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单词 energy
释义

energyn.

Brit. /ˈɛnədʒi/, U.S. /ˈɛnərdʒi/
Forms:

α. 1500s–1600s enargie, 1500s–1600s energye, 1500s–1700s energie, 1500s– energy, 1600s enargy.

β. 1500s energeia, 1500s–1600s (1800s– chiefly in sense 6c) energia.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin energia; Greek ἐνέργεια.
Etymology: < post-classical Latin energia (also energeia) (in rhetoric) vigour of style (2nd or 3rd cent.), type of metaphor (4th cent.), power, strength (4th cent.), activity, operation, efficacy (4th cent.; from 12th cent. in British sources), actuality (5th or 6th cent.; from c1200 in British sources), and its etymon ancient Greek ἐνέργεια activity, operation, (in rhetoric) type of metaphor, (in philosophy) actuality, in Hellenistic Greek also (of drugs) efficacy < ἐνεργής active, effective ( < ἐν- en- prefix2 + ἔργον work: see erg n.1) + -ια -y suffix3. Compare earlier energial adj.Compare Middle French energie (French énergie ) efficacy (c1500), force of expression (1602 in the passage translated in quot. 1603 at sense 2a, or earlier), vigour, intensity (1790), Spanish energía (beginning of the 17th cent.), Portuguese energía , Italian energia (both late 16th cent.). Specific senses. Senses 2 and 3 ultimately reflect ancient Greek ἐνέργεια as used by Aristotle, whereas sense 1 corresponds to that of ancient Greek δύναμις (see dynamic adj.). Aristotle uses ancient Greek ἐνέργεια in rhetoric ( Rhetoric 3. 11. 2) for a species of metaphor which calls up a mental picture of something in action. Post-classical Latin energia has both this sense and the sense ‘vigour of style’, which gives rise to sense 2a. In modern use it merges into sense 5a. With sense 3c compare energizer n. 1. In sense 6c introduced by Robert Hunt ( Res. Light iii. ii. 269) and ultimately modelled by him on ancient Greek ἐνεργῆμα action, activity, operation. In sense 10 in the specific use with reference to the work of Carl Jung, after German psychische Energie (1917 or earlier in Jung; already a1805 in Schiller, although he uses it in a broader sense).
†1. As a general concept: power, strength, force; the ability or capacity to produce an effect. Obsolete.Other senses of the word typically arise as more specific applications of this general concept.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ability > [noun] > to produce an effect
energy1545
1545 E. Walshe Office & Duety Fighting for Countrey sig. C.iv Which I doubt not hath efficace strengthe and energie to chaunge the very cowarde harte to be hardie bolde and coragious.
1556 J. Olde tr. R. Gwalther Antichrist sig. M8v Faithe is a certain lyuing and a continuall working power & energie, that sitteth not idle in mennes consciences.
1618 T. Gainsford True Hist. P. Warbeck 16 Like certaine kinds of burs and nettles, which soughtly handled sting the more violently, but hardly crushed together lose their force and energie.
1624 W. Ingpen Secrets of Numbers xiv. 81 Mysticall and Symbolicall Numbers. I Call them so, that..represent some vnknown power or energie, or..contain some Secret in them.
a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) i. i. 26 We find in so small a particle of a created Being this admirable energy.
1691 T. Hale Acct. New Inventions p. xxiii Some vain Authors have essayed in print to give reasons for such energy of that Fish.
a1732 F. Atterbury Serm. Several Occas. (1734) II. 253 Discoursing of the Energy, and Power of Church Musick.
1753 T. Ashton Serm. Sons of Clergy 16 The unrestrained power of that master..whose healing energy dispeopled countries of their diseased.
a1790 W. Cullen Wks. (1827) I. 65 A particular power there [i.e. in the brain], of which we shall speak under the name of animal power, or energy of the brain.
1836 G. P. R. James Lives Most Eminent Foreign Statesmen 33 They..were united in a bond of union which gave energy to small means.
1887 J. R. Lowell Democracy & Other Addr. 36 Institutions which could bear and breed such men as Lincoln and Emerson had surely some energy for good.
2.
a. Chiefly Rhetoric. As a quality of written or spoken language, or of a specific word or phrase: the capacity to effectively or cogently express a meaning or convey an idea; effectiveness or power of expression. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > vigour or force > [noun]
eloquence1382
elocution1509
gravity?1520
pith?1531
vigour1532
emphasy1548
energy?1549
emphasisa1555
pithiness1557
abruptness1591
emphaticalness1647
nervousness1727
cogency1750
forcibility1771
cogence1782
verve1803
forcefulness1825
force1842
snap1870
full-bloodedness1894
punch1901
compulsiveness1918
punchiness1938
?1549 J. Hooper Declar. 10 Commandm. viii. p. cxxvii The whiche word in the Ebrew hathe a greater energie and strenghe then one word in latyne or Englishe can expresse.
1565 W. Alley Πτωχομυσεῖον ii. iii. f. 38v Regenuit nos in spem viuam: He begat vs agayne to a liuely hope. This phrase of speakyng hath a greater energie, then if he should haue sayd, he hath restored lyfe agayne vnto vs.
1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. iii. v. 525 By some of these words which I have culled out, we more hardly perceiue the Energie [Fr. l'energie] or effectuall opperation of them.
1669 W. Holder Elem. Speech 8 When animated by Elocution, it [sc. Speech] acquires a greater life, and energie.
1729 T. Stackhouse Compl. Body Divinity iv. i. §2. 576 These..are all of them Terms of a peculiar Energy.
1828 R. Whately Elements Rhetoric iii. ii. 248 The transposition of words which the ancient languages admit of, conduces, not merely to variety, but to Energy.
1850 R. W. Emerson Shakspeare in Representative Men v. 197 The Liturgy, admired for its energy and pathos.
1937 S.P.E. Tract (Soc. for Pure Eng.) No. XLIX. 303 The predominant quality of Shakespeare's compound epithets, indeed, is ‘energeia’, or power of forcible expression.
†b. As a quality of work or action: the capacity to produce an effect; efficacy, potency. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > advantage > efficacy > [noun]
mainOE
mightOE
strengthOE
efficace?c1225
bootingc1300
effectc1390
powera1393
boota1400
efficacity1430
operationc1450
valure1483
feck1495
efficacy1527
effectualness1545
effectuousnessa1576
validity1593
effectiveness1607
workingness1611
efficaciousnessa1628
operativeness1627
efficiency1633
effectualitya1641
energy1668
availablenessa1676
availment1699
potentialness1727
affectingnessa1774
effectivity1838
efficience1865
well working1879
1668 R. Stedman Mystical Union sig. a2v One plain truth..will be of more advantage,..than multitudes of notions, that lie only floating in the head, and do not descend with energy, upon the conscience.
1670 W. Simpson Hydrol. Ess. 76 It is most what from the weight of that Water pressing upon those Emunctories, which chiefly gives energy to its Operation.
1712 G. Smalridge Serm. preach'd at St. James's (octavo ed.) 9 Beg the Blessed Jesus..to give an Energy to their Imperfect Prayers.
1726 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey V. xx. 226 Blows have more energy than airy words.
1788 H. Fuseli tr. J. C. Lavater Aphorisms on Man 12 Wishes run over in loquacious impotence, will presses on with laconic energy.
†c. As a quality of an event: the capacity to effectively make an impression or convey a message; impressiveness. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > pride > ostentation > splendour, magnificence, or pomp > [noun]
prideOE
nobleyec1300
farec1330
pompc1330
statec1330
rialtya1375
estatec1385
lordliness1440
pompousness1447
noblenessc1450
worthinessc1450
pomperyc1460
affairc1480
gloryc1480
majesty1481
triumpha1513
shine?1529
royalness?1548
sumptuosity1550
triumphing1569
magnificie1570
presence1570
gite1589
equipage1612
majesticalness1613
ceremonya1616
splendour1616
stateliness1637
majesticnessa1643
scheme1647
pageantry1651
grandeur1652
splendidnessa1657
magnanimity1658
magnificency1668
fluster1676
energy1764
pompa1783
panoply1790
pageanting1873
1764 T. Harmer Observ. Passages Script. ii. 7 This thunder..added considerably to the energy of this event [sc. Saul's inauguration].
†3.
a. Metaphysics. The active operation or actual working of something, as opposed to its potential or capacity to operate. Also more generally: action, activity. Obsolete.This sense corresponds to ἐνέργεια in Aristotelian metaphysics; see note in etymology.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > undertaking > beginning action or activity > [noun]
inchoation1530
stirring1532
energy1585
the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > [noun] > effective operation of energy or force
energy1585
work1832
1585 J. Blagrave Math. Iewel iii. lxxix. 63 In the new circuit of euery yeere, there happen vnto our bodies new powers or influences of the starres by the Energeia of the Sunne.
1628 W. Sparke Myst. of Godlinesse i. i. 18 To liue is to be doing, for life is the energie of nature, and consists in action.
1642 H. More Ψυχωδια Platonica Interpr. Unusuall Names sig. Q3 Energie..is the operation, efflux or activity of any being: as the light of the Sunne is the energie of the Sunne, and every phantasm of the soul is the energie of the soul.
a1721 J. Skepp Divine Energy (1722) 157 Faith..must be wrought in the Soul by the Energy or Operation of God.
1789 Ld. Monboddo Of Origin & Progress of Lang. V. ii. iii. 387 Aristotle..makes a distinction betwixt the Νους, or Intelligence,..and the Νοησις, or the actual operation or energy of the Νους.
a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1859) II. xxi. 25 The faculty of which this act of revocation is the energy, I call the Reproductive.
