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单词 dys-
释义

dys-prefix

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element.
Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French dys-; Latin dys-.
Etymology: < (i) French dys- (in e.g. dysenterie dysentery n.) and its etymon (ii) classical Latin, post-classical Latin, and scientific Latin dys- (in e.g. dysenteria ) < ancient Greek δυσ- (in e.g. δυσεντερία ) badly, unluckily, with difficulty (opposed to εὑ- well: see eu- comb. form) < the same Indo-European base as Sanskrit dus- , Old High German zúr- (German zer- ), Old Norse tor- , Old English to- to- prefix2.Compare German dys-.
representing Greek δυσ- ‘inseparable prefix, opposed to εὖ (see eu- comb. form), with notion of hard, bad, unlucky, etc.; destroying the good sense of a word, or increasing its bad sense’ (Liddell and Scott). In English used in many words, chiefly scientific, derived or compounded from Greek; the more important of these are entered as Main words; others (mostly pathological) follow here.
dysangelical adj.
Brit. /ˌdɪsanˈdʒɛlᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌdɪsˌænˈdʒɛlək(ə)l/
used in opposition to evangelical.Apparently an isolated use. [Compare post-classical Latin dysangelus, mocking term for a protestant (a1536 in Erasmus).]
ΚΠ
1834 R. Southey Let. in Corr. R. Southey with C. Bowles (1881) 318 What I call the Dysangelical party.
dysarthria n.
Brit. /dɪˈsɑːθrɪə/
,
U.S. /dɪˈsɑrθriə/
defective or deranged articulation in speaking. [ < German Dysarthrie (1877 in the passage translated in quot. 1877) < scientific Latin dysarthria (1877 in the source translated in quot. 1877) < dys- dys- prefix + ancient Greek ἄρθρον joint, articulation (see arthro- comb. form) + scientific Latin -ia -ia suffix1.]
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > defective or inarticulate speech > [noun]
oblocution?a1475
hacking1539
misspeaking1650
babble1667
dysphonia1706
inarticulateness1731
inarticulation1765
garble1795
thickness1849
dyslalia1854
dyslaly1856
misarticulation1866
dysarthria1877
dysarthrosis1877
cluttering1878
anarthria1879
inarticulacy1921
dysphasia-
1877 tr. A. Kussmaul in tr. H. W. von Ziemssen et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. XIV. 613 The latter [lalopathia] thus includes dysarthrias [Ger. Dysarthrien] (including dyslalias) and dysphasias.
dysarthric adj.
Brit. /dɪˈsɑːθrɪk/
,
U.S. /dɪˈsɑrθrɪk/
belonging to dysarthria. [After German dysarthrisch (1877 in the passage translated in quot. 1877).]
ΚΠ
1877 tr. A. Kussmaul in tr. H. W. von Ziemssen et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. XIV. 612 Dysarthric disturbances of speech [Ger. dysarthrische Sprachstörungen].
dysarthrosis n.
Brit. /ˌdɪsɑːˈθrəʊsɪs/
,
U.S. /ˌdɪsˌɑrˈθroʊsəs/
(a) faulty articulation or congenital dislocation of a joint; (b) = dysarthria n. [ < scientific Latin dysarthrosis (1812 or earlier) < dys- dys- prefix + post-classical Latin arthrosis arthrosis n.]
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > defective or inarticulate speech > [noun]
oblocution?a1475
hacking1539
misspeaking1650
babble1667
dysphonia1706
inarticulateness1731
inarticulation1765
garble1795
thickness1849
dyslalia1854
dyslaly1856
misarticulation1866
dysarthria1877
dysarthrosis1877
cluttering1878
anarthria1879
inarticulacy1921
dysphasia-
1877 tr. A. Kussmaul in tr. H. W. von Ziemssen et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. XIV. 613 It is usual to designate those [lesions of articulation] which depend clearly upon gross mechanical defects in the external apparatuses of speech and their motor nerves as dyslalia in contradistinction to the true or central dysarthroses [Ger. centralen Dysarthrien].
dysbasia n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈbeɪsɪə/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈbeɪsiə/
difficulty in walking. [ < dys- prefix + ancient Greek βάσις stepping, step (see base n.1) + -ia suffix1.]
