-relsuffix

Primary stress is generally retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly; see e.g. wastrel n. and adj.

Forms:

α. Middle English -erele, Middle English -erylle, Middle English–1500s -erelle, Middle English–1800s -erell, Middle English– -erel, 1500s -arelle, 1500s -orell, 1600s -arell, 1600s–1700s -eril, 1600s–1700s -erill, 1700s -arel; English regional 1800s -arel, 1800s -orel, 1800s– -eril, 1800s– -erill.

β. Middle English -relle, Middle English -rille, Middle English–1500s -rele, Middle English– -rel, Middle English– -rell, 1500s -reell, 1500s–1700s -ril, 1500s–1700s -rill; English regional 1800s– -ril, 1800s– -rill; Scottish pre-1700 -rall.

Origin: Apparently a borrowing from French. Etymon: French -erel.

Etymology: Apparently < Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French -erel (French -ereau , (feminine) -erelle ), extended form of -el -el suffix², reflected in the early borrowings cresserelle kestrel n., boterel boterel n., and probably also costerel costrel n.¹ (compare also maquerelle mackerel n.¹ and discussion at that entry). Compare also classical Latin -erellus (in e.g. pikerellus pickerel n.¹), hoggerellus hoggerel n.Formations appear from the late 13th cent., apparently earliest in words denoting animals. Several of these are borrowings from French, but the earliest, pickerel n.¹, does not have an attested French parallel (although compare the slightly earlier post-classical Latin form pikerellus cited at that entry) and is formed on a base probably of Germanic origin. Further formations within English on bases not of Romance origin appear in Middle English (e.g. gangrel n., doggerel adj., dotterel n.¹, mongrel n., suckerel n.); also, in some cases where the base is of Romance origin, it is uncertain whether the suffixed word was borrowed or formed independently in English (compare cockerel n., the equivalent of which is apparently rare in Anglo-Norman and Middle French (Normandy) and not otherwise attested in continental French). Many subsequent formations are similarly from non-Romance bases (in a number of cases, bases of unknown origin), e.g. bedrel adj., wastrel n., gomerel n., gamphrel n., ketterel n., scoundrel n. In some cases, the suffixation appears to lead to vowel shortening in the stem syllable (e.g. pickerel n.¹, dotterel n.¹), which is also sometimes observed in formations showing the verb-forming suffix -er suffix⁵ (compare e.g. potter v., pucker v.). Forms with loss of the unstressed initial vowel of the suffix (i.e. -rel rather than -erel ) are found from the Middle English period onwards (compare e.g. forms at costrel n.¹); in modern standard English the form -erel is normally only preserved after a short vowel and single consonant, as e.g. pickerel n.¹, hoggerel n. beside kestrel n., mongrel n., scoundrel n. In a number of similar words, the -er- (or -r- ) forms part of the stem, e.g. wandrel n. (compare wander v.), haverel n. (compare haver v.), stammerel (see stammerer n.²), staumrel adj. (compare stammer v.), and also maisterel n. (compare master n.¹). Compare also custrel n. and the discussion at that entry.

Forming diminutives, sometimes with derogatory implication.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	-rel
释义	-relsuffix Primary stress is generally retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly; see e.g. wastrel n. and adj. Forms: α. Middle English -erele, Middle English -erylle, Middle English–1500s -erelle, Middle English–1800s -erell, Middle English– -erel, 1500s -arelle, 1500s -orell, 1600s -arell, 1600s–1700s -eril, 1600s–1700s -erill, 1700s -arel; English regional 1800s -arel, 1800s -orel, 1800s– -eril, 1800s– -erill. β. Middle English -relle, Middle English -rille, Middle English–1500s -rele, Middle English– -rel, Middle English– -rell, 1500s -reell, 1500s–1700s -ril, 1500s–1700s -rill; English regional 1800s– -ril, 1800s– -rill; Scottish pre-1700 -rall. Origin: Apparently a borrowing from French. Etymon: French -erel. Etymology: Apparently < Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French -erel (French -ereau , (feminine) -erelle ), extended form of -el -el suffix², reflected in the early borrowings cresserelle kestrel n., boterel boterel n., and probably also costerel costrel n.¹ (compare also maquerelle mackerel n.¹ and discussion at that entry). Compare also classical Latin -erellus (in e.g. pikerellus pickerel n.¹), hoggerellus hoggerel n.Formations appear from the late 13th cent., apparently earliest in words denoting animals. Several of these are borrowings from French, but the earliest, pickerel n.¹, does not have an attested French parallel (although compare the slightly earlier post-classical Latin form pikerellus cited at that entry) and is formed on a base probably of Germanic origin. Further formations within English on bases not of Romance origin appear in Middle English (e.g. gangrel n., doggerel adj., dotterel n.¹, mongrel n., suckerel n.); also, in some cases where the base is of Romance origin, it is uncertain whether the suffixed word was borrowed or formed independently in English (compare cockerel n., the equivalent of which is apparently rare in Anglo-Norman and Middle French (Normandy) and not otherwise attested in continental French). Many subsequent formations are similarly from non-Romance bases (in a number of cases, bases of unknown origin), e.g. bedrel adj., wastrel n., gomerel n., gamphrel n., ketterel n., scoundrel n. In some cases, the suffixation appears to lead to vowel shortening in the stem syllable (e.g. pickerel n.¹, dotterel n.¹), which is also sometimes observed in formations showing the verb-forming suffix -er suffix⁵ (compare e.g. potter v., pucker v.). Forms with loss of the unstressed initial vowel of the suffix (i.e. -rel rather than -erel ) are found from the Middle English period onwards (compare e.g. forms at costrel n.¹); in modern standard English the form -erel is normally only preserved after a short vowel and single consonant, as e.g. pickerel n.¹, hoggerel n. beside kestrel n., mongrel n., scoundrel n. In a number of similar words, the -er- (or -r- ) forms part of the stem, e.g. wandrel n. (compare wander v.), haverel n. (compare haver v.), stammerel (see stammerer n.²), staumrel adj. (compare stammer v.), and also maisterel n. (compare master n.¹). Compare also custrel n. and the discussion at that entry. Forming diminutives, sometimes with derogatory implication. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < suffix
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