1861 T. Graham in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 151 184 The colloid possesses Energia. It may be looked upon as the probable primary source of the force appearing in the phenomena of vitality.
b. A form or instance of activity or operation, esp. one which occurs in nature; an action. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > [noun] > a form or kind of operation
operation1562
energy1626
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §938 Visibles, and Audibles,..are not Effectiue of any Thing; Nor leaue no Worke behinde them; But are Energies meerely; For their Working vpon Mirrours, and Places of Eccho, doth not alter any Thing in those Bodies; But it is the same Action with the Originall, onely Repercussed.
1661 J. Glanvill Vanity of Dogmatizing x. 91 Within the Flame,..the more violent motion of the particles..begets in us a stronger sense [of heat]. Now if this motive Energie, the Instrument of this active Element [sc. Fire], must be called Heat..I contend not.
1712 Bibliotheca Anatomica II. 607/2 This stupendous Effect he contents himself to ascribe to the Energy of Percussion.
1744 J. Harris Three Treat. i. 33 Call every Production, the Parts of which exist successively..a Motion or an Energy—Thus a Tune and a Dance are Energies.
1783 in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 73 160 Nature unquestionably abounds with numberless unthought-of energies, and modes of working.
1833 I. Taylor Fanaticism ii. 42 The transition of the passions from momentary energies to settled dispositions.
c. Grammar. The action denoted by a verb; (also) a verb which denotes an action. Cf. energizer n. 1. Obsolete.This term was introduced by James Harris; cf. quots. 17511, 17512.
ΚΠ
1751 J. Harris Hermes i. ix. 173 All Verbs, that are strictly so called, denote Energies.
1751 J. Harris Hermes i. ix. 175 Brutus loved Portia.—Here Brutus is the Energizer; loved, the Energy, and Portia, the Subject.
1831 S. Alexander Pract. & Logical Ess. Syntax (ed. 3) 54 The infinitive ambulare, to walk, means simply, that energy, and nothing more.
1844 N. F. Moore Short Introd. to Universal Gram. (Columbia Coll., N.Y.) 17 The energy is called active or passive, according as the energizer or the object leads the sentence.
1873 W. V. Yates Civil Service Eng. Gram. ii. 34 The Voice of a verb is the form which the verb takes to express whether the agent or the object of the energy signified is the subject of the sentence.
4. In plural.
†a. The collective activities or actions of a person, group, or other entity, esp. with reference to a particular context or purpose. Obsolete.Passing into sense 4b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > doing > a proceeding > [noun] > proceedings or doings
workingOE
workOE
workOE
doingsa1387
practica1475
gearc1475
proceeding1524
practice1547
activity1570
courses1592
acting1596
motion1667
ongoings1673
energies1747
deed1788
movement1803
1747 Museum 24 May 189 The Perfection of a Statuary is not seen 'till his Energies are over, and the Statue is finished.
1786 Trans. India from Commencement French War viii. 257 It is owing..to a total want of union in their energies, and to an infinite diversity in the objects of their respective politics, that they have hitherto repelled successfully the encroachments of each other.
1861 T. E. May Constit. Hist. Eng. I. i. 6 The troublesome energies of Parliament.
b. The collective physical and mental powers or efforts of a person, group, or other entity.
ΚΠ
1784 W. Godwin Imogen II. v. 81 All the energies of her soul had been exerted to encounter the trials and surmount the difficulties which she felt to be unavoidable.
1804 W. L. Bowles Spirit of Discov. i. 18 From sleep The sullen energies of man rouse up, As of a slumb'ring giant.
1854 Edinb. Christian Mag. 6 No. 1. 4/1 The liberal man occupies his thoughts, and exerts his energies, and devotes his time on behalf of the poor.
1865 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend II. iii. iv. 24 Bella and the fowls, by the united energies of two horses, two men, four wheels, and a plum-pudding carriage dog.., were deposited at the door.
1908 Mod. Business Aug. 69/1 Another valuable outlet for its energies is the management of a Works Kitchen.
1928 A. Huxley Point Counter Point xxvi. 444 Shall I ever have the strength of mind to..devote my energies to the more serious and difficult task of living integrally?
1984 Washington Post 4 Mar. (Book World section) 12/1 The damn machines [sc. computers] begin to fascinate, take increasingly more of your free time and money, absorb all your energies.
2017 Town & Country May 84/4 Eventually he relinquished his winemaking duties to devote his energies to the vineyard's tractor.
5.
a. As a quality of movement, activity, speech, art, etc.: vigour; intensity; forcefulness.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [noun]
greennesseOE
lustinessc1325
forcea1375
vigourc1386
virrc1575
vigour1602
nerve1605
vivacity1649
vis1650
actuosity1660
amenity1661
vogue1674
energy1783
smeddum1790
dash1796
throughput1808
feck1811
go1825
steam1826
jism1842
vim1843
animalism1848
fizz1856
jasm1860
verve1863
snap1865
sawdusta1873
élan1880
stingo1885
energeticism1891
sprawl1894
zip1899
pep1908
jazz1912
zoom1926
toe1963
zap1968
stank1997
1783 W. Godwin Hist. Life W. Pitt v. 153 It was here, that Mr. Pitt exerted himself with uncommon energy.
1815 European Mag. 68 154 The coda concludes the piece with spirit and energy.
1833 N. Hawthorne Canterbury Pilgrims in Token & Atlantic Souvenir 158 During this harangue, the speaker gesticulated with great energy.
1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. I. xi. 121 When the hatches were opened, the flame burst out with energy.
1882 J. Muir in Cent. Mag. July 390/2 Sauntering in the bee-lands in the sun-days of summer, one may readily infer the time of day from the comparative energy of bee-movements alone.
1921 E. Ferber Girls ix. 172 The swinging door whiffed and whoofed with the energy of her exit as she passed into the kitchen.
1974 Transcript (North Adams, Mass.) 14 Mar. 3/3 All of them [sc. the characters]..describe insects, drowning, and the falling off of heads with great animation and energy.
1996 Big Issue 8 July 32/4 A performance of extreme energy and volume-10 aggression.
2003 W. C. Crain Reclaiming Childhood (2004) ix. 160 If we provide the right tasks, they will work on them with great energy and enthusiasm.
b. As a personal quality or resource: a capacity for or tendency towards (sustained) exertion or effort; mental, physical, or emotional strength and vitality; vigour; dynamism.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [noun] > energy or enterprise
undertakingc1400
enterprisec1450
energy1793
dynamism1831
go-aheadism1838
get-up1841
go-ahead1843
go-aheadness1847
drive1859
get-up-and-get1865
get-up-and-go1871
get-there-ativeness1883
push-and-go1885
hustle1892
go-getting1919
go-gettingness1928
dynamicism1947
go-go-go1954
1793 W. Godwin Enq. Polit. Justice I. iii. vii. 180 Among the ancients what could be better assorted than a pure democracy to the intellectual acuteness and impetuous energy of the Athenians?
1800 E. Hamilton Mem. Mod. Philosophers I. x. 52 If I had energy sufficient to dare to meet him in the arbour at the bottom of the garden.., he would acknowledge his error, and adore me.
1841 R. W. Emerson Prudence in Ess. 1st Ser. (London ed.) 223 The poet admires the man of energy and tactics.
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xvi. 726 He took his measures with his usual energy and dexterity.
1892 Science 27 May 296/2 Dr. Storer..used little of his energy in searching for generalizations.
1918 Cosmopolitan Jan. 67/2 Some individuals appear to lack energy, when, as a fact, they are full of energy which is merely dormant.
1937 M. Allingham Dancers in Mourning xvii. 217 Her energy, her constant nattering at one.
1976 Glasgow Herald 26 Nov. 6/4 Unless people are prepared to devote time and energy to that end there can only be a third world war.
1998 P. Turnbull Man with No Face (U.S. ed.) 229 If you're tired you're less strong, you don't have the energy to say no to people.
2014 Destin (Florida) Log (Nexis) 11 Nov. (State & Regional News section) ‘I absolutely love it,’ she said... ‘I wake up full of energy and ready to go.’
6.
a. Physics.
(a) The potential or capacity of a body or system to do work (work n. 10) by virtue of its motion, position, chemical structure, etc., frequently regarded as a quantifiable attribute or property which can be acquired, transferred, and expended.Originally: a measure of motion or activity equivalent to vis viva (vis viva at vis n.2 2c) and interpreted as the potential or capacity of a body to perform work by virtue of its motion. Cf. kinetic energy at kinetic adj. 2a.The relationship between energy and mass, as first stated in Einstein's theory of special relativity, is given by the equation E = mc2, where E is the total energy of a body or system, m is its relativistic mass, and c is the speed of light. The total energy E includes the rest energy of the body or system, which it possesses by virtue of having mass, in addition to any energy the body or system may possess by virtue of its motion, position, etc.Energy is expressed in a variety of units, such as the joule, calorie, foot-pound, etc., the joule being the fundamental unit of energy in the SI system of scientific units.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > [noun]
power1696
motive energy1789
energy1802
E1857
the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > [noun] > effective operation of energy or force > maximum that can be gained from system
energy1802
1802 T. Young Syllabus Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. ix. 18 The product of the mass of a body into the square of its velocity may properly be termed its energy.
1853 W. J. M. Rankine in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 5 106 In this investigation the term energy is used to comprehend every affection of substances which constitutes or is commensurable with a power of producing change in opposition to resistance, and includes ordinary motion and mechanical power, chemical action, heat, light, electricity, magnetism, and all other powers, known or unknown.
1867 W. Thomson & P. G. Tait Treat. Nat. Philos. I. 194 In every case in which energy is lost by resistance, heat is generated.
