on details. Parliament, the Thames, the irresponsive chauffeur, would flash into the field of house-hunting, and all demand some comment or response. 1921 J. Thurber Let. 22 Jan. (2002) 81 In my plethora of off-hours—comprising almost every afternoon and evening I am going to concentrate on free-lancing. 1967 J. Wain Smaller Sky 54 All you did was to concentrate entirely on the person you were interviewing, banishing all other thoughts. 2011 Maya News 16 Feb. 28/3 Most studies have concentrated on large droplets, known as aerosols, that carry the virus in the air. c. intransitive. Without construction. To focus all one's attention on a particular activity; to maintain a state of concentration (concentration n. 7b). ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > attention > earnest attention, concentration > be absorbed in [verb (intransitive)] > be intent > on a focal point stick1534 concentre1613 centre1642 focus1858 concentrate1899 home1955 1899 Lippincott's Monthly Mag. Nov. 746 The eldest Miss Martin found it hard to concentrate that morning. 1932 D. Thomas Let. Feb. (1987) 8 I can't concentrate. My mind leaps from thought to thought like a wombat. 1963 Pop. Sci. Aug. 64/2 Concentrating hard as I zoomed into the next curve, I found myself braking, shifting, and steering according to thought-messages formed a few seconds earlier. 2009 N. Reding Methland ii. 54 One's lucidity and ability to concentrate actually increases short-term. 3. a. transitive. Chemistry. To increase the proportionate amount of a substance dissolved in (a solution) or contained in (a mixture) by evaporating solvent, adding a selected component, or otherwise reducing the relative proportion of diluting agent(s). Also: to increase the proportion of (a particular substance) in a solution, mixture, etc., by such means. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > physical chemistry > solutions > solutions (concentration) [verb (transitive)] concentre1655 concentrate1686 the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (transitive)] > increase the intensity of > by concentration reduce1601 concentrate1686 condense1849 1686 Philos. Trans. 1685 (Royal Soc.) 15 901 The fourth Position he [sc. Mr. Kunkel] answers thus, that any Acidum may be concentrated in a body, and is there stronger, or have its parts extended and diffused, and so weaker. 1689 C. Packe tr. J. R. Glauber Wks. i. 330/1 By what means even Gold and Silver may be concentrated [L. Concentrare liceat]. 1731 J. Arbuthnot Ess. Nature Aliments 105 Spirit of Vinegar concentrated, and reduced to its greatest Strength, will coagulate the Serum. 1796 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 86 426 Manganese would have been seen on concentrating by evaporation the nitrate solution. 1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. xiv. 313 The sap is concentrated by boiling, and is then called treacle. 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 1600/2 Overflow furnace-pans are used in concentrating sulphuric acid. 1933 S. W. Cole Pract. Physiol. Chem. (ed. 9) v. 133 If a good yield of tyrosine is especially desired, it is advisable to concentrate the filtrate..to about one-fourth. 1950 Sci. Monthly June 367/1 It was found necessary to concentrate the solution..before the radioanalysis was attempted. 1990 New Scientist 7 July 27/3 To measure such a tiny concentration of gold in sea water, Kenison-Falkner and Edmond first concentrated the gold using a technique known as anion exchange. 2012 Guardian 16 June 38/4 Prolacta Bioscience is concentrating and pasteurising donated human milk..as an ‘immunonutrition’ supplement for premature babies. b. transitive. Mining. To convert (ore, or a metal or mineral in it) into a richer or purer form by mechanical or physical means. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > mining > mine [verb (transitive)] > dress ore stamp1568 shadder1582 craze1610 tye1757 spall1758 toze1758 trunk1758 concentrate1771 to griddle out1778 jig1778 puddle1963 society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > refine > refine gold or silver affine?1473 concentrate1873 1771 J. Keir tr. P. J. Macquer Dict. Chem. II. 695/2 When a sulphureous ore is mixed with much earthy matter..it is frequently melted, in order to disengage it from these earthy matters, and to concentrate its metallic contents. 1835 C. F. Partington Brit. Cycl. Arts & Sci. II. 60/1 If..we have two sorts of ores; one coarsely disseminated, the other finely, which we wish to concentrate by ‘tossing sieves’. 1873 J. S. Phillips Explorers', Miners', & Metallurgists' Compan. (ed. 2) iv. vii. 472 The base minerals and the precious metals may be concentrated in numerous ways. 1921 E. W. Davis Magn. Concentration Iron 136 It may be necessary to..concentrate two tons of ore, dewater and agglomerate one ton of ore, stockpile one-half ton of ore, and dispose of two tons of tailings. 2005 L. H. Kaufman Leaders Count ii. 53 As the richest iron deposits were consumed, the mining companies developed technology to concentrate lower-grade ores. 4. Military. a. transitive. To increase the concentration of (one's troops) in a particular place; to bring (one's troops) closer together. ΚΠ 1761 T. Smollett Contin. Compl. Hist. Eng. V. 91 It was found convenient to avoid a foreign war, and concentrate all her forces in her own dominions. 1800 Gentleman's Mag. July 676/1 He concentrated his forces at Neuberg. 1813 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1838) X. 595 We attacked the enemy on the 30th, the right and centre having been tolerably concentrated. 1878 R. B. Smith Carthage 80 Here Hannibal..concentrated the forces which had been gathered from such distant countries. 1915 D. Haig Diary 9 Oct. in War Diaries & Lett. 1914–18 (2005) 163 The two divisions were billeted in depth a long distance from where they would be wanted, and no attempt was made to concentrate them before the battle began. 1960 Daily Tel. 10 Oct. 24/6 It would be impractical..to withdraw American troops from Germany and concentrate them, say, in Alsace Lorraine. 2008 C. Paoletti Mil. Hist. Italy xxiv. 174 The Greek government..concentrated the entire army against the Italian invasion. b. intransitive. Of troops: to become concentrated in a particular place; to come closer together. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military operations > distribution of troops > [verb (intransitive)] > take up position liec1275 stalla1425 sleeve1598 to draw up1642 to take post1659 concentrate1813 society > armed hostility > military operations > distribution of troops > formation > form or reform [verb (intransitive)] > concentrate concentrate1813 1813 R. Wilson Private Diary (1861) II. 258 The news of this failure made a great impression on the enemy: it obliged him to concentrate on the Elbe. 1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India II. ix. i. 277 Compelling the king's troops to concentrate and wait for assistance from Behár. 1968 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 5 June 2/6 It was no longer possible for the Viet Cong to concentrate anywhere in company strength. 2003 M. N. Vego Naval Strategy & Operations in Narrow Seas (ed. 2) iii. 56 A force operating from a central position can concentrate more quickly at a selected point. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.1758v.1628
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