-wardsuffix

Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

Old English -weard, primarily forming adjectives, with the sense ‘having a specified direction’, corresponds to Old Frisian -ward, Old Saxon -ward, -werd, Old High German, Middle High German -wart (as in heimwart adj., homeward):—Germanic *-warđo-, < *warđ- ablaut-variant of *werþ-:—pre-Germanic. *wert- to turn (= Latin vertĕre); in the suffix the primary sense of the root is preserved, though the strong verb *werþan has only the derived sense ‘to become’ (see worth v.¹); cf. the Latin -versus (a participial formation from the same root), which in sense coincides with Germanic *-warđo-. Two other suffixes precisely identical in function with *-warđo-, but representing different grades of the root, are: Germanic *-werþo-, in Gothic -wairþ-s, Old Norse -verð-r, Old High German -wert (Middle High German and modern German only in the adverbial -wärts: cf. -wards suffix), Old Frisian -wirth; and Germanic *-urđo- in Old Norse -urð-r, Old High German -ort; neither of these types is found in Old EnglishThe pronunciation of the suffix when attached to a monosyllable is /wəd/; for the occasional colloquial shortening see W (the letter). Following one or more unstressed syllables it is usually sounded /wɔːd/.

Down to the 16th c. the suffix occasionally appears with irregular spellings, as warde, -werd, -word, -whard; the form -wart in Sc. and northern dialects represents a pronunciation still heard.

1. The suffix was originally appended only to local adverbs, and in Old English was still confined to this use. The adjectives in -weard usually denoted direction of movement, but many of them could also be used to designate aspect or relative position; in this function they often occur with partitive sense: e.g. foreweard must often be translated ‘front or first part of’. (With regard to the adjectives originating in modern English from adverbs in -ward, see 5 below.)

2. The Old English adjectives in -weard, like the corresponding words in the other Germanic languages, admitted of being used adverbially in the accusative. (Old English -weard) or in the genitive (Old English -weardes) of the neuter singular. (For the history of the genitival adverbs see -wards suffix.) The adverbs in -weard found in Old English are all (except hámweard homeward) adverbial forms of adjectives actually recorded in the language, and the first element is always a local adverb (hámweard being not really an exception). On the analogy of the older adverbs with this suffix, there were formed in Middle English several compounds in which -weard was added to adverbs, esp. to compound adverbs of phrasal origin, as in abackward, adownward, awayward, aboutward, againward, aforeward; the first three of these were soon displaced by the aphetic forms backward, downward, wayward.

3. In Old English the adverb tóweard was used also as a preposition, with the sense ‘in the direction leading to’. In early Middle English †fromward acquired a similar prepositional use, and later there are isolated examples of this development of function in some other adverbs in -ward (e.g. inward, onward) of which the first element is an adverb-preposition expressing movement.

4. The type of expression represented by the (now obsolete or archaic) forms ‘to heavenward(s’, ‘to the city ward(s’, ‘to us-ward’, and the (wholly obsolete) forms ‘from..ward(s’, is commonly spoken of as a ‘tmesis’ of the prepositions toward(s, †fromward(s. This is convenient as a description of its function, but is not historically correct.In reality, the practice of attaching the suffix (which thereby assumes more or less the character of a separate adverb) to a phrase consisting of a noun or pronoun governed by a preposition must be older than the development of the adverbs toward(s and fromward(s into prepositions. In Old English, though no preposition *wiðweard is known to have existed (cf. wiðerweard adj., adverse), there are many examples in which wið..weard is virtually a preposition governing the interposed word in the genitive (this being the case governed by wið). Although in Old English tó and wið are the only prepositions that are recorded in this use, it is significant that in Middle High German and in early modern German, while no compound prepositions with -wart, -wärts existed, these suffixes were added to phrases consisting of a noun or pronoun governed by a preposition (chiefly zu, nach, gegen; also von corresponding to Middle English from in from..ward). In this use, however, they wre commonly treated not as suffixes but as adverbs, and written as separate words. In English also ward in this construction (which is now archaic) is sometimes apprehended as a separate adverb, and so written. But it is usually felt as forming a compound with the governed noun. When the noun is qualified by the definite article, as in ‘to the heavenward’, there is a tendency to interpret the compound as a noun or an adjective used absolutely, because of the apparent analogy of expressions like ‘to the eastward’. Where the definite article was absent, the compound came to be regarded as an adverb; the prefixed to therefore became otiose, and therefore went out of use.