1889 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1888 791 The engineer says distinctly: ‘Electricity is a form of energy—it is not a form of matter.’
1936 Nature 25 Jan. 135/1 As a consequence of the theory of relativity.., mass and energy are equivalent, and mass is to be regarded in a sense as a concentrated source of energy.
1953 Sci. Amer. Apr. 86/3 Breaking one of the first two phosphate bonds [of the ATP molecule] releases 12,000 calories of energy.
1981 E. R. Harrison Cosmol. viii. 174/2 Radiation escaping from a body like a star or a planet loses energy because of the pull of gravity.
2014 Walla Walla (Washington) Union-Bull. 26 Sept. a 5/1 This stream [of electrically charged particles] is called the solar wind and carries energy from the sun to Earth.
(b) As a count noun: a particular quantity of this capacity or property possessed by a given body or system, or required for a given process to take place.
ΚΠ
1802 T. Young Syllabus Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. 19 The velocities will be C+B and C-A respectively, and the joint energies will be A.(C+B)2+B.(C-A)2.
1882 Firemen's Mag. July 307/1 To lift a weight of two pounds, we must furnish from our muscles an energy twice as great—that is to say, two foot-pounds.
1947 Physical Rev. 72 1114/1 At sufficiently high energies the nucleus begins to be transparent to the bombarding particles.
1994 Science 11 Feb. 733/1 Each of these fragments, on impact with Jupiter, will generate a fireball with an energy equivalent to 100 million megatons of TNT.
2012 S. Carroll Particle at End of Universe iv. 68 The pride of Fermilab was the Tevatron, a massive machine that collided protons and antiprotons together at energies of 2,000 GeV.
(c) With modifying word indicating the nature, form, or source of this capacity or property.actual energy, dark energy, electromagnetic energy, heat energy, kinetic energy, radiant energy, rest energy, etc.: see the first element. See also potential energy n., positive energy n. 1, negative energy n. 1, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > [noun] > specific types of energy
internal energy1654
positive energy1807
chemical energy1809
energy1852
potential energy1853
atomic energy1854
latent energy1854
static energy1869
free energy1884
rest energy1925
nuclear energy1958
radial energy1959
tangential energy1959
geothermal1960
dark energy1998
quintessence1998
1852 W. Thomson in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 4 304 (title) Dissipation of Mechanical Energy.
1893 Science 8 Sept. 137/1 A chemical transformation implies greater intensity of chemical energy in the reacting bodies than in the reaction products.
1922 T. M. Lowry Inorg. Chem. xxii. 255 Since a battery can only be run in the direction of its electromotive force, the electrical energy, E, set free in a chemical change must always be positive.
1962 F. D. Shields in D. Williams Molecular Physics viii. 689 Since the molecular energy is transferred by collision, a reduction in gas pressure retards the flow of energy.
2011 New Scientist 3 Sept. 47/2 Absolute zero, the temperature at which matter has no thermal energy.
†b. Physics. A proposed name for: momentum. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1808 Edinb. Rev. Apr. 130 The power of Percussion or of a body in motion, when we speak relatively to the effect produced by that power in a given time (which is proportional to the quantity of matter multiplied into the velocity)..might therefore be called Energy.
†c. In form energia. The capacity of light to cause chemical change; = actinism n. 1. Obsolete.This term was coined by Robert Hunt (cf. quot. 1844), who soon abandoned it in favour of actinism.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > scientific effects of light > [noun] > energy causing chemical changes
energy1844
tithonization1844
actinism1845
activism1856
1844 R. Hunt Res. Light iii. ii. 270 Energia, that power [of solar rays] which effects all the changes, whether chemical or molecular, which are constantly in progress.
1855 J. Scoffern in Orr's Circle Sci.: Elem. Chem. 93 That peculiar associate of light which has been termed by different chemists actinism, tithonism, and energia.
1873 Farmer's Mag. June 489/1 Shut out the heat [of the sunbeam] and we shut out the energia as well.
d. Science Fiction. Energy (sense 6a(a)) portrayed as something which can be produced in a particular form, such as a projectile, beam, or wave, and transferred (typically with destructive effect) to a body upon contact.
ΚΠ
1903 G. C. Griffith World Masters xxix. 286 All-destroying, flowed the terrible energy of the disintegrator on top of the tower.
1946 ‘R. Rocklynne’ in Astounding Sci. Fiction June 84/1 Gull adjusted the valves [of his flame pistol]..and it settled down to an inch-thick sword of flaming, violet-blue energy.
1968 S. E. Whitfield in S. E. Whitfield & G. Roddenberry Making of ‘Star Trek’ ii. ii. 193 Phaser beams can be fired steadily, in one long burst, or in intermittent ‘squirts’ or ‘phased’ energy.
2017 Scottish Daily Mail (Nexis) 24 Oct. 50 At the press of a button, the machine generates a bright beam of energy, similar to a Star Wars lightsaber.
†7. Power as manifested in a particular effect; force or strength as effectively exerted. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > ability > [noun] > actively displayed
energy1804
1804 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 94 165 One might be led to imagine, that..the energy of the calorific rays..might be diminished by those other reflected rays by which they are accompanied.
1813 H. Davy Elements Agric. Chem. iv. 162 Soils..which act with the greatest chemical energy in preserving manures.
1831 M. Somerville Mechanism of Heavens Prelim. Diss. p. xiii The disturbing energy of the planets.
1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. vii. 51 Others struggle with the slow energy of a behemoth through the débris which opposes them.
8. In certain Eastern religions, New Age philosophy or culture, etc. A spiritual or ethereal force held to be present in all living things, and underlying various forms of alternative medicines and therapies.Also with modifying word specifying the particular type of energy involved.
ΚΠ
1816 G. S. Faber Origin Pagan Idolatry III. iii. 57 She [sc. Satarupa]..is identified with the mysterious Yoni or female energy of nature.
1879 A. E. Newton Mod. Bethesda xiv. 197 Some unusual measure of this subtle energy or Life-Force (by whatever name it may be called) appears to be concentrated in or ministered through the organism of the gifted healer.
1921 C. Eliot Hinduism & Buddhism II. xxxii. 282 It is part of Sâdhana to arouse..energy and make it mount from the lower to the higher centres.
1977 R. B. Tisserand Art of Aromatherapy iii. 46 The Indians call it prana, we call it energy, but everybody is referring to the same thing, the same life force that is keeping every one of us alive.
1989 H. Johari Breath, Mind, & Consciousness i. 5 As long as the flow of energy in each nadi and nerve is working in proper rhythmic order in a particular area, life exists.
2006 Vancouver Sun (Nexis) 9 May d11 He firmly believes that harnessing pyramid energy is the key to making fine wine.
2013 Kindred Spirit Mar. 50/1 Chakras are energy connection points going up your spine.
9. Power or force derived from the exploitation of physical and chemical resources in order to operate machines and devices, to provide light and heat, etc., and frequently regarded as a resource or commodity.Frequently with modifying word indicating the source of the energy, as solar, wind, etc., or its environmental impact, as clean, renewable, etc.alternative energy, green energy, nuclear energy, renewable energy, wave energy, wind energy, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > [noun] > source of energy or power
energy1864
1864 N. Brit. Rev. May 364 The energy at present directly available to us for the production of mechanical work is almost entirely potential, and consists mainly of—1. Fuel; 2. Food of Animals; 3. Ordinary water-power; 4. Tidal water-power.
?1871 R. S. Ball in Cassell's Techn. Educ. I. 241/2 This energy is stored up..in what is called an accumulator, and..distributed by means of water-pressure to the different machines that require it.
1896 Electr. Jrnl. 1 Jan. 297/2 Electric energy is now peddled in New York just like milk.
1939 A. Huxley After Many a Summer i. x. 130 It's a gadget..for making use of solar energy.
1957 A. E. Stevenson New Amer. III. v. 165 The importance of atomic power as a major source of low-cost energy is well known.
1995 Washington Post 30 Jan. (Washington Business section) 5/1 During the energy crisis of the mid-1970s, the notion of harnessing cheap, clean energy from the sun captured the imagination of the world.
2006 Independent 29 Nov. (Property section) 9/3 Energy service companies..focus on meeting human needs rather than on just supplying energy.
10. Philosophy and Psychology. A (hypothetical) metaphysical or psychic force underlying or driving all mental activity, often regarded as analogous to physical energy (sense 6a(a)).Also called mental or psychic energy, the latter often with reference to the work of Carl Jung.
ΚΠ
1875 Theol. Medium Jan. 123 The energy (force) of the mind determines all its activities.
1917 Jrnl. Exper. Pedagogy 4 61 Jung's concept of psychic energy..is known as the libido theory. This energy is a hypothetical force which operates in the psyche. It is analogous to physical energy in the physical world.
1944 J. S. Huxley On Living in Revol. xv. 192 I shall use the term mental energy in the broad popular sense, as denoting the driving forces of the psyche, emotional as well as intellectual.
2006 M. Gundry Beyond Psyche iii. 44 This energy [sc. Jung's ‘psychic energy’] can either propel human development forward or falter, and cause regression to an archaic, primitive level of the psyche.
11. A perceptible quality, state, or feeling present in a place or within a group at a given time, esp. one of excitement, antagonism, tension, suspense, etc.
ΚΠ
1957 Times 25 Sept. 11/6 The atmosphere of refurbished Moscow was buzzing with energy and excitement.
1967 Coshocton (Ohio) Tribune 3 Dec. 3/5 You can almost feel the energy in the air.
1980 College Eng. 41 865 The collective energy in the room completely stifled those students who, I felt, did not want to kill all the whites.
1995 P. Conroy Beach Music (1996) ix. 117 The rooms [were] overheated with testosterone and the sheer energy of roughhousing.
