| 释义 |
doughn. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Middle Dutch deech , deeg (Dutch deeg ), Old Saxon dēg (Middle Low German dēch ), Old High German teic (Middle High German teic , German Teig ), Old Icelandic deig , Old Swedish dēgher (Swedish deg ), Old Danish dēgh (Danish dej ), Gothic daigs < an ablaut variant (o -grade) of the Germanic base of Gothic digan to knead (only attested in the present participle digandin ) < the same Indo-European base as Sanskrit dih- to besmear, plaster, ancient Greek τεῖχος wall (see teichoic adj.), classical Latin fingere (stem fig- : see feign v.), and (with o-grade) Russian deža baker's trough, Polish dzieża baker's trough, Serbian and Croatian (regional) diža milk-pail.The β. forms show regular rounding of early Middle English ā to long open ō in southern and midland varieties. Many forms (both α. and β. ) reflect development of a back glide before the velar fricative /x/ at different stages in the history of the word. The final fricative was subsequently lost in most varieties, including standard English (it remains in Scots). The γ. forms show its development to /f/ (compare rough adj., enough adj., and laugh v.); for early evidence of this regional pronunciation see note at duff n.4 the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun] > dough for bread eOE (Royal) (1865) iii. lix. 342 Wyrc clam of surre rigenre grut oððe dage. OE (1996) cxi. 42 Ðæs bæcernes tacne is þæt mon mid bam samlocone handum togædere, swilce þu dah brædan wille. ?a1200 (?OE) (1896) 7 Cned hyt mid þam ecede, þæt hit si swa þicce swa doh. a1325 (Arun.) (1857) 155 Vostre paste dount pestrez [glossed] kned thi douw. 1340 (1866) 205 Ase þe leuayne zoureþ þet doȝ. a1450 in T. Austin (1888) 43 Take dow, & make þer-of a þinne kake. 1526 Gal. v. 9 A lytel leven doth leven the whole lompe of dowe. 1587 J. Hooker Chron. Ireland 91/1 in (new ed.) II Hauing well nighe knedded the dough. 1649 Bp. J. Taylor Pref. ⁋25 He left this nation, as a piece of leaven in a masse of dow. 1747 H. Glasse 151 When you have rolled out all your Dough, begin to bake the first. 1829 R. P. Gillies 2nd Ser. I. 20 The sea-pie is a compound of flesh, fowl, and vegetables, incased in a crust of dough (or as seamen will have it, ‘duff’). 1876 Feb. 76/1 How he would love to nibble at the cake dough, and help do the icing! 1905 E. Tuite 104 Put the flour, cream of tartar, soda, salt, and sugar into a basin, then rub in the butter, adding enough milk to make a nice firm dough. 1976 G. Ryga vi. 73 Simon works there at night, mixin' up dough for butterhorns an' cinnamon buns. 2011 M. Swift & L. Thomas 87 Turn the dough out onto a large, well-floured surface and..knead for about 5 minutes. 1340 (1866) 111 Þet ilke bread [sc. the Eucharist]..wes ymad of oure doȝe..and yfryd ine þe panne of þe crouche. 1550 N. Lesse tr. St. Augustine Of Vertue of Perseueraunce xiv, in tr. St. Augustine sig. Sviv Wher are they left, but in the dow of perdition. 1580 A. Fleming tr. F. Nausea iv. sig. D3v We purge out of our hearts the old leauen of corruption, and become newe dowe of regeneration. a1625 J. Fletcher (1639) ii. sig. C2v She has found what dough you are made of, and so kneads you. a1631 J. Donne (1661) xviii. 268 Out of that massa damnata, that refuse & condemnable lump of dough, he sought and sever'd out that grain which thou shouldst be. 1692 J. Dryden ii. ii. 21 When the Gods moulded up the Paste of Man, Some of their Dough was left upon their hands, For want of Souls. 1788 R. Burns (1968) I. 425 She [sc. Nature] kneads the lumpish philosophic dough. 1876 ‘G. Eliot’ IV. viii. lviii. 168 Mr Gascoigne was inclined to regard the little affair..as..a kind of finish to the baking process which the human dough demands. 1887 27 Oct. 537/2 The problem of ages has been how to develop ourselves out of mere crude dough. 1972 27 Aug. c3/6 Maybe we have different political systems. But, basically, we are made of the same dough. 