ΚΠ
1890 G. M. Gould New Med. Dict. 138/1 Dysbasia, difficulty of walking. Proposed instead of abasia, since in the affection there is rarely absolute inability to walk.
1962 R. N. DeJong in A. B. Baker Clin. Neurol. (ed. 2) I. i. 52 In the hysterical dysbasia there is often marked swaying from side to side.
dyschezia n.
Brit. /dɪˈskiːzɪə/
,
/dɪˈskiːʒə/
,
U.S. /dɪˈskiziə/
,
/dɪˈskiʒə/
difficult or painful defecation. [ < scientific Latin dyschezia (1791 or earlier) < dys- dys- prefix + ancient Greek χέζεῖν to defecate ( < the same Indo-European base as Sanskrit hadati ) + scientific Latin -ia -ia suffix1.]
ΚΠ
1848 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 7) 290/1 Dyschezia.
1915 R. Knox Radiogr. i. 233 Dyschezia, in which the passage through the colon is normal, but defaecation is inefficiently performed.
1969 M. Paulson Gastroenterol. Med. xlv. 1196/1 Rectal constipation (dyschezia, simple constipation, simple retention) may be defined as a failure of the defecation reflex.
dyscholic adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈkɒlɪk/
,
U.S. /dɪˈskɑlɪk/
arising from bilious disorder (nonce-word). [ < dys- prefix + ancient Greek χολή bile (see chole- comb. form) + -ic suffix.]
ΚΠ
1889 Church Q. Rev. 441 Views..formed under the predominating influence of eucholic and dyscholic expressions of thought prevalent at the time.
dyschromatopsia n.
Brit. /ˌdɪskrəʊməˈtɒpsɪə/
,
U.S. /ˌdɪsˌkroʊməˈtɑpsiə/
(also dysˈchromatopsy) deranged vision of colours, colour-blindness. [ < scientific Latin dyschromatopsia (1850 or earlier) < dys- dys- prefix + ancient Greek χρωματ- , χρῶμα colour (see chrome n.) + -οψία -opsia comb. form, after French dyschromatopsie (1845 or earlier).]
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of eye > disordered vision > [noun] > colour blindness
Daltonism1841
xanthopsia1842
colour blindness1844
chromatopsia1848
achromatopsia1849
chromatometablepsy1849
chromatopseudopsy1849
acritochromacy1855
dichromatism1859
blue-blindness1868
green-blindness1868
red-blindness1868
chromatopsy1879
red vision1880
dyschromatopsia1890
xanthocyanopy1890
xanthocyanopsy1891
dichromacy1892
monochromatism1893
violet-blindness1894
monochromacy1900
deuteranopia1901
protanopia1902
tritanopia1915
deuteranomaly1932
protanomaly1932
tritanomaly1943
1890 H. Ellis Criminal iii. 117 Dyschromatopsia has been found common.
dyschromaˈtoptic adj.
Brit. /ˌdɪskrəʊməˈtɒptɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌdɪsˌkroʊməˈtɑptɪk/
colour-blind.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of eye > disordered vision > [adjective] > colour blind
dichromic1836
dichromatic1842
colour-blind1847
green-blind1868
red-blind1873
blue-blind1877
red–green1878
achromatopsic1883
dyschromatoptic1886
colour-weak1893
violet-blind1894
monochromatic1897
protanopic1898
protanomalous1911
tritanopic1915
deuteranomalous1932
tritanomalous1943
colour-defective1958
protan1961
1886 Sat. Rev. 10 Apr. 515 A dyschromatoptic patient.
dyschronous adj.
Brit. /ˈdɪskrənəs/
,
U.S. /ˈdɪskrənəs/
not agreeing as to time, separate as to time; spec. in Ecology, not overlapping in period of blooming.
ΚΠ
1902 Science 4 July 5/1 Consciousness..can make synchronous impressions dyschronous in their effects, and dyschronous impressions synchronous.
1924 Ecology V. 393 A species, genus or family which does not overlap [in blooming time] with any of its relatives, or a group which contains species which do not overlap with their relatives, may be called dyschronous.
dyscinesia n.
Brit. /ˌdɪskᵻˈniːzɪə/
,
/ˌdɪskᵻˈniːʒə/
,
U.S. /ˌdɪskᵻˈniziə/
,
/ˌdɪskᵻˈniʒə/
see dyskinesia n.
dysepulotic n.