2015 Teen Vogue Nov. 20/1 The city has a certain energy where you just feel the history and like something's always happening.

Phrases

P1.
† energy of growth n. [originally after German Wachsthumsenergie (1874 in the passage translated in quot. 1875; now Wachstumsenergie)] Botany Obsolete the potential for growth in a given segment of a stem or shoot; (also) the rapidity with which a given segment of a stem or shoot grows, and which is a factor in determining its eventual length.
ΚΠ
1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. iii. iv. 741 If the power of any particular zone to attain a definite length is called its Energy of Growth [Ger. Wachsthumsenergie], then a zone which..reaches a length of 10 mm. would have a smaller energy than one which continues to grow until it has reached a length of 100 mm.
1900 J. Percival Agric. Bot xx. 241 The vigour or energy of growth of a stem or other member varies during the grand period: at one stage of the development of the complete stem the growing part either grows more rapidly or continues its growth longer than at another stage.
1904 H. M. Ward Trees I. i. ix. 73 Since the length of the internode is an expression of the rapidity and energy of growth during the growing season, the two are correlated.
P2.
energy of position n. Physics energy which a body or substance possesses by virtue of its position relative to other bodies or within a field; cf. potential energy n.
ΚΠ
1868 D. D. Heath in Contemp. Rev. 8 65 We may conceive the whole system as undergoing simultaneously two changes,..and attribute them to two energies—one of motion, or as it is coming to be called, kinetic energy,—the other which, for the moment, we will term energy of position.
a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1033 We see the same thing when the kinetic energy of a rush of water is used by a hydraulic machine to raise a heavy weight to a height, where it has energy of position, or potential energy.
1966 R. S. Heinlein Moon is Harsh Mistress (1967) 80 But Luna also has energy of position; she sits at top of gravity well eleven kilometres per second deep and kept from falling in by curb only two and a half km/s high.
2012 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 367 60/2 An object held in a person's hand has potential energy—energy of position—which converts to kinetic energy—the energy of motion—if the actor lets it fall to the ground.

Compounds

C1. General attributive, objective, and instrumental (chiefly in senses 5, 6a, 9).
a. Objective with participial adjectives, verbal nouns, and agent nouns, as energy booster, energy-boosting, energy-carrier, energy-carrying, energy-consuming, energy-draining, energy-giving, energy producer, energy-producing, energy-sapping, energy-saving.
ΚΠ
1830 Parl. Deb. 2nd Ser. 25 65 The slow, tedious, wearing, energy-consuming, punishment of solitary confinement.
1839 Scioto (Ohio) Gaz. 11 Apr. We have seen him maintain his stand—almost the very soul and energy-giving agent of our great trading people.
1850 T. D. Mitchell Materia Medica & Therapeutics 570 The stamina [will] cease to have an energy-imparting power.
1861 R. P. Ritchie in Lancet 9 Mar. 243/2 The determination to conduct themselves in the pure cause is wanting, and in this there is evidence of the pernicious energy-sapping cause [i.e. masturbation].
1876 Nature 7 Sept. 393/1 The chief form of energy in the organic kingdom is that resulting from the oxidation of carbon, chiefly characteristic of animals, while plants secrete the energy-producing material.
1879 Photogr. News 21 Feb. 89/2 Each part of this lovely variegated band is formed by energy carrying waves.
1882 Aberdeen Jrnl. 28 Dec. 2/2 Plum-pudding, it has been shown, is a splendid energy-producer.
1883 Photogr. News 9 Mar. 149/1 Let every one try to get in his head that every ray is an energy-carrier, and capable of doing some kind of work.
1889 W. S. Woodbridge Christ in Life 18 Hard work and energy-draining diversion are characteristic of the American people.
1893 Evening Times (Monroe, Wisconsin) 23 Oct. An energy saving appliance was noticed in an open carriage..recently... It was an open-faced watch set in the floor of the carriage so that the occupant could see the time of day by merely glancing down.
1895 Hawarden (Iowa) Independent 7 Mar. The Amish..continue to thresh their grain by tramping it out with their well fed horses rather than use the rapid, economical, energy conserving, but ungodly separator.
1905 Science 6 Jan. 8/2 No one can see far into the future, but we all easily see the dawn of a new era of energy saving.
1933 Chicago Tribune 8 Sept. 20/2 Charts..of..familiar foods, each one marked to indicate its importance as a source of minerals and vitamins, or muscle building and energy boosting materials.
1938 N.Y. Herald Tribune 24 Apr. iv. 7/5 There are scrapers..with a solid steel handle, [and] others with a pistol grip which is very energy saving.
1940 Lima (Ohio) News 9 Oct. 13/6 (advt.) Burkhardt's beer..is just what I need to top off a hard, hot day of welding. It's the best energy-booster I've ever found.
1940 Dairy World 19 40 Selling more milk for health protection and energy boosting will aid the national defense program.
1941 J. S. Huxley Uniqueness of Man iii. iv. 96 The fertilizing, energy-giving belt of cyclonic weather.
1952 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 11 May 8/2 It is time-consuming and energy-consuming to be an invalid.
1958 Lebanon (Pa.) Daily News 7 May 9/3 Campaigning is costly today. It is time-consuming. It is energy-sapping—and politically it is deadly.
1963 Physical Zool. 36 158/2 A..metabolism that requires less O₂ at a given temperature..would result in great energy savings for the winter.
1976 J. Updike in Boston Globe 11 Dec. 14/7 The older I got I'd say I'm more monogamous... Monogamy is very energy-conserving.
1978 Sulfur Oxides (U.S. National Res. Council: Assembly Life Sci.) i. 1 The tremendous cost of air-pollution control equipment for energy-producing plants.
1980 Los Angeles Times 23 May v. 13/1 1 million jobs were created in 1979 because businesses have found it economical to substitute labor for energy-draining machinery.
1990 Which? Apr. 222/2 Market forces can encourage energy saving..but they don't reflect the cost of environmental damage.
2014 Express (Nexis) 26 Mar. 35 Coenzyme Q10 is an important antioxidant and an energy-carrying enzyme that is found in every cell of the body.
b. attributive, as energy boost, energy consumption, energy cost, energy expenditure, energy loss, energy production, energy resource, energy source, energy supply, energy transfer, energy unit, energy usage, energy use, energy value, etc.Attributive use specifically with reference to electricity and fuel is treated at Compounds 2.
ΚΠ
1872 J. D. Everett Deschanel's Elem. Treat. Nat. Philos. III. lii. 756 The energy-value of a current, for each unit of time that it lasts, is the product of the current by the electromotive force producing it.
1882 Eng. Mechanic & World of Sci. 27 Oct. 183/2 1 M.G.S. energy-unit equals 10,000 G.C.S. energy-units.
1883 H. N. Martin Human Body: Elem. Text-bk. viii. 103 Hitherto we have only considered the energy-supply of the body from one side; we have regarded it as dependent on the constant supply of things which can be oxidized.
1885 Jrnl. Soc. Telegraph-engineers & Electricians 14 215 I mean those giving a purely physical E.M.F., produced we know not quite how, whose energy-source is not chemical but thermal.
1891 Jrnl. Soc. Arts 10 July 710/1 If I want to reduce the capital outlay on the [power] line, I must work at high voltage, and with a large energy loss.
1892 Electr. Engineer (U.S.) 27 Jan. 91/2 This phenomenon of hysteresis and..the energy consumption caused thereby.
1892 Lancet 6 Feb. 304/1 We may also observe in them [sc. bacteria] some of the highest forms of specialisation of function and energy production.
1899 ‘Y. Vedra’ Heliocentric Astrol. 97 There is generally much determination..to use..short-paths in matters of energy-use or muscular exertion.
1902 W. R. B. Gibson in H. Sturt Personal Idealism iii. 152 What guides the physicist in forming his energy-equations is not the idea of the constancy of energy within the universe, but that of the balance of energy about any given change as fulcrum.
1910 Trans. Amer. Inst. Electr. Engineers 1909 28 165 The part which electricity is destined to play in the conservation of our energy resources is demonstrated clearly by what it already has accomplished.
1915 Jrnl. Physiol. 49 378 From the oxygen consumption of the heart we can calculate its total energy usage.
1925 Times-Picayune (New Orleans) 30 Aug. iv. 3/1 ‘What will you have—energy tablets?’ ‘No today I think I will try a little concentrated repose.’
1937 Austin (Texas) Statesman 10 Aug. 5/5 (advt.) Dr. Pepper has a bracing tang... A treat in taste pleasure..and a temporary energy boost as well.
1942 Science 8 May 486/2 The energy cost of moving the body is directly proportional to W1.0.
1954 D. J. Hughes Neutron Optics i. 2 The neutrons..reach thermal equilibrium with the moderating material, in which state energy gains are as frequent as energy loss.
1960 E. N. Willmer Cytol. & Evol. ix. 151 Many flagellates..depend for their energy supplies on the extraction of materials dissolved in the fluid in which they are swimming.
1966 R. A. MacGowan & F. I. Ordway Intelligence in Universe 347 With energy resources we can but dimly perceive on the far distant technological horizon, only fractions of the velocity of light are likely to be achieved.
1969 Biol. Bull. 137 402 This is attributed to energy transfer from the luminescent system to a green fluorescent protein associated with the photogenic granules.
1975 Austin (Texas) Amer.-Statesman 25 June a13/3 The tests will involve such energy usages as illumination, air conditioning, and hot water.
1978 J. Updike Coup (1979) iii. 108 [She moved] more electrically, twitchily, like a modern woman connected to a variety of energy-sources.
1984 M. W. Stanier et al. Energy Balance & Temperature Regulation i. 9 The total energy intake of an animal from its food..may result in storage if not precisely balanced by energy output.