2013 72 455 The way to leaven the staple economics-based dough of global cities research is through an admixture of postcolonial theory and methodology. the world > matter > constitution of matter > softness > pliableness > [noun] > plasticity > plastic substance 1558 W. Ward tr. G. Ruscelli vi. f. 118v Take a little..smalte..and make it into dowe, with your spettle. 1623 W. Lisle in tr. Ælfric To Rdr. sig. b3 What a rare inuention was it, to mould the dow of artificiall marble, and bake it in Killes for building as hard as the naturall. 1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler II. 363 Quick sulphur and the filings of iron being kneaded together into a kind of dough. 1862 10 326/2 The rubber..may be dissolved either into ‘varnish’, or the more solid ‘dough’, as it is called, by the digestion of the sheet in more or less naphtha. 1912 23 196 Rats are driven away by burning a dough made of a black dog's blood and powder of a roasted crab. 1971 21 Nov. 28/7 I always try to include..some sort of notebook and felt pens, modelling dough, tiny puzzle. 2007 G. Souter (2012) 207 Each batch of plaster had to..be kneaded into a stiff dough and..trowelled into place. 4. the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > [noun] > a cake > small cake > types of small cake 1777 J. Brand 163 The Yule-Dough, or (Dow) a Kind of Baby or little Image of Paste, which our Bakers used formerly to bake at this Season, and present to their Customers... Dough or Dow is vulgarly used in the North for a little cake. 1892 R. O. Heslop Doo, a little cake, often made in shape like a child. ‘A yull doo’. ‘Corney doos’. ‘A cruppy-dow’. 1892 R. O. Heslop at Cruppy-dow Dunstan-steads for loggerheads. And Craster for crowdies, Spital-ford for cruppy-dows. 1896 F. M. T. Palsgrave 14 Not so many years ago the ‘putter lad’ expected his ‘hewer’ to bring him the ‘yule-doo’... If the ‘doo’ was not well made, the putter nailed it to a tub and wrote the hewer's name underneath. 1957 16 Dec. 11/4 Mention of ‘bread dough’ reminds me of Yule Doughs or ‘Doos’ still made in the North of England for children at Christmas. the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > puddings > [noun] > other puddings 1848 C. Cozens iii. 96 Our provisions consisted of the customary sea fare, beef and plum-dough, pea-soup and pork, alternately. 1880 8 Jan. 11/2 These dishes are occasionally varied by a curry or a meat pie or pudding called a ‘dough,’ the materials of which have to be supplied by the men themselves. 1898 Oct. 599/1 Sailors and marines get a liberal supply of canned vegetables,..and plum pudding, or some equivalent ‘raisin-dough’, every once in a while. 1939 Feb. 251 Sunday (Special) Roastbeef, potatoes, cabbage, Yorkshire pudding, 9d., currant dough, 2d. society > trade and finance > money > [noun] 1848 J. R. Bartlett Tin, a slang word for money. ‘Kelter’, ‘dimes’, ‘dough’, ‘rocks’, and many other words are used in the same manner. 1851 Feb. 1/1 He thinks he will pick his way out of the Society's embarrassments, provided he can get sufficient dough. 1896 G. Ade ii. 12 I pulled in the dough and picked up the cards. 1942 P. G. Wodehouse xxvii. 286 She's got more dough than you could shake a stick at. 1977 Sept. 4/2 Everyone thinks I'm rolling in dough. 2008 P. Carlo (2009) vii. 32 Anthony was young, spending lavishly on women..and gambling, and he did not have that kind of dough. society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by branch of army > [noun] > foot-soldier > types of 1909 F. R. Brown v. 144 His gallant cavalry Captain..remonstrated in no mild terms with this soldier for leaving his troop and ‘taking on’ with the ‘doughs’. 1945 23 June (Last ed.) 2/6 On the 14th, American doughs were being held up by the stubborn enemy troops in the well fortified town of Castellonorato. 1995 37/1 The paras rounded up the remaining enemy doughs and the line was restored. 