5. On the analogy of the adverbial compounds originating from the omission of to (e.g. heavenward adv. from to heaven ward), the suffix has in the modern English period been added freely to nouns (including proper names) to form adverbs expressing direction, aspect, or tendency. From the 16th cent. onwards there has been a growing disposition to use the adverbs in -ward as adjectives; in the 19th cent. or the last years of the 18th cent. several new adjectives of this formation appear for the first time: e.g. earthward, heavenward, Godward, manward, skyward; these, however, have been confined to literary use.

6. Examples of to..ward, till..ward (northern dialect), into..ward, unto..ward.

a. with proper name, or noun without determiner. For other instances see bedward adv., churchward n.², adv., and adj., deathward n., adv., and adj., earthward n., adv., and adj., Godward adv. and adj., heavenward n., adv., and adj., hellward n., adv., and adj., manward adv. and adj.

c1000 Ælfric Homilies I. 336 He..hine..bær to mynstreweard.

a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1052 Gewendon heom þa to Norðmuðan, & swa to Lundene weard.

a1300 K. Horn 1180 Ifond horn child stonde To schupeward in londe.

13.. Coer de L. 2452 King Richard Came sailing to Acres-ward.

c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 1 Wanne man drawiþ in-to oldeward, Wel ofte his bones akeþ.

1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xiv. 308 He tempreth þe tonge to treuthe ward.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 175 Julianus wente into Perseward.

1448 J. Shillingford Lett. (Camden) 37 Y mette with my lorde atte high table ende comyng to meteward.

1482 in H. E. Malden Cely Papers (1900) 91 And the xj day I wndyrstond ȝe pwrpose to Bregyswhard.

c1503 Nutbrown Maid in R. Arnold Chron. f. lxxvi^v To wood ward wyl I flee.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. lxxxvi. 108 Dyuers lordes and knyghtes of France were goyng into Spayne warde.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) 2 Cor. i. 16 To have bene ledde forth to Jewry warde of you.

1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Rom. vii. f. xviii The one..is wholly gyuen to synne, the other..laboureth to honestiewarde.

1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (iv. 2) i. f. 10 As to David~ward, the solution is easye.

1601 W. Parry New Disc. Trauels Sir A. Sherley 30 Wee presently imbarked our selues for..the first landing place of the Emperour of Rusciaes countrey to Persia ward.

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xviii. 695/2 Giuing command to make themselues shortly ready, for their Lords were to horse-ward.

1647 J. Trapp Mellificium Theol. in Comm. Epist. & Rev. 619 The despensation of the grace of God is given us to others-ward.

1889 E. Peacock Gloss. Words Manley & Corringham, Lincs. (ed. 2) Toward. The word is often divided thus: He lives to Grimsby ward noo. She's goän to Lunnun ward.

b. with noun determined by article or otherwise.⁋In quot. 1523, on is used instead of to or into (after a verb of motion).

c1000 Ælfric Lives Saints xxxi. 78 [He] het þæt he biheolde to his drihtne werd.

a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1048 Ða..wendon him þa up to þære burge weard.

c1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 1407 Til our contre-warde.

c1350 Apocalypse St. John: A Version (Harl. 874) (1961) 98 Þe dragoun wraþþed hym vnto þe womman ward & gooþ & fiȝtteþ wiþ oþer of hir kynde.

c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 161 Þe herte..hangiþ sum-what to the liftsideward.

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 386 Vn to the gardynward.

1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy i. 4045 Whan he cometh to-our-schippisward.

1480 W. Caxton Chron. Eng. cxlix. i 1 b Whan the tydynge come to the pope,..tho was he to the kyngward ful wroth.

c1480 (a1400) St. Theodora 462 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 112 Scho with camelis and cart held on to þe merkat wart.

a1500 (?a1475) Guy of Warwick (Cambr. Ff.2.38) 3889 Gye rode to hys men warde: The lyon folowed hym full harde.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cxxxiv. 66 Assone as the skirmyssh was begon, he toke his horse with the spurres & came on the skirmysshe warde.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Mark xiv. f. lxvj She cam a fore honde to anoynt my boddy to his buryinge warde.

a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in Wks. (1557) 61/1 Nowe was it before deuised, that..the protector should haue comen in among y^e people to y^e sermonwarde.

a1547 Earl of Surrey tr. Virgil Certain Bks. Aenæis (1557) ii. sig. Bi^v Thus slided through our town The subtil tree, to Pallas temple ward.

1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus 40 A Quauer is a figure like a Crochet, having a dash to the right hand-ward.

1644 H. Mainwaring Sea-mans Dict. 71 If her sterne lie towards the sea, we say her sterne lies to the off-ward, and her head to the shore-ward.

1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures v. 195 This Pilot desiring to avoid certain sands that were to the Prow-ward of him, put forth to sea.

1884 W. Black Judith Shakespeare xxxi Casting his eyes to the isleward.

c. with pronoun, me, thee, etc. Now only archaic.