1993 J. A. Kay Found. Corporate Success iv. ix. 129 Concerned by the future of the oil market after the 1973 Arab–Israeli war, several oil companies redefined their business as energy supply, and diversified into coal.
2002 E. Keen Depression iv. 52 Giving up is often rewarded by a tremendous relief—relief from the struggle, the energy drain, and the frustration of failure.
2014 N.Y. Times 23 Oct. f8/2 When it comes to energy expenditure..the brain has a hard time distinguishing between momentous and banal choices.
c. Instrumental, with the sense ‘with or by means of energy; as regards energy; with a view towards (conserving) energy’, as energy-driven, energy-filled, energy-intensive, energy-laden, energy-oriented, etc.
ΚΠ
1893 19th Cent. Sept. 343 The heart had ceased to beat for want of the proper supply of energy-laden material.
1908 Med. Fortn. 25 Mar. 143/1 Energy-filled environs of St. Louis.
1914 Canton (Ohio) Daily News 27 Dec. 16/4 The American man..has an energy-driven curiosity.
1950 S. H. Schurr & J. Marschak Econ. Aspects Atomic Power xiii. 222 Here an energy-intensive process based on electricity would be substituted for a process using only small amounts of energy per ton.
1971 Bull. Atomic Scientists Oct. 20/2 Our contemporary technological society is energy based.
1988 J. Elkington & J. Hailes Green Consumer Guide (1989) 109 Over the past 25 years..we have made increasing use of the two most energy-intensive forms of travel. These are the private car and air travel.
1993 W. LaFeber in T. J. McCormick & W. LaFeber Behind Throne 3 An arresting presence: a commanding 6′4″ frame, rapid speech, pointed words, and an energy-charged style.
2006 A. Steffen et al. Worldchanging (2008) 154/1 With increasing urban density and rapidly depleting resources, massive, energy-intensive homes are not only becoming an unquestionably bad idea, but they are in many places simply not possible.
2016 Globe & Mail (Canada) (Nexis) 24 Oct. (Report on Business Mag.) b4 In 2006, it [sc. the bank] launched a funding initiative for energy-oriented housing refurbishments and low-energy homes.
C2. attributive, with reference to the production and supply of electricity and gas and other fuels, or to government control and regulation of this, as energy customer, energy industry, energy policy, energy price, etc. Cf. sense 9.Compounds with a broader sense, as energy consumption, energy producer, energy use, etc., are treated at Compounds 1.
ΚΠ
1907 Electr. Engin. 19 Apr. 540/1 The costs of lighting per kilo-candle hour will be divided into energy charges..[and] fixed charges.
1914 Jrnl. Inst. Electr. Engineers 52 131/2 The Berlin works..work more economically than those in Chicago... Nevertheless, the actual energy prices..are approximately the same.
1921 Mech. Engin. Jan. 27/1 The status of electric application..has exaggerated the lack of balance obtaining in the present state of development of the energy industry.
1957 Financial Times 26 Mar. 2/4 An energy tax..aimed at financing a considerable expansion of Sweden's power output..is to be introduced.
1975 Atlanta Daily World 2 Jan. 4/2 Unless there is vastly stepped up technical training.., few of the new energy workers will come from the black community.
1987 Jrnl. Appl. Probability 25 529 A coherent energy policy cannot be successful without taking into account the available resources.
1995 Canberra Times 7 Apr. 8/4 Energy supply businesses have traditionally..had established business relationships with energy customers.
2013 A. B. Badiru & S. O. Osisanya Project Managem. for Oil & Gas Industry ii. 27 The need to develop practical, efficient, and cost-effective energy infrastructure has never been more urgent.
C3. attributive, with reference to the concept (especially in certain Eastern religions, New Age philosophy or culture, etc.) of a spiritual or ethereal force held to be present in all living things (see sense 8).
a. Designating sites of such energy within the body, as energy centre, energy channel, etc.
ΚΠ
1938 A. M. Uhler Cast out your Devils xvii. 203 Our strength fails, not because it is used up, but because our energy channels are clogged.
1959 Times Lit. Suppl. 18 Dec. 744/4 Jung has frequently written on these energy centres or, as he calls them, foundation stones of psychic energy.
1976 C. Popenoe Bks. for Inner Devel. 67/2 It [sc. the book] reorients the body in space as a completely interrelated network of energy lines and centers of force.
1999 N. Mehta Indian Head Massage (2000) 8 Within Ayurveda, as in other belief systems from around the world, the body is said to contain seven energy centres.
2015 Advertiser (Austral.) (Nexis) 15 Nov. (Escape section) 11 Something more serene is the spa with a range of treatments, especially the traditional Khmer massage that focuses on energy lines.
b. Alternative Medicine. With reference to the direction or manipulation of such energy for a patient's benefit, in any of various treatments or therapies, as energy healing, energy work, etc.
ΚΠ
1978 New Braunfels (Texas) Herald 10 Aug. 4 d/4 (advt.) Learn energy healing technique.
1981 New Mexican (Santa Fe) 24 June c2/3 Natural Healing classes... Massage, energy work, physical therapy, [etc.].
1986 Capital (Annapolis, Maryland) 24 Apr. 19/1 Reiki is an energy therapy that uses natural universal energy to balance and align the entire physical/emotional/spiritual dynamic.
1990 Yoga Jrnl. Nov. 106/1 (advt.) Energy healer and problem solver.
1997 B. Rowlands Which? Guide Complementary Med. 125 Colour therapists..describe colour therapy as ‘energy medicine’.
2017 Daily Tel. (Austral.) (Nexis) 25 July 19 On this..menu of registered providers you will find energy healing and ‘soul counselling’.
C4.
energy audit n. an assessment of energy provision, consumption, and efficiency, esp. within a business or building; cf. environmental audit n. at environmental adj. Compounds.
ΚΠ
1936 C. Croneis & W. C. Krumbein Down to Earth Contents p. xv [Chapter] 4. Energy audit, in which we examine the Earth's sources of energy, and follow this energy through the economy of our terrestrial globe.
1963 Guardian 26 Nov. 11/2 The average annual saving brought about by a fuel efficiency survey, or ‘energy audit’, is between five and ten times the cost of the survey.
1983 Which? Sept. 417/3 To save you doing the sums yourself to work out what insulation will prove worthwhile, you could consider getting an energy audit.
2000 Salina (Kansas) Jrnl. 4 Nov. d2/1 They're lobbying for the Endangered Species Act, conducting energy audits and educating others about global climate change.
energy band n. Physics a set of energy levels, forming a range with no significant gaps, which electrons in a given solid can occupy.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle avoiding strong interaction > electron > [noun] > kinetic energy of electrons > set of energy levels
energy band1931
1930 P. M. Morse in Physical Rev. 35 1311 Bands of allowed energies which may or may not be separated from their neighbors by bands of forbidden energies.]
1931 A. H. Wilson in Proc. Royal Soc. A. 134 279 In this case the main function of the impurities is to provide electrons for the upper unoccupied energy bands of the crystal.
1984 D. C. Giancoli Gen. Physics xli. 813 The energy bands in semiconductors play an important role for transistors and diodes.
2012 P. Hertel Continuum Physics iv. 170 With increasing temperature, more and more electrons can jump from the lower almost filled energy band to the higher almost empty energy band.
energy bar n. originally U.S. a block of high-calorie food, typically similar in size and shape to a chocolate bar, which is regarded or marketed as a convenient source of energy; esp. such a product that is manufactured commercially and sold individually wrapped.
ΚΠ
1917 Mansfield (Ohio) News 25 Aug. 16/5 (advt.) Reed's chocolate energy bar, appetizing, satisfying, a lunch in itself.
1964 N.Y. Times 16 July 37/4 Jim Bouton reached into his locker..and pulled forth a box containing four chocolate-covered energy bars.
1990 Newsday (Nexis) 23 June ii. 7 If you exercise for more than 90 minutes, a snack will enhance your endurance... The commercial energy bars get the job done.
2008 P. Galbreath Leading from Table ix. 121 They pooled the assets in their backpacks: six energy bars, two bags of granola, and several bottles of water.
energy bill n. (a) a bill for payment for electricity, gas, etc., supplied; (b) (chiefly with capital initials) a legislative bill concerned with the supply or use of energy, fuel, etc.
ΚΠ
1911 Southern Electrician Apr. 143/1 The incentive to conversion [to low-voltage metallic filament lamps] being actually a substantial reduction in the energy bill.
1954 Taylor (Texas) Daily Press 23 July 1/8 Democratic Senator James Eastland..veered from the Energy Bill and discussed such matters as cotton.
1978 Guardian Weekly 23 Apr. 16/1 Does it all mean that Congress ought not pass the languishing energy bill?
1999 Times 20 Apr. 42/2 (advt.) These projects include policy development for the new Energy Bill currently in preparation.
2014 A. Foster God is Astronaut 17 Even with the best insulating you can find, I can't imagine what it will do to our energy bills.
energy budget n. (a) the amount of energy available for use in a given context; a plan for how this energy is to be allocated; (b) Biology an estimate of the amounts of energy obtained and expended by an organism or ecosystem.
ΚΠ
1913 Woman Citizen's Libr. IX. 2391 Energy-Budgets for Homes... It is just as necessary to have budgets of energy and time for household work as to have budgets for money spending.
1926 Ohio Jrnl. Sci. 26 5 The work of the animal physiologists, and the studies of non-green plants have shown that an energy budget can be calculated from the heat equivalents of food substances consumed.
1996 Gazette (Montreal) (Nexis) 13 Mar. f5 To be able to run from a battery, manufacturers have had to get power consumption of all the components to fit into a finite energy budget.