2005 D. L. Robbins 177 The dough took up his rifle, slammed himself against the trench wall again, and returned fire. Phrases1564 T. Becon Displayeng Popishe Masse f. xlviiiv, in iii Make much..of praying for the dead..or ells your Cake is dough & al your fatte lye in the fyre. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) v. i. 130 My cake is dough, but Ile in among the rest, Out of hope of all, but my share of the feast. View more context for this quotation 1687 E. Settle 4 She is sorry his cake is dough, and that he came not soon enough to speed. 1721 J. Kelly 191 I thought all my Meal dough. I thought all my Pains ill bestowed. Spoken when we are disappointed of our Expectation. 1754 Miss Smythies II. iii. iv. 35 I guess by what she said, she has got another sweet-heart: so my cake's dough. 1836 18 Jan. Mr. Van Buren has sagacity enough to know, if the country is involved in a war, that his cake is dough. 1861 C. Reade I. xxi. 227 Dierich's forty years weighed him down like forty bullets. ‘Our cake is dough,’ he gasped. 1934 J. Farnol v. 31 Thy cake's dough, eh, Japhet; art cheated o' thy dear vengeance, lad! Compounds C1. a1451 in J. Raine (1865) III. 99 (MED) j daugh tubbe..j malt schovill. 1562 in E. Roberts & K. Parker (1992) I. 178 A dowe kever to kned in. 1628 (new ed.) sig. A5 Take the white of 3 or 4 Egges..and put thereto some Parmasity well bruised, & incorporate them together, as a dow past. 1682 (single sheet) (verso) Bloody Butchers, and dough Bakers. 1750 W. Ellis 246 They mix chopt Apples and Onions..and with some Sugar put them into Dough-crust and bake them. 1789 Suffolk Inventory in (1947) 18 Oct. 450/1 Neading trough and dow scraper. 1838 E. W. Lane tr. (1839) I. ii. 108 Uncover the dough-pan. 1852 II. 144 Dough-making machines similar to his own have all failed for want of such an arrangement. 1880 6 Mar. 363/1 After indulging freely in dough-pudding, the patient was seized with discomfort and vomiting. 1904 19 Nov. 3/1 On the bank..men and boys..are fishing with quill-floats and dough-bait. 1910 (U.S. Patent Office) 18 Jan. 699/2 A dough cutting roller containing a plurality of cutters. 1941 3 Aug. 25/1 While Connolly was lying down having a snooze, Sullivan got a dough knife and stabbed him in the back. 2013 C. Bretherton 76 This rich, creamy chicken pie is topped with a glossy, golden brown dough lid. 1835 D. Crockett 64 One of the most dexterous delusions ever played off upon a simple, dough-headed people. 1899 July 143 The dwarfed, attenuated, dough-complexioned specimens of humanity one sees in the East end of London. 1908 H. Begbie 42 Her flesh was puffy and dough-coloured. 1984 15 Apr. k1/3 Six drawn, dough-skinned, desperate men and women. 2007 (Nexis) 10 Nov. 26 Grabeel is anything but the dough-brained kid he plays. C2. the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun] > other types of bread ?a1500 in G. Henslow (1899) 42 For to breke þe ston..Take..þe curnellys of chyrystones..and of dow-bred. 1588 T. Hariot sig. D With some [Chestnuts] being sodden they make such a manner of dowe bread. the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > baker's equipment > kneading machine 1589–90 in M. A. Havinden (1965) 306 In the Bake housse..A dowe brake and on other Short Trough. 1708 in J. S. Moore (1976) 187 Two Corn Whitches with a Dow break and four Tressells. 1865 21 July Hoisting machinery, dough-brakes, troughs, baskets, scales, &c., of that large bakery. 1921 28 Sept. 1487/1 To improve texture, pass the dough a good many times through a dough break. 2017 (Nexis) Sept. 47 The dough brakes and laminators used for puff pastry or other similar products. the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > [noun] > a cake > doughnut a1631 J. Donne (1640) xliii. 429 That the Trinity was..but as a Rolle of Wax spread, or a Dough Cake rolled out, and so divided unto persons. 