Brit. /ˌdɪsɛpjᵿˈlɒtɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌdɪsˌɛpjəˈlɑdɪk/
ΚΠ
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Dysepulotica, in medicine, great ulcers beyond cure.
dysepulotic adj.
Brit. /ˌdɪsɛpjᵿˈlɒtɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌdɪsˌɛpjəˈlɑdɪk/
difficult to heal or cicatrize. [ < post-classical Latin dysepuloticus (1541 or earlier) < Hellenistic Greek δυσεπούλωτος (Galen) < ancient Greek δυσ- dys- prefix + Hellenistic Greek ἐπουλωτικός promoting cicatrization (see epulotic adj.); compare Middle French, French dysépulotique (1552 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1854 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) 288/1 Dysepuloticus.. difficult to be healed..dysepulotic.
dysepulotical adj.
Brit. /ˌdɪsɛpjᵿˈlɒtᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌdɪsˌɛpjəˈlɑdək(ə)l/
= dysepulotic adj.
ΚΠ
1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Physical Inst. v, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. Ee2 The ulcer is sometimes left dysepulotical [L. dysepuloticum].
dysgenesic adj.
Brit. /ˌdɪsdʒᵻˈniːzɪk/
,
/ˌdɪsdʒᵻˈniːsɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌdɪsdʒəˈnizɪk/
,
/ˌdɪsdʒəˈnisɪk/
[After French dysgénésique (1859 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1878 R. T. H. Bartley tr. P. Topinard Anthropol. ii. vii. 369 M. Broca has defined the various degrees of sexual affinity..thus:—Abortive, Agenesic, Dysgenesic, without offspring; Paragenesic, Eugenesic, with offspring.
dysgenesis n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈdʒɛnᵻsɪs/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈdʒɛnəsəs/
difficulty in breeding; spec. used by Broca for that degree of sexual affinity in which the offspring are sterile among themselves, but capable of producing (sterile) offspring with either of the parental races ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon 1883). [After French dysgénésie (1830 or earlier).]
dysgeogenous adj.
Brit. /ˌdɪsdʒɪˈɒdʒᵻnəs/
,
U.S. /ˌdɪsdʒiˈɑdʒənəs/
not readily decomposing into good soil; the opposite of eugeogenous. [After French dysgéogène (Thurmann 1849).]
ΚΠ
1863 J. G. Baker N. Yorks. Stud. 152 The dysgeogenous hills..a range of calcareous hills which are somewhat lower in altitude.
1888 F. A. Lees Flora W. Yorks. 65 Dysgeogenous Rocks..are homogeneous in nature, hard or moderately so, very permeable to water, etc.
dysgrammatical adj.
Brit. /ˌdɪsɡrəˈmatᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌdɪsɡrəˈmædək(ə)l/
pertaining to faults of speech arising from disease. [After German dysgrammatisch (1877 in the passage translated in quot. 1877); compare Hellenistic Greek δυσγράμματος hard to write, uneducated.]
ΚΠ
1877 tr. A. Kussmaul in tr. H. W. von Ziemssen et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. XIV. 793 The grammatical faults of speech that..arise from disease, and which we designate by the term dysgrammatical derangements [Ger. dysgrammatische Störungen] or morbid agrammatismus.
dysidrosis n.
Brit. /ˌdɪsʌɪˈdrəʊsɪs/
,
U.S. /ˌdɪsˌaɪˈdroʊsəs/
(also dyshidrosis) a disease of the sweat-glands, in which the sweat is retained and produces swellings. [ < scientific Latin dyshidrosis (1856 or earlier) < dys- dys- prefix + ancient Greek ἱδρώς sweat (see hidrotic adj.) + scientific Latin -osis -osis suffix; compare Hellenistic Greek δυσίδρως hardly perspiring.]
ΚΠ
1877 L. A. Duhring Pract. Treat. Dis. Skin 236 Dysidrosis. Fox has described this disease.
dyskinesia n.