1997 G. S. Helfman et al. Diversity of Fishes v. 66/2 Energy budgets can aid in understanding the energy intake and utilization of an individual.
2017 New Scientist 22 Apr. 36/3 Most of us are spending 20 per cent of our basic energy budget taking care of muscle mass.
energy change n. a change in the amount or type of energy possessed by a body or system before and after a chemical reaction, change of state, or other physical process.
ΚΠ
1878 A. S. Herschel in Nature 14 Feb. 303/1 The sum of the energy changes between the two given points is independent of the course or lapse of time in which the final point is reached.
1964 L. H. Van Vlack Elements Materials Sci. (ed. 2) x. 281 The energy change which is of importance in a chemical reaction is the decrease in free energy of the reaction.
2014 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111 15070/1 This energy change represents only a small contribution to the overall catalytic effect.
energy company n. a commercial company that produces electricity, gas, or a similar fuel.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > business affairs > a business or company > [noun] > companies involved in specific business
misbeliefa1450
safeguarda1450
squatc1450
smearc1476
bleach1486
poulterer1534
water company1710
land-company1805
publishing house1819
railway company1824
oil company1827
bus line1843
rails1848
accountancy1860
art house1882
poulter1884
automaker1899
energy company1910
record label1926
label1930
utility1930
re-roller1931
prefabricator1933
seven sisters1962
energy firm1970
chipmaker1971
fragmentizer1972
fixit1984
infomediary1989
multi-utility1994
1910 Electr. World 20 Oct. 940/2 Persons in the communities served are now paying more for the service of the energy companies.
1967 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 26 July b3/2 An Imperial Oil spokesman said: ‘We are interested in uranium because we are an energy company and uranium is part of the energy picture.’
2011 P. Vaze & S. Tindale Repowering Communities vii. 139 Many energy companies also offer reductions to those paying by direct debit, or to those buying gas and electricity as a bundle.
energy conservation n. (a) Physics = conservation of energy at conservation n. 3; (b) the practice of conserving energy by eliminating wasteful use, using energy more efficiently, and reducing total use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > [noun] > conservation of
conservation of energy1853
persistence of energy1858
energy conservation1878
1878 Nature 21 Feb. 321/2 The principle of energy conservation here laid down by Newton.
1910 Motor Nov. 79/3 In the body forms with which she invests her living organisms, nature displays a skill in energy conservation which is beyond compare.
1955 W. Heisenberg in W. Pauli Niels Bohr & Devel. Physics 13 Bothe and Geiger showed experimentally by means of the Compton effect that the energy conservation law is valid for individual processes also.
1984 E. P. DeGarmo et al. Materials & Processes in Manuf. (ed. 6) iv. 87 Recent advances in blast furnace technology tend to center on..energy conservation.
2004 B. Greene Fabric of Cosmos xii. 343 An anomaly is a pernicious quantum effect that spells doom for a theory by implying that it violates certain sacred principles, such as energy conservation.
2017 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz.-Mail (Nexis) 10 Oct. 1 a In the absence of stricter federal regulations curbing greenhouse gas emissions, many states have issued their own mandates promoting energy conservation.
energy crisis n. a severe shortage of one or more energy-producing resources, esp. petroleum; (also) a period characterized by such a shortage, in which the price of energy is high and power outages may occur.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > [noun] > shortage of
energy crisis1953
energy gap1956
energy crunch1970
1953 Progress-Index (Petersburg, Va.) 27 Aug. 11/1 While the energy crisis draws nearer, mankind is letting trillions of kilowatt-hours go to waste.
1971 Washington Post 10 Jan. f8/1 Although some progress has been made in dealing with the U.S. ‘energy crisis’, the likelihood of..blackouts in the coming year is not being ruled out.
2014 Toronto Star 24 Aug. in1 Those were the dark days of a global energy crisis.
energy crop n. (a) a crop grown for use as food, regarded as a source of food energy; (now rare); (b) a crop grown for use in the generation of energy by combustion, or for the production of fuels such as bioethanol.
ΚΠ
1918 Creamery & Milk Plant Monthly Mar. 40/1 Ninety per cent of all the energy crop that is captured from the sun is in the form of rough stuff; only 10 per cent is fine enough in the form of grains of various kinds for the food of man.
1949 Science 22 July 81/2 The resources of the tropics are simply not such as to make the regions capable of assuming a major position in the production of the energy crops.
1975 Science 15 Aug. 539/3 In addition to the low efficiency of photosynthetic conversion, if energy crops were produced on a large scale they could compete with food and fiber crops for arable land and water.
1995 Farmers Weekly 21 July 7/4 Bavaria has agreed to subsidise 30% of the buying price for a locally designed energy crop harvester which cuts, chops, pellets and dries various crops for fuel.
2016 News Chron. (Nigeria) (Nexis) 6 Oct. It would plant an energy crop known as Jatropha and convert the extracted oil from its seeds to biodiesel.
energy crunch n. a severe shortage of one or more energy-producing resources; = energy crisis n.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > [noun] > shortage of
energy crisis1953
energy gap1956
energy crunch1970
1970 Pecos (Texas) Enterprise 19 Oct. ‘We are in a tight energy crunch’, said Murray.
1978 N.Y. Times Mag. 4 June 110 (heading) The real meaning of the energy crunch.
2001 High Country News 18 June 9/2 California's energy crunch drove wholesale prices up to $800 a megawatt-hour.
energy-dense adj. (a) (of food) that contains a relatively large quantity of energy per unit mass; high-calorie; (b) (of fuels and batteries) that store a relatively large amount of energy per unit mass or volume.
ΚΠ
1962 Poultry Sci. 41 1061/1 The cause of reduced egg production in hens fed high levels of fat is associated with over-consumption of the energy-dense fat diet and resultant weight gains and obesity.
1972 2 Ocean '72: IEEE Internat. Conf. Engin. in Ocean Environment 578/2 The balancing of even these more energy-dense silver-zinc systems requires buoyancy from other pressure-proof subsystems or from flotation material.
1993 Sci. News 10 Apr. 237/2 Children are born liking sweets..but they quickly learn to also enjoy ‘energy-dense’ foods—generally, those high in fat.
2016 New Scientist 8 Oct. 28/2 Hydrogen..is energy-dense—you could drive the 600-odd kilometres from London to Edinburgh..on a single tank.
energy density n. Physics and Engineering (a) the quantity of energy per unit volume stored in a given material or object, or present in a given space (also called volume (or volumetric) energy density); (b) the quantity of energy per unit mass (or weight) stored in a given material or object (also called gravimetric energy density or specific energy; cf. specific adj. and n. Compounds).Frequently used to express the efficiency (by volume or weight) of a fuel as a source of energy, or of a battery, flywheel, etc., as a device for storing energy. When relativistic effects are taken into account, energy density includes energy in the form of matter.
ΚΠ
1896 Physical Rev. 3 472 Maxwell does not say anything about the energy density according to Ampere's theory of elementary current magnets.
1933 A. W. Barton Text Bk. Heat xv. 352 The number of ergs of radiation in 1 c.c. of [enclosure] A..is called the energy density of the radiation in the enclosure.
1973 Amer. Sci. Jan. 70/2 Recently, advances in energy storage in flywheels have been reported by Weatherbee and Rabenhorst, who anticipate storage of 30 W hrs/lb, an energy density that would make them competitive with present day storage batteries.
1992 Energy Conservation Devel. 50 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (102nd Congr., 2nd Sess.: Senate Hearing 637) The energy density of gasoline is more than 350 times that of a lead acid battery system per kilogram of weight.
2011 B. E. Cox & J. R. Forshaw Quantum Universe xi. 22 Such a large and negative energy density in every square metre of empty space should..generate a devastating expansion of the Universe.
energy-dispersive adj. designating an instrument which is able to detect and measure the energy spectrum of X-rays emitted by a sample; (also) designating techniques in which the detection and measurement of an X-ray energy spectrum is used to analyse the composition of a sample.Such techniques rely upon the characteristic relationship between the composition of a material and the energy spectrum of the X-rays it emits when stimulated by a given source of excitation, such as when bombarded by high-energy electrons in a scanning electron microscope.Cf. quot. 1968, in which energy-dispersion is used attributively in the same sense.
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1968 Science 2 Feb. 528 (title) Solid-state energy-dispersion spectrometer for electron-microprobe X-ray analysis.]
1970 Science 7 Aug. 519 (advt.) As you read this ad, 37 per cent of all U3 owners have added our energy dispersive x-ray analysers.
1990 D. Ackerman Nat. Hist. Senses iv. 204 Using EDAX (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), they showered a fragment of a cello with high-energy electrons, which allowed them to analyze the wood's ingredients.
2001 R. W. Cahn Coming of Materials Sci. vi. 228 An ‘energy-dispersive’ analyser..uses a scintillation detector with an electronic circuit to determine the quantum energy of the signal.
2006 New Yorker 13 Mar. 89/1 In 2003, researchers re-tested surviving metal samples with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry.
energy drink n. originally U.S. any of various types of drink which are regarded or marketed as a source of energy; (now) esp. a soft drink containing a high percentage of sugar, or caffeine or another stimulant, typically consumed when participating in sports or as a means of overcoming tiredness; cf. sports drink n. at sport n.1 Compounds 4b.
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1904 Dubuque (Iowa) Tel.-Herald 3 Mar. 6/6 (advt.) Vimalt. The great health tonic... An energy drink.