1750 W. Ellis 75 Lay them to bake at the Oven's Mouth (as we do our common Dough-cakes). a1794 M. Palmer (1839) 33 How unvitty and cat-handed you go about it, you dough-cake. 1839 F. Trollope (ed. 5) xxix. 272 It won't convene for me to be mixing doe cakes and Johny cakes all day. 1948 Jan. 54/1 Yeast is simple enough to use..and a dough cake takes no longer to prepare than a creamed cake mixture. 2000 (Nexis) 6 Jan. 15 Villagers..savoured the bakery shop's prized lardy cakes,..not to mention its heavenly dough cakes. 1837 Nov. 508 This secret and underhand proselytism is a regular part of the life of every priest; indeed next to making dough Gods, and contriving ways to ‘raise the wind’—is the very business for which they are trained. 1915 Oct. 106/1 Add to this the ability to balance a dough-god on the left knee, hold a cup of coffee in the right hand, and brush a black fly off the right ear with the left hand, and you have the complete camper. 2015 (Nexis) 3 Sept. a5 Man, these dough gods are heavenly. 1807 21 Feb. 299/2 The work ought to have been styled Silly-kickaby, alias tag locks of common English publications, compiled by Dunderpate, Doughhead, Dumpling, & Co. 1834 May 355 A stupid old bachelor—..a man with his brains in his purse, and his attainments in his breeches' pocket—In brief, a dough-head of the heaviest description. 1921 May 13/2 They are the biggest numbskulls and doughheads I ever saw. 2016 L. Stirling & B. S. Passey 115 Most of these setups were perfectly normal boys.., but occasionally they turned out to be genuine doughheads. 1917 (N. Dakota Agric. College) Nov. 25/2 A general purpose machine for bakeries and large sized kitchens..equipped..[with] 1. Batter beater 2. Egg whips 3. Sponge beater 4. Vegetable masher 5. Dough hook 6. Roller beaters [etc.]. 1963 4 Dec. 5/4 3 speed luxury food-mixer... Supplied complete with dough hooks and wall bracket support. 2015 L. Faulkner v. 150 Combine the ingredients in a free-standing mixer fitted with a dough hook and knead for 3 minutes on the slowest speed. 1642 J. Milton 30 He..demeanes himselfe in the dull expression so like a dough kneaded thing. the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > cook > [noun] > baker > baker of bread 1605 E. Askew 311 Pipers, sowers, marchants, fishers, dough-kneaders,..butchers and what not. 1833 June 752 Small, indeed, in our eyes would have been the importance of Mr. Samuel Stockton, doughkneader. 1861 18 Dec. A machine which affects all classes of the community—namely Stevens's Patent Dough Kneader..was exhibited. 1951 8 Jan. 8/4 The bakery plant includes dough kneaders.., together with a modern bread slicing and wrapping unit. 2006 H. Halkin tr. A. B. Yehoshua 18 There were ninety of us, men and women: silo workers, millers, flour sifters, dough kneaders. 1839 30 Sept. A miniature dough-maker and breaker. 1853 Rep. Select Comm. Dockyard Appointm. 375 in (H.C. 511) XXV. 1 George Hazard. Doughmaker. 24. 1939 4 Mar. 9/2 The proposed wages are:..dough maker, 65s.; oven man, 64s. 1969 24 Jan. 21/3 Archibald, 29, baker's doughmaker..was sentenced to life imprisonment. 2011 L. Kirschenbaum & L. R. Young x. 247 Transfer the mixture to the bowl of a dough maker and set for 10 minutes of kneading. 1848 20 May 276/2 Horizontal and vertical dough mixers having a number of knives revolving on a shaft inside of a cylinder have been long known in England. 1916 June 82/2 In the shop is a little dough mixer and a roll divider. 2016 (Nexis) 11 Aug. (Lifestyle section) 19 Mix all the ingredients together..in a dough mixer for 10 minutes. 1868 16 Sept. Recommendations for premiums to..Wesley Price for sponge and dough raiser. 1890 Dec. p. vii/3 (advt.) Parker's dough raiser. A new and simple apparatus for making salt-rising bread, without the expense and trouble of keeping up a fire all day. 1916 (U.S. Patent Office) 25 July 1147/1 A dough raiser including a cabinet having a lower heating chamber and an upper dough receiving chamber. the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > baker's equipment > trough scraper a1325 (Arun.) (1857) 155 Un rastuer [glossed] a douw-ribbe. c1400 (Trin. Cambr.) (1909) 32 Oue vne Rastuer vostre auge mundez: With a dowryb ȝour trow make clene. a1500 (King's Cambr.) 