Brit. /ˌdɪskᵻˈniːzɪə/
,
/ˌdɪskᵻˈniːʒə/
,
U.S. /ˌdɪskᵻˈniziə/
,
/ˌdɪskᵻˈniʒ(i)ə/
(also dyscinesia) a class of diseases in which voluntary motion is impeded. [ < post-classical Latin dyscinesia (1536 or earlier) < ancient Greek δυσκινησία (Hippocrates) < δυσ dys- prefix + κίνησις kinesis n. + -ία -ia suffix1.]
ΚΠ
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Dyscinesia.
1879 G. Hewitt in Reynolds Syst. Med. V. 702 Uterine dyskinesia is one of the earliest symptoms of uterine flexion.
1883 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Uterine Dyscinesia. Graily Hewett's term for inability to walk or move, or perform certain of the ordinary motions of the body, without producing pain referable to the uterus.
dyslalia n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈleɪlɪə/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈleɪljə/
,
/dɪsˈleɪliə/
derangement or impediment in speech, spec. that due to defects in the organs of speech or motor nerves. [ < post-classical Latin dyslalia (1695 or earlier) < dys- dys- prefix + ancient Greek λαλία speech (see -lalia comb. form); compare French dyslalie (1841 or earlier), German Dyslalie (1825 or earlier).]
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > defective or inarticulate speech > [noun]
oblocution?a1475
hacking1539
misspeaking1650
babble1667
dysphonia1706
inarticulateness1731
inarticulation1765
garble1795
thickness1849
dyslalia1854
dyslaly1856
misarticulation1866
dysarthria1877
dysarthrosis1877
cluttering1878
anarthria1879
inarticulacy1921
dysphasia-
1854 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) 288/1 Dyslalia.
dyslaly n.
Brit. /ˈdɪsləli/
,
U.S. /ˈdɪsləli/
= dyslalia n.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > defective or inarticulate speech > [noun]
oblocution?a1475
hacking1539
misspeaking1650
babble1667
dysphonia1706
inarticulateness1731
inarticulation1765
garble1795
thickness1849
dyslalia1854
dyslaly1856
misarticulation1866
dysarthria1877
dysarthrosis1877
cluttering1878
anarthria1879
inarticulacy1921
dysphasia-
1856 Househ. Words Nov. 465 Learnedly speaking, stammering is an idiopathic dyslaly.
dyslectic n. and adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈlɛktɪk/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈlɛktɪk/
= dyslexic adj. and n.
ΚΠ
1964 L. Kaiser in D. Abercrombie et al. Daniel Jones 108 The right hand..may be undeveloped in the dyslectic child.
dyslogia n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈləʊdʒɪə/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈloʊdʒiə/
see quot. [ < scientific Latin dyslogia (1836 or earlier) < dys- dys- prefix + -logia -logy comb. form compare French dyslogie (1838 or earlier), German Dyslogie (1877 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1883 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Dyslogia, a defect of speech in which the individual words are correctly formed, but are so put together as to express a disturbance of thought.
dyslogical adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈlɒdʒᵻkl/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈlɑdʒək(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1877 tr. A. Kussmaul in tr. H. W. von Ziemssen et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. XIV. 790 An instance of dyslogical paragraphia [Ger. dyslogische Paragraphie].
dysmetria n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈmɛtrɪə/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈmɛtriə/
inability to control the range of movement in a muscular action. [ < dys- prefix + post-classical Latin -metria -metry comb. form, after French dysmétrie (1856 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1911 T. L. Stedman Pract. Med. Dict. 257/2 Dysmetria, a form of dysergia in which the subject is unable to arrest a muscular movement at the desired point or, sometimes, to prevent an involuntary reverse movement.
1913 G. Holmes in White & Jellife Mod. Treatm. Nerv. & Mental Dis. II. xiv. 630 Cerebellar disease produces a disproportion in the elements of a movement, and there results therefrom what Babinski has termed a dysmetria.
1952 New Biol. 13 55 The dysmetria characteristic of cerebellar disease consists in an incapacity to stop a movement at the intended place, with resulting overswing.
1970 Nature 19 Sept. 1228/2 Dysmetria will result from the malfunctioning of both cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar cortex.
dysnomy n.
Brit. /ˈdɪsnəmi/
,
U.S. /ˈdɪsnəmi/
a bad system of law (rare). [ < post-classical Latin dysnomia lawlessness (1520 or earlier) < ancient Greek δυσνομία < δυσ- dys- prefix + νόμος law (see nomo- comb. form) + -ία -y suffix3.] Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. Dysnomie, ill ordering of lawes.
dysopia n.