1928 Chron.-Telegram (Elyria, Ohio) 17 Feb. 4 (advt.) Milk is the energy drink for youngsters.
1985 N.Y. Times 2 June f12/3 ‘Energy’ drinks such as Quaker Oats's Gatorade and Coca-Cola's MAX.
2014 K. E. McConnell et al. Health for Life ix. 161 Despite their name, energy drinks provide little usable energy for the body.
energy efficiency n. (a) Science and Engineering the efficiency with which a machine, device, or process utilizes the energy it takes in; spec. the ratio of the quantity of useful work performed or energy produced relative to the quantity of energy taken in or expended; (b) the economical use of energy, esp. electricity or fuel.
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society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > [noun] > efficient use of
energy efficiency1888
fuel efficiency1974
1888 Jrnl. Soc. Telegraph-engineers & Electricians 17 423 As far as I know, the actual energy efficiency has not been shown to be higher than about 60 per cent.
1922 Standards Amer. Inst. Electr. Engineers (rev. ed.) x. 108 The energy efficiency..represents the ratio of the energy delivered by the battery to the energy expended in charging it.
1972 H. Perry Conservation of Energy 2 The principal theme of this report is that energy conservation and energy efficiency are important issues.
1986 Options Aug. 33/1 Energy efficiency is not..a subject on which the British can talk with much authority.
2011 S. Coyle Sustainable & Resilient Communities iii. 78 Architects and..engineers collaborate to maximize energy efficiency in heating and cooling.
energy-efficient adj. originally U.S. that makes economical use of energy, esp. electricity or fuel; that facilitates or is conducive to an economical use of energy.
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society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > [adjective] > using efficiently
energy-efficient1970
fuel-efficient1975
1970 Science 2 Oct. 17/1 We need better utilization of all energy resources—for example, a transit system more energy-efficient than the present individual automobile.
1984 Today in Gainesville (Florida) Mar. 3 a These homes are equipped with..energy-efficient insulation.
2016 Guardian (Nexis) 31 July (Environment section) Shaw..has a top-rated energy-efficient fridge and has triple glazing on his windows.
energy exchange n. Science the transfer or exchange of energy from one body or system to another; (as a count noun) an instance of this.Cf. quot. 1878, in which an earlier compound of heat-energy denotes an exchange of energy in the form of heat.
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1878 A. S. Herschel in Nature 9 May 40/1 The..heat-tension of the gas by which its heat-energy exchanges are secured.]
1884 A. S. Herschel in Engineer 26 Dec. 479/1 Whether..the energy exchanges that occur are perfect and reversible, or take place with friction.
1934 H. E. White Introd. Atomic Spectra vi. 92 If in collision the energy exchange between..an electron and atom is all energy of translation.
2013 Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 125 1350/2 These systems interact, allowing energy exchange between the two, which reduces the statistical fluctuation.
energy field n. [compare German Energiefeld (1906 or earlier)] (a) Physics a field (field n.1 15a) regarded as a source of energy for bodies interacting with it (now rare); (b) a supposed aura or emanation of ethereal or spiritual forces (cf. sense 9, field n.1 15b).
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1895 Proc. Physical Soc. 13 402 It has not been found possible to map the energy field in this manner for three or more particles.
1920 Monist 30 411 The first deduction should be that when two bodies come into the same energy-field, that is, when they attract each other, kinetic energy aroused in each is equal.
1941 R. A. Heinlein in Astounding Sci. Fiction Jan. 15/2 You see, there are three types of energy fields known to exist in space; electric, magnetic, and gravitic or gravitational.
1971 B. Sidran Black Talk v. 148 The music created an ‘energy field’ that made the drummer feel he was hovering ‘six inches off the floor’.
1996 Time Out 27 Mar. 86/2 They were built in accordance with the laws of feng shui, which keeps the structures in harmony with the earth's energy fields.
2015 Nature 15 Oct. 295/1 I don't buy into the pseudoscientific claims of reiki and spiritual healers. There is no evidence that they can tap into and manipulate human ‘energy fields’ to clear blockages and heal the body.
energy firm n. = energy company n.
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society > occupation and work > business affairs > a business or company > [noun] > companies involved in specific business
misbeliefa1450
safeguarda1450
squatc1450
smearc1476
bleach1486
poulterer1534
water company1710
land-company1805
publishing house1819
railway company1824
oil company1827
bus line1843
rails1848
accountancy1860
art house1882
poulter1884
automaker1899
energy company1910
record label1926
label1930
utility1930
re-roller1931
prefabricator1933
seven sisters1962
energy firm1970
chipmaker1971
fragmentizer1972
fixit1984
infomediary1989
multi-utility1994
1970 Washington Post 28 Dec. a2/4 Universities often control a bigger percentage of the votes cast at the annual meetings of some energy firms than..2.73%.
1993 Oil & Gas Jrnl. 1 Mar. 4 Russian energy firms are..starting commercial production of natural gas in eastern Siberia's Irkutsk province.
2014 M. L. Robinson Marketing Big Oil 100 Moving beyond petroleum was essential for an energy firm like BP as it competes in the twenty-first century.
energy gel n. (a packet or portion of) high-carbohydrate gel designed to boost energy levels when consumed during sporting activity or other strenuous exercise.Energy gels typically contain high levels of sugars and maltodextrins (and sometimes also electrolytes, caffeine, etc.) and are usually sold in individually packaged servings.
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1995 Bicycling May 96/2 Energy gels..come closer to meeting the promise of a high-octane athletic fuel, particularly during extended efforts.
2005 Globe & Mail 28 Sept. a23/5 Consume 30 to 60 grams of carbohydrate per hour of running, using a combination of sports drinks, energy gels.., energy bars, fruit, or gummi candy.
2014 Cycle Sport Oct. 57/1 An energy gel had burst in Dumoulin's pocket, leaving a pinkish stain on his jersey and shorts.
energy gun n. originally and chiefly Science Fiction a device which emits a (destructive) beam or pulse of energy or high-energy particles.
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1917 Motion Picture Mag. Apr. 99/2 In ‘The Intrigue’, a Pallas picture.., soldiers meet their death as a result of a terrific electrical discharge from a huge energy gun, a purely imaginary contrivance.
1931 Tel.-Herald & Times-Jrnl. (Dubuque, Iowa) 7 Aug. 13/5 Scientists build new energy gun... Its projectiles are a stream, or beam, of protons..to shoot at heavy atoms to break them down.
1952 K. F. Crossen in Thrilling Wonder Stories Dec. 36/2 One of the Caphian ships appeared and settled to the ground just out of the range of an energy gun.
energy market n. the commercial market for energy supply.
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society > trade and finance > trading place > market > [noun] > other types of market
market overt1555
money market1787
pitched1805
farmers' market1847
primary market1859
perfect market1889
energy market1920
1920 Electr. World 20 Mar. 659/1 Subtracting from these computed state totals for 1930 the estimated state totals of 1920 gives the increase in generator rating..required between 1920 and 1930 to supply the increased energy market.
1974 Brookings Papers Econ. Activity 422 Stability in today's energy markets may be a humbler goal than the efficient allocation of energy resources over the long run.
2012 House of Commons Energy & Climate Change Comm.: Consumer Engagem. with Energy Markets: 5th Rep. II. 120 in Parl. Papers 2012–13 (H.C. 554–II) Domestic consumers..do not feel strongly about the energy market, and despite being aware of their right to switch.., they do not do so.
energy minister n. a government minister responsible for the oversight of energy supply.
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1959 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 1 July 5/4 Elliot Lake..Chamber of Commerce petitioned the Energy Minister..to locate the proposed..power station near the Uranium town.
1980 South China Morning Post 10 Oct. 1/5 Energy ministers from major Western nations..have been working together..to avert chaos in the oil market.
2006 T. James & P. C. Fusaro Energy & Emissions Markets vi. 123 The Russia-Ukraine gas-supply dispute in the winter of 2005 shocked EU energy ministers into action.
energy mix n. the combination of fossil fuels, nuclear power, and renewable sources of energy that is used to meet domestic and industrial energy needs in a given geographic region.
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1966 Denver Law Jrnl. 43 54 Key departmental technical personnel were then presented by Assistant Secretary Kelly and spoke on: ‘Future Place of Oil Shale in the Energy Mix’.
2009 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 12 Feb. a27 (advt.) The more prominent use of fuels with lower carbon intensity—such as natural gas, nuclear energy and renewable fuels—within the overall energy mix.
2020 P. F. Meier Changing Energy Mix 4 Also surprising..is the rapid change in renewable energy [in China], making up only 2.1% in 2010 but growing to 11.8% of the total energy mix in 2017.
energy poverty n. the condition of being unable to afford or obtain sufficient energy resources to fulfil the basic needs of a household or population.
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1959 Energy Resources & Technol.: Hearings before Subcomm. Automation & Energy Resources of Joint Econ. Comm. (86th Congr., 1st Sess.) 315 Many of these countries are energy poor. This energy poverty extends clear down to the individual user for cooking and other domestic purposes.
1998 Electr. World (Nexis) Nov. A vast array of new energy technologies poised to take on the challenges of energy poverty and environmental degradation were demonstrated.
2022 U. Ruiz-Rivas et al. in C. Rubio-Bellido & J. Solis-Guzman Energy Poverty Alleviation (e-book, accessed 25 Mar. 2022) ii. 35 The concept of energy poverty can be understood differently depending on country and social group or depending on the climate and culture.
energy provider n. something which or someone who provides energy; spec. (a) a substance (such as a food or fuel) which serves as a source of energy; (b) a state, organization, etc., which produces and distributes electricity or fuel; esp. a company supplying electricity or gas to customers.
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1887 Nature 17 Feb. 368/1 The bacterium lactis finds itself in a situation in which the free oxygen of the atmosphere has..become less available as an energy-provider.
1936 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 51 114 The use of bituminous coal as an energy provider.