ΚΠ

c1250 Owl & Night. 375 Ȝif hundes urneþ to him ward.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2726 To hemward swide he lep.

1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 170 Bi tyme turne to me ward, for I wille speke with þe.

c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde iv. 1666 I shal so doon..That ay honour to me-ward shal rebounde.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 413 Elfleda..regnede in al Mercia, outtake Londoun and Oxenforde, þe whiche þe kynge hylde to hymselfward.

1441 in T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. (1839) p. lvi He, with officers of the said forest, rode to themward in all that they might pricke.

1448 J. Gloys in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 28 His master was at Causton to yow ward.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lxxxii. 254 He tournyd his face to her warde.

1540 J. Palsgrave tr. G. Gnapheus Comedye of Acolastus iii. ii. sig. Oij She..seketh out the way to vs warde.

1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (lxiv. 12) i. f. 240 God wilbe the same to themward, that he shewed himself to be towards his servant David.

1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 16 Of whiche your bountie to him warde I am a witnesse.

1593 R. Harvey Philadelphus 71 Coil..brought the peoples goodwill into such a wheele, and so turned it to himselfeward, that [etc.].

1611 Bible (King James) 2 Cor. xiii. 3 Since ye seeke a proofe of Christ speaking in me, which to you-ward is not weake, but is mightie in you.

1632 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Eromena 14 The subtile Lady Admirall (who was long before aware of the Prince's love to her-ward).

1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge 180 Then I think he will have set before us such a Hoghen moghen Leviathan, that that of Holy Job would be but a kind of Spratkin to it ward.

1737 J. Wesley Coll. Psalms & Hymns 32 Thine Eyes to me ward ever turn.

1830 S. T. Coleridge Let. to Mrs. Gillman in Lett. (1895) II. 754 An anxious friend and tender sister to me-ward!

1848 J. R. Lowell Biglow Papers 1st Ser. iii. 38 When rumor pointed to himward.

1901 T. Hardy Poems Past & Present 112 No hint of mine may hence To theeward fly.

†7. Examples of from..ward, fro..ward. Obsolete.See also fromward prep. 1b.

c1220 Bestiary 719 And wende we neure fro him-ward.

c1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 7281 Þe ded..Salle ay þan fle fra þam-ward.

c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 399 Ful many a draghte of wyn hadde he drawe Fro Burdeuxward whil þ^t the Chapman sleep.

c1440 Alphabet of Tales 285 He mett his wife fro þe kurkward.

1495 Act 11 Hen. VII c. 9 §2 Leasses..for the which noe such suertie shalbe hadde..[shall] stand from thensforth ward voide and of noon effecte.

1583 J. Dee Jrnl. in True & Faithful Relation Spirits (1659) i. 56 His face is (now) from meward.

1607 T. Rogers Faith, Doctr., & Relig. 216 No man..can desire to appropriate..any thing to himselfe, either yet to make any priuate vse to himselfe from the rest ward.

1621 M. Wroth Countesse of Mountgomeries Urania 108 Amphilanthus..was then looking from herward, carelesse of her.

1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 299 With the nail of his Right Hand Thumb, sloaping from his Thumbward, he draws or slides forward the upper Sheet.

†8. In the 17–18th centuries the suffix -ward was often appended to phrases like this way, that way, our way, etc., preceded or not by to or from. In printed books it was common to join the suffix to the word way (either with or without hyphen), but to leave the preceding words of the phrase without hyphen, so that way-ward or wayward has a fallacious appearance of being a word.

1599 Warning for Faire Women ii. 548 To creep that way-ward whilst I live ile trye.

1662 S. Pepys Diary 7 May (1970) III. 78 He left the Queene and fleet in the bay of Biscay, coming this way-ward.

1682 G. Wheler Journey into Greece iv. 317 Turning back to our way-ward, we had the view of the highest Part of Parnassus.

1770 H. Walpole Let. 31 Mar. in Corr. (1941) X. 304 I depend upon seeing you whenever you return this wayward.

9. Examples of nonce-words (adverbs) < noun or proper name (rarely pronoun) + -ward suffix.

1623 L. Andrewes Serm. (1629) i. xvi. 154 In Man, there was onward [= oneward] an abridgement of all the rest. Gather God and him into one, and so you have all.

1728 J. Swift Let. to Pope 26 July ⁋3 You are the most temperate man Godward, and the most intemperate yourselfward of most I have known.

1752 H. Walpole Let. to H. Mann 27 July Our beauties are travelling Paris-ward.

1793 W. Cowper Let. 29 Aug. (1984) IV. 387 I will, therefore..refer the time of your journey Westonward entirely to your own election.

a1849 E. A. Poe Marginalia in Wks. (1864) III. 499 The whole tendency of the age is Magazine-ward.