Brit. /dɪˈsəʊpɪə/
,
U.S. /dɪˈsoʊpiə/
defect or derangement of vision (Hooper Med. Dict. 1811). [ < scientific Latin dysopia (1780) < dys- dys- prefix + -opia -opia comb. form; compare post-classical Latin dysopia (1526 in Erasmus, in a translation of Plutarch), Hellenistic Greek δυσωπία shamefacedness.]
dysopsia n.
Brit. /dɪˈsɒpsɪə/
,
U.S. /dɪˈsɑpsiə/
= dysopia n.
dysopsy n.
Brit. /dɪˈsɒpsi/
,
U.S. /dɪˈsɑpsi/
= dysopia n. [ < scientific Latin dysopsia (1812 or earlier) < dys- dys- prefix + -opsia -opsia comb. form; compare French dysopsie (1823 or earlier), German Dysopsie (1805 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1656 T. Blount Glossographia Dysopsie, dimness, ill sight.
dysorexia n.
Brit. /ˌdɪsəˈrɛksɪə/
,
U.S. /ˌdɪsəˈrɛksiə/
(also dysoˈrexy) defective or depraved appetite. [ < post-classical Latin dysorexia (1543 or earlier) < Hellenistic Greek δυσορεξία (Galen) < ancient Greek δυσ- dys- prefix + ὄρεξις orexis n. + ία -ia suffix1.]
ΚΠ
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Dysorexia, a decay or want of Appetite.
1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Dysorexy, a bad or depraved appetite; a want of appetite. Coxe.
dyspareunia n.
Brit. /ˌdɪspəˈruːnɪə/
,
U.S. /ˌdɪspəˈruniə/
,
/ˌdɪspəˈrunjə/
difficult or painful sexual intercourse. [ < dys- prefix + ancient Greek πάρευνος that lies beside ( < παρα- para- prefix1 + εὐνή bed: see eunuch n.) + -ia suffix1; compare ancient Greek δυσπάρευνος ill-mated.]
ΚΠ
1873 R. Barnes Clin. Hist. Dis. Women vi. 61 We want a word to express the condition of difficult or painful performance of the sexual function... I have determined to adopt the word ‘dyspareunia’.
1962 Lancet 12 May 1011/2 An assortment of pains in various sites, sexual frigidity, dyspareunia, and general nervousness, fears, and depression.
Thesaurus »
dysphasia n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈfeɪzɪə/
,
/(ˌ)dɪsˈfeɪʒə/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈfeɪʒ(i)ə/
derangement in speech due to confusion or loss of ideas arising from affection of the brain ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon 1883). [Compare ancient Greek δύσϕατος hard to speak.]
dysphasic adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈfeɪzɪk/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈfeɪzɪk/
ΚΠ
1877 tr. A. Kussmaul in tr. H. W. von Ziemssen et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. XIV. 613 Dysarthric and dysphasic [Ger. dysphatische] disturbances taken together may consequently be considered as constituting what are properly considered as true disturbances of speech.
dysphemia n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈfiːmɪə/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈfimiə/
stammering (see quots.). [ < post-classical Latin dysphemia ill repute, slander (3rd cent. in a grammarian) < ancient Greek δυσϕημία words of ill omen, ill report, slander < δύσφημος of ill omen, slanderous ( < δυσ- dys- prefix + ϕήμη words, speech: see pheme n.) + -ία -ia suffix1.]
ΚΠ
1894 C. F. Coxwell in Intercolonial Q. Jrnl. Med. & Surg. I. 3 Dysphemia, or stammering, is regarded by most persons as an annoying trick.
1933 S. M. Stinchfield Speech Disorders vi. 116 Dysphemia is defined as intermittent and variable nervous disorders of speech accompanying certain psychoneuroses.
1940 Q. Jrnl. Speech Apr. 203 Dysphemia, speech difficulty, usually related to a psychoneurotic or nervous condition.
1957 L. E. Travis Handbk. Speech Pathol. (1959) ii. 55 Dysphemia, a nervous disorder of speech arising from psychological disturbance; includes stuttering.
dysphemic n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈfɛmɪk/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈfɛmɪk/
one who stutters.