1963 Sunday Gaz.-Mail (Charleston, W. Va.) 16 June (advertising insert in Energy section) The state of West Virginia is ideally located to serve as energy provider for the vast metropolitan areas on the East Coast.
1976 Financial Times 24 Dec. 18/1 The British National Oil Corporation should be a member of the commission..as a representative of State-owned energy providers.
2003 R. W. Chadd et al. Low Calorie Cookbk. 234/3 Bananas are great energy providers.
2016 A. Olive Canad. Environment in Polit. Context viii. 196 Switch to green power if possible, and encourage your energy provider to obtain more energy from renewable resources.
energy regulator n. a person or thing which regulates or controls energy (in various contexts); spec. (a) a substance or organ regarded as regulating the release or consumption of energy within the body; (b) a device which controls the flow or use of (electrical) energy in a machine or mechanism; (c) an official or agency responsible for the control and supervision of the energy industry or market.
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1897 New Eng. Med. Gaz. July 303 Many medicines must be looked upon as energy regulators only, while foods are energy producers.
1906 Trans. Inst. Mining Engineers 29 584 The circuit furnishes an electric current, of an intensity which is kept sensible constant by means of an automatic energy-regulator.
1944 Winnipeg Free Press 18 July 16/7 We know that the thyroid is the energy regulator of the body.
1973 Xenia (Ohio) Daily Gaz. 3 Dec. 1/1 New energy regulator: rationing possible... Simons..challenges suggestions that his impending appointment as the new federal energy czar lessen the chance of gasoline rationing.
1994 H. Fraser Electric Kiln iii. 30/1 The kiln can be fitted with separate energy regulators controlling the elements in the top and bottom.
1999 Jrnl. Animal Sci. 77 2230/2 Uncoupling protein 3..has been suggested to be an important energy regulator.
2010 Economist 11 Dec. 31/1 Ofgem, the energy regulator, announced an inquiry into competition in the energy sector after profits in the industry jumped by around 40%.
energy-rich adj. that contains or yields a (relatively) large amount of energy.
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1924 A. P. Mathews in E. V. Cowdry Gen. Cytol. ii. 26 There is an inactive and an active form; an energy-poor and an energy-rich form [of every substance].
1952 New Biol. 13 125 The limited stock of abiotically formed energy-rich molecules.
1993 Psychol. Today Jan. 33/1 Take a late-afternoon coffee—or tea—break and you're virtually programmed to dive for energy-rich pastry.
2013 A. Rutherford Creation: Future of Life i. 24 in Creation: Origin of Life It is a process of carbon fixation, effectively turning carbon dioxide into organic, energy-rich products.
energy secretary n. = energy minister n.
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1974 Financial Times 10 Jan. 5/3 In a discussion of the world energy crisis..Britain is likely to be represented by Lord Carrington, the new Energy Secretary.
1993 Associated Press (Nexis) 27 Jan. The energy secretary had just enough time to announce that the nation's [sc. Philippines] electricity crisis was almost over when the television station lost power.
2011 P. Vaze & S. Tindale Repowering Communities iv. 43 The need to control climate change..is an open objective for most US Democrat politicians, including President Obama and Energy Secretary Chu.
energy security n. (a) Finance (in plural) stocks, bonds, etc., issued by energy companies; (b) the safety of energy supplies, power networks, fossil fuel reserves, etc.; the safeguarding of these, esp. by a government; frequently attributive.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > stocks, shares, or bonds > [noun] > types of
redeemables1720
government bond1737
corporate bond1810
trustee security1859
international1863
foreigners1883
most active list1885
gilt-edge1900
actual1908
heavies1922
toxic waste1922
gilt-edged1930
prior charge1930
short1932
gilt1936
performer1939
tap1948
energy security1960
fallen angel1963
medium1968
physicals1974
underperformer1975
taplet1982
1960 Burlington (Iowa) Hawk-eye 10 Aug. 17/3 The Energy Fund [was] founded in 1955 by Ralph Samuel..to concentrate in energy securities.
1971 N.Y. Times 25 Sept. 46/5 Mr. Lincoln said that conservation and environmental policy would make the difference ‘between success or jeopardy of our energy security as of circa 1980–1985’.
1985 PR Newswire (Nexis) 22 Feb. During this period of depressed stock prices for energy securities.
1991 Sci. Amer. (U.K. ed.) Sept. 8/1 He seems surprisingly out of touch with recent economic thinking and U.S. environmental and energy security policy.
2008 Financial Times 18 Feb. (FTfm section) 12/6 The fund will invest in energy securities worldwide.
2015 P. Ekins in P. Ekins et al. Global Energy iii. xxvi. 541 There is not a straightforward relationship between the energy security of a given country and its dependency on imported energy.
energy shell n. Physics each of a number of discrete sets of orbitals (visualized as concentric shells surrounding the nucleus of an atom) capable of being occupied by electrons having certain energy values; a corresponding structure within a nucleus, occupied by nucleons; = shell n. 19b.
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1925 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 49 513 The optical spectral lines belong to transitions from a free outer orbit to a vacant place in the outmost energy shell.
1997 Sci. Amer. Dec. 51/3 The same mechanism works for filled proton and neutron energy shells in atomic nuclei and explains their magic numbers.
2008 J. McDowell Metals i. 4 Electrons move rapidly around the nucleus in regions known as energy shells.
energy spectrum n. the range of energy values possessed by a collection of particles, vibrations, etc.; the distribution of the energies of particles, vibrations, etc., over a range of values.
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1884 S. P. Langley Researches Solar Heat xi. 134 Unless we could form an energy spectrum from heat of some such degree as this, and determine the maximum ordinate of its curve, we should..be unable to determine the approximate wave-length of the heat in question.
1936 N. Feather Introd. Nucl. Physics x. 153 The emission of radiation (having a discrete energy spectrum).
1970 Look 6 Oct. 90/2 Four primary brain-wave patterns have been identified using this technique—delta, theta, alpha and beta, all contained within a total energy spectrum of about 0 to 40 cycles per second.
2004 New Scientist 7 Aug. 28/3 Such a detector could also test the georeactor theory by looking at the energy spectrum of antineutrinos from the core.
Energy Star n. (also with lower-case initials) originally and chiefly U.S. (a proprietary name for) a programme which provides certification to buildings and consumer products which meet certain standards of energy efficiency; (also) the certification mark itself.Often (and in earliest use) attributive.
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1992 Orange County (Calif.) Reg. 19 June d11/1 The plan includes an EPA ‘energy star’ logo that can be used to market PCs that meet a new, lower standard for consuming electricity.
2007 C. E. Schumer Positively Amer. 188 The Energy Star program..allows consumer products that meet certain efficiency standards to earn an Energy Star.
2016 National Post (Nexis) 16 Jan. (Post Homes section) 2 (advt.) Nine-foot ceilings, Energy Star appliances and ceramic tile backsplashes.
energy state n. Physics the physical condition or state of a body or system, characterized by the quantity of energy it possesses; spec. any of the discrete states, each characterized by a discrete quantity of energy, which a particle, atom, molecule, or other system can occupy according to quantum mechanics (cf. energy level n. 2).
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1916 Science 21 Apr. 568/2 A standard energy state is assumed and the change in the energy of the system may be measured by the work done on or by the system.
1955 W. Heisenberg in W. Pauli Niels Bohr & Devel. Physics 14 Schrödinger had recognized that the wave functions were the elements of the transformation matrices for the transition from energy states to position states.
2006 J. M. Hornback Org. Chem. (Internat. Student ed.) xiii. 502 Not only are the energies of the electron orbitals quantized, but all of the energy states of a molecule are quantized.
energy supplier n. something which or someone who supplies energy; spec. (a) a substance (such as a food or fuel) which serves as a source of energy; (b) a country, organization, etc., which produces or distributes electricity or fuel, esp. a company supplying electricity or gas to customers.
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1904 South Metrop. Gas Company Co-partnership Jrnl. Nov. 188 There may be..some scope for Radium as an energy-supplier; for..an ounce [of radium bromide]..would drive a 50-h.-p. motor-car round the world at 30 miles an hour.
1910 Times 22 June 17/2 ‘Energy + Cost of Maintenance by a Corporation Lighting Department’ was, or might be, considerably more expensive than ‘Energy + Maintenance by the Energy Supplier.’
1968 Universitas 11 258 Protein, fat and carbohydrates as energy suppliers are to a certain degree exchangeable.
1991 Canberra Times 18 July 23/3 Australia may not be Japan's largest energy supplier for much longer.
2006 C. Delp Kickboxing ix. 226 Fruits, muesli bars, and also chocolate, are quick and effective energy suppliers.
2014 New Scientist 21 June 34/3 The UK government..has introduced obligations for energy suppliers to source a certain amount of their energy from renewable sources.
energy weapon n. originally and chiefly Science Fiction a weapon which emits a beam or pulse of destructive energy or high-energy particles.
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1941 A. E. van Vogt in Astounding Sci.-Fiction July 60/1 The..display was made up of an assortment of rather curiously shaped guns..; and a glowing sign in the window stated: The finest energy weapons in the known universe.
1961 A. E. Nourse Tiger by Tail 163 The pogrom, it seemed, had been accomplished by an energy weapon which ate great, gaping holes in the sides of buildings.
1977 Observer 15 May 5/2 Recent events..have persuaded Air Force analysts that an energy weapon is nearing the test stage..at an unusual research facility..south of the city of Semipalatinsk.
2014 G. Mann Engines of War viii. 101 The Dalek fired its energy weapon and the Doctor dived to the floor.., the energy beam..scorching a long, black line into the wall.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2018; most recently modified version published online December 2022).
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