129 Dowrybbe [1440 Harl. 221 Dowrys, or dowryble, sarpa]. 1530 J. Palsgrave 215/1 Dowe rybbe, ratissevr a paste. 1857 14 Jan. 1/4 When the stalk shall have attained its full size, and the seed have passed from the dough stage to a harder texture, the Cane may be considered sufficiently mature. 1891 Aug. 452 (heading) Cross-fertilising and breeding—content of gluten in dough stage and at maturity. 1977 31 Aug. 19 Persistence is sufficient to prevent re-infestation as the grain passes beyond the dough stage, after which aphids are unlikely to affect yield. 2017 (Nexis) 25 July The weevils typically emerge from the soil around trees after August rains when pecan kernels enter the dough stage. 1834 June 35/2 It may be easily known by the purple tinge on the stalk, when the grain has reached the dough state. 1914 C. W. Burkett et al. (rev. ed.) viii. 217 Barley should be harvested as soon as most of its kernels have reached the hard dough state. 2015 25 Aug. a4 In south central Wisconsin 88 percent of the corn crop was in or beyond the dough state. 1835 Rep. Comm. Western Lunatic Hosp. (Doc. No. 28) 12 in 1 large flour chest; 1 large dough tray; and 1 small dough tray. 1974 76 726/1 The utensils, the cloth over the dough tray are fussily arrayed. 2012 Dec. 87/2 Fresh dough is much ‘stickier’ than its frozen counterpart, leaving some residue in many of the dough trays after use. Derivatives 1745 10 She is less Dough-like, and better baked. 1816 29 June 822 The little soft dough-like hands of Doctors, and Proctors. 1907 16 Jan. 24/1 Tar was poured into..cement and kneaded by hand until a rather stiff, doughlike consistency was secured. 2012 L. L. Anusasananan 97 Pounding cooked glutinous rice into a smooth dough-like paste. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022). doughv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: dough n. the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparation of bread > prepare bread [verb (intransitive)] > make dough 1631 T. Heywood ii. 14 My father was a Baker... When corne grew to be at an high rate, my father never dowed after. the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparation of bread > prepare bread [verb (transitive)] > make dough 1857 July 19 A barrel of Corn Meal was doughed up and baked into good ‘Virginny Pone’. 1887 7th Ser. 3 16/1 Doughing together the paste formed by the yerba and water. 1898 12 Aug. 263/3 The flour in its dry state was perfectly pure, but when doughed, small particles of green specks could be seen in it. 1903 A. Kirkland vii. 58 The half sponges..should be doughed immediately after the first batches have been weighed. 1907 2 153 Six flours were doughed with appropriate quantities of yeast and water, sugar being added to some. 1921 W. Rusler I. xxx. 329 Hoofs..punctured the softened turf, and doughed the softened clay. 1940 17 521 A straight grade flour (unbleached and unmalted)..was doughed up using ingredients given below [i.e. yeast, salt, and sugar]. the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > brewing > [verb (transitive)] > mix malt with water 1882 A. Schwarz & A. H. Bauer 425 The malt grist is doughed in with water having a temperature of 40° R...and enough boiling water is added to heat the mash from 43° to 45° R. 1893 R. Wahl (U.S. Dept. Agric.) 16 Cerealine Flakes..dissolve in the mash tub as readily as the malt itself, and may be doughed in together with the malt. 1913 Dec. 574 The three most interesting brews were made by doughing-in at 45 deg. 1978 D. E. Briggs xvi. 581 The raw grains are cooked under pressure, cooled and ‘doughed in’ with the malt. 2016 S. Hieronymus i. ii. 51 Malt was doughed in at 167° F..and the mash held at 154°. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.eOE v.1631 |