ΚΠ
1894 C. F. Coxwell in Intercolonial Q. Jrnl. Med. & Surg. I. 3 The dysphemic can speak, as a rule, tolerably well in private.
dysphonia n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈfəʊnɪə/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈfoʊniə/
difficulty of speaking arising from affection of the vocal organs. [ < post-classical Latin dysphonia harshness of sound (1546 or earlier), difficulty of speech (1550 or earlier) < ancient Greek δυσϕωνία harshness of sound, inHellenistic Greek also difficulty of speech (Galen) < ancient Greek δύσφωνος harsh-sounding ( < δυσ- dys- prefix + -φωνος -phone comb. form) + -ία -ia suffix1.]
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > defective or inarticulate speech > [noun]
oblocution?a1475
hacking1539
misspeaking1650
babble1667
dysphonia1706
inarticulateness1731
inarticulation1765
garble1795
thickness1849
dyslalia1854
dyslaly1856
misarticulation1866
dysarthria1877
dysarthrosis1877
cluttering1878
anarthria1879
inarticulacy1921
dysphasia-
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Dysphonia, a Difficulty of Speech, occasion'd by an ill-Disposition of the Organs.
1881 A. Flint Treat. Princ. Med. (ed. 5) 309 There is dysphonia, but not complete loss of voice.
dysphonic adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈfɒnɪk/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈfɑnɪk/
affected with dysphonia. [Compare French dysphonique (1808 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1872 J. S. Cohen Dis. Throat 164 At other times the patient wakes up in the morning aphonic or dysphonic.
dysphony n.
Brit. /ˈdɪsfəni/
,
U.S. /ˈdɪsfəni/
= dysphonia n. [Compare French dysphonie (1586 in Middle French, or earlier).]
dysphotic adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈfəʊtɪk/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈfoʊdɪk/
Ecology poorly lighted, used esp. of those depths in oceans, lakes, etc., where some light penetrates but brings about little or no photosynthesis; also disphotic. [After German dysphotisch (1898 in the passage translated in quot. 1903); compare French dysphotique (1902 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1903 W. R. Fisher tr. A. F. W. Schimper Plant-geogr. iii. v. iii. 811 The flora of the dysphotic region [Ger. dysphotischen Region] is composed almost exclusively of microphytes.
1958 J. A. Steers et al. Lake's Physical Geogr. (ed. 4) xviii. 424 The water column can..be divided into..the disphotic zone with insufficient light for photosynthesis.
1970 B. H. McConnaughey Introd. Marine Biol. i. 17 Below the euphotic zone are the dysphotic, or mesopelagic, depths extending down to about 1000 metres.
dyspneumony n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈnjuːməni/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈn(j)uməni/
disease or affection of the lungs.Apparently an isolated use. [After scientific Latin dyspneumonia (1813 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1839 J. Sterling Let. 30 June in T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling (1851) ii. viii. 243 Rather I think from dyspepsia than dyspneumony.
dysrhythmia n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈrɪðmɪə/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈrɪðmiə/
an abnormal or disordered rhythm; spec., an abnormal rhythm in the electrical waves shown in an electroencephalogram. [Compare German Dysrhythmie (1878 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1909 Cent. Dict. Suppl. Dysrhythmia.
1939 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 113 1002/2 [Electro-encephalographic] records were made..of twenty-six patients who had cerebral dysrhythmia.
1962 Listener 7 June 994/2 In all susceptible patients bursts of abnormal electric activity of the brain (so-called dysrhythmia) could be induced by flicker from the stroboscope.
1965 W. R. Brain Speech Disorders (ed. 2) xiii. 150 The dysrhythmias [of speech] include cluttering and stuttering.
1969 W. Cleland et al. Med. & Surg. Cardiol. ii. 43 Absence of the P wave may be due to sinoatrial block or atrial dysrhythmia.
dysrhythmic adj. and n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈrɪðmɪk/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈrɪðmɪk/
ΚΠ
1941 W. G. Lennox Sci. & Seizures (ed. 3) xi. 90 These ‘asymptomatic dysrhythmic’ individuals form a reservoir from which persons with seizures are drawn.
1944 Proc. Royal Soc. Med. 37 319 Comparison between dysrhythmics in whom fits occur and those in whom they do not occur may be artificial.
1965 W. R. Brain Speech Disorders (ed. 2) xiii. 150 Truncated dysrhythmic and incoherent utterance.
dysspermatism n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈspəːmətɪz(ə)m/
,
U.S. /dɪ(s)ˈspərməˌtɪzəm/
impeded emission of semen (Hooper Med. Dict. 1811). [ < scientific Latin dyspermatismus (1763 in Sauvages) < dys- dys- prefix + post-classical Latin spermatismus spermatism n.; compare French dyspermatisme (1772 or earlier).]
dysthesia n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈθiːsɪə/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈθisiə/
(also dysthesy
Brit. /ˈdɪsθᵻsi/
,
U.S. /ˈdɪsθəsi/
) a bad condition or habit of body. [ < post-classical Latin dysthesia (1713 or earlier) < ancient Greek δυσθεσία impatience in the face of illness < δυσθετεῖν to be annoyed or distressed, in Hellenistic Greek also to be dissatisfied ( < δύσθετος hard to set right: see dysthetic adj.) + -ία -ia suffix1; compare French dysthésie (1764 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1834 S. Cooper Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) II. 605 It was not more severely followed by secondary symptoms or a syphilitic dysthesy.
dysthetic adj.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈθɛtɪk/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈθɛdɪk/
[ < ancient Greek δύσθετος hard to set right, in Hellenistic Greek also in a bad state ( < δυσ- dys- prefix + θέτος placed: see thetic adj.) + -ic suffix.]
ΚΠ
1834 S. Cooper Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 282 Persons of weakly and inelastic fibres, and dysthetic habits.
dysthymia n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈθʌɪmɪə/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈθaɪmiə/
despondency or depression. [ < post-classical Latlin dysthymia (1562 or earlier) < ancient Greek δυσθυμία despondency < δύσθυμος despondent (see dysthymic adj. and n.) + -ία -ia suffix1; compare French dysthymie (1752 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) Dysthymia, depression, despondency.
1944 H. J. Eysenck in Jrnl. Mental Sci. XC. 855 The term ‘affective disorder’ or ‘dysthymia’ is suggested for the anxiety-depression-obsessional group.
dysthymic adj. and n.
Brit. /(ˌ)dɪsˈθɪmɪk/
,
U.S. /dɪsˈθɪmɪk/
(a) adj. affected with despondency or depression of spirits; (b) n. a person affected with dysthymia. [ < scientific Latin dysthymicus melancholy (1826 or earlier) < ancient Greek δυσθυμικός melancholy < δύσθυμος despondent, melancholy ( < δυσ- dys- prefix + θύμος mind, spirit: see thymoleptic adj.) + -ικός -ic suffix.]
ΚΠ
1847 J. Craig New Universal Dict. Dysthymic, desponding; depressed in mind.
1864 Webster's Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Dysthymic, affected with despondency; depressed in spirits; dejected.
1947 Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. May 135 Twenty-five female dysthymics.
1961 New Scientist 26 Oct. 225 An anxious neurotic patient, or dysthymic.
dystocia n.
Brit. /dɪˈstəʊʃ(ɪ)ə/
,
U.S. /dɪˈstoʊʃ(i)ə/
(also dystokia, incorrectly dystochia /dɪˈstɒkɪə/) difficult or painful childbirth. [ < post-classical Latin dystocia (1515 or earlier) < ancient Greek δυστοκία painful delivery < δύστοκος born for mischief ( < δυσ- dys- prefix + -τόκος bearing: see toco- comb. form) + -ία -ia suffix1.]
ΚΠ
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Dystocia, a Difficulty of bringing forth.
1811 R. Hooper Quincy's Lexicon-medicum (new ed.) Dystochia.
dystocial adj.
Brit. /dɪˈstəʊʃl/
,
U.S. /dɪˈstoʊʃ(ə)l/
ΚΠ
1828 M. Ryan Man. Midwifery 308 In consequence of difficult, tedious and dystocial labors.
dystome adj.
Brit. /ˈdɪstəʊm/
,
U.S. /ˈdɪˌstoʊm/
= dystomous adj.
ΚΠ
1864 Webster's Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Dystome, Dystomic, Dystomous.
dystomic adj.
Brit. /dɪˈstɒmɪk/
,
U.S. /dɪˈstɑmɪk/
= dystomous adj.
ΚΠ
1847 J. Craig New Universal Dict. Dystomic, in Mineralogy, having an imperfect fracture or cleavage.
1864 Webster's Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Dystome, Dystomic, Dystomous.
dystomous adj.
Brit. /ˈdɪstəməs/
,
U.S. /ˈdɪstəməs/
Mineralogy having imperfect fracture; cleaving with difficulty. [ < Hellenistic Greek δύστομος hard to cut ( < ancient Greek δύσ- main sense + -τομος : see -tome comb. form) + -ous suffix.]
ΚΠ
1864 Webster's Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Dystome, Dystomic, Dystomous.
dystrophia n.
Brit. /dɪˈstrəʊfɪə/
,
U.S. /dɪˈstroʊfiə/
defective nourishment ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon 1883). [ < scientific Latin dystrophia (1781 or earlier) < dys- dys- prefix + -trophia -trophy comb. form; compare French dystrophie (1815 or earlier), and Hellenistic Greek δύστροϕος hard to rear.]
dystrophic adj.
Brit. /dɪˈstrɒfɪk/
,
/dɪˈstrəʊfɪk/
,
U.S. /dɪˈstrɑfɪk/
,
/dɪˈstroʊfɪk/
(a) pertaining to or characterized by dystrophy; (b) Ecology, of a lake: having much dissolved organic matter. [Partly (in sense (a)) after scientific Latin dystrophicus (1816 or earlier); compare French dystrophique (1855 or earlier); partly (in sense (b)) after German dystroph (A. Thienemann Binnengewässer Mitteleuropas (1925) iv. 198, 201).]
ΚΠ
1893 E. S. D'Odiardi Med. Electr. 54 The agents of demolition or elimination, called dystrophics or denutrients.
1893 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 4 Nov. 998 The dystrophic view of sclerosis.
1931 R. N. Chapman Animal Ecol. xvi. 305 The dystrophic lake, or brown-water lake, is found among peat bogs.
1959 J. Clegg Freshwater Life Brit. Isles (ed. 2) ii. 38 The so-called Dystrophic lake..which is generally understood to be a lake with a bottom composed of peaty humus and very soft, acid water.
1967 G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. II. xxii. 380 The water color involved in the separation of Thienemann's dystrophic type is ordinarily regarded as due to extractives from bog soils and peat.
dystrophy n.
Brit. /ˈdɪstrəfi/
,
U.S. /ˈdɪstrəfi/
= dystrophia n.
ΚΠ
1886 W. R. Gowers Man. Dis. Nerv. Syst. I. iii. 386 Idiopathic Muscular Atrophy..Muscular Dystrophy.

Draft additions 1993

dystrophia myotonica n.
Brit. /dɪˌstrəʊfɪə mʌɪə(ʊ)ˈtɒnᵻkə/
,
U.S. /dɪˌstroʊfiə ˌmaɪəˈtɑnəkə/
[coined in German (H. Curschmann 1915, in Deut. Zeitschr. f. Nervenheilkunde LIII. 126)] Pathology = myotonia atrophica n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > disorders affecting muscles > [noun] > myotonia > disease characterized by
congenital myotonia1886
myotonia congenita1887
Thomsen's disease1890
myotonia atrophica1908
dystrophia myotonica1923
myotonic dystrophy1929
myotonia dystrophica1956
1923 Brain 46 125 Dystrophia myotonica is a disease sui generis within the group of heredo-familial degenerative disorders.
1963 J. E. Caughey & N. C. Myrianthopoulos Dystrophia Myotonica p. viii Dystrophia myotonica has been known as myotonia atrophica, Steinert's disease, dystrophia myotonica or myotonic dystrophy.
1974 J. N. Walton Disorders Voluntary Muscle (ed. 3) xv. 595 Dystrophia myotonica (myotonia atrophica) was described by Steinert (1909) and Batten and Gibb (1909).
1989 J. A. B. Collier & J. M. Longmore Oxf. Handbk. Clin. Specialties (ed. 2) vi. 504 Dot opacities are common in normal lenses but are also found in fast-developing cataracts in diabetes and dystrophia myotonica.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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