1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling ii. iii. 157 In the afternoon we went on the Thames Putney-ward together.

1865 E. Burritt Walk to Land's End 241 The waif breezes..convey but a little way youward the breath of thyme they take up from these rough hills and valleys.

1893 Tablet 4 Nov. 742 Its eyes turned eastward and past-ward.

1899 ‘G. F. Monkshood’ & G. Gamble R. Kipling 69 Mr. Kipling thoughtfully points out to him that men do not float Simla-ward in paper ships upon a stream of ink.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1921; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	-ward
释义	-wardsuffix Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Old English -weard, primarily forming adjectives, with the sense ‘having a specified direction’, corresponds to Old Frisian -ward, Old Saxon -ward, -werd, Old High German, Middle High German -wart (as in heimwart adj., homeward):—Germanic -warđo-, < warđ- ablaut-variant of werþ-:—pre-Germanic. wert- to turn (= Latin vertĕre); in the suffix the primary sense of the root is preserved, though the strong verb werþan has only the derived sense ‘to become’ (see worth v.¹); cf. the Latin -versus* (a participial formation from the same root), which in sense coincides with Germanic -warđo-. Two other suffixes precisely identical in function with -warđo-, but representing different grades of the root, are: Germanic -werþo-, in Gothic -wairþ-s, Old Norse -verð-r, Old High German -wert* (Middle High German and modern German only in the adverbial -wärts: cf. -wards suffix), Old Frisian -wirth; and Germanic -urđo- in Old Norse -urð-r, Old High German -ort; neither of these types is found in Old EnglishThe pronunciation of the suffix when attached to a monosyllable is /wəd/; for the occasional colloquial shortening see W (the letter). Following one or more unstressed syllables it is usually sounded /wɔːd/. Down to the 16th c. the suffix occasionally appears with irregular spellings, as warde, -werd, -word, -whard; the form -wart* in Sc. and northern dialects represents a pronunciation still heard. 1. The suffix was originally appended only to local adverbs, and in Old English was still confined to this use. The adjectives in -weard usually denoted direction of movement, but many of them could also be used to designate aspect or relative position; in this function they often occur with partitive sense: e.g. foreweard must often be translated ‘front or first part of’. (With regard to the adjectives originating in modern English from adverbs in -ward, see 5 below.) 2. The Old English adjectives in -weard, like the corresponding words in the other Germanic languages, admitted of being used adverbially in the accusative. (Old English -weard) or in the genitive (Old English -weardes) of the neuter singular. (For the history of the genitival adverbs see -wards suffix.) The adverbs in -weard found in Old English are all (except hámweard homeward) adverbial forms of adjectives actually recorded in the language, and the first element is always a local adverb (hámweard being not really an exception). On the analogy of the older adverbs with this suffix, there were formed in Middle English several compounds in which -weard was added to adverbs, esp. to compound adverbs of phrasal origin, as in abackward, adownward, awayward, aboutward, againward, aforeward; the first three of these were soon displaced by the aphetic forms backward, downward, wayward. 3. In Old English the adverb tóweard was used also as a preposition, with the sense ‘in the direction leading to’. In early Middle English †fromward acquired a similar prepositional use, and later there are isolated examples of this development of function in some other adverbs in -ward (e.g. inward, onward) of which the first element is an adverb-preposition expressing movement. 4. The type of expression represented by the (now obsolete or archaic) forms ‘to heavenward(s’, ‘to the city ward(s’, ‘to us-ward’, and the (wholly obsolete) forms ‘from..ward(s’, is commonly spoken of as a ‘tmesis’ of the prepositions toward(s, †fromward(s. This is convenient as a description of its function, but is not historically correct.In reality, the practice of attaching the suffix (which thereby assumes more or less the character of a separate adverb) to a phrase consisting of a noun or pronoun governed by a preposition must be older than the development of the adverbs toward(s and fromward(s into prepositions. In Old English, though no preposition wiðweard is known to have existed (cf. wiðerweard* adj., adverse), there are many examples in which wið..weard is virtually a preposition governing the interposed word in the genitive (this being the case governed by wið). Although in Old English tó and wið are the only prepositions that are recorded in this use, it is significant that in Middle High German and in early modern German, while no compound prepositions with -wart, -wärts existed, these suffixes were added to phrases consisting of a noun or pronoun governed by a preposition (chiefly zu, nach, gegen; also von corresponding to Middle English from in from..ward). In this use, however, they wre commonly treated not as suffixes but as adverbs, and written as separate words. In English also ward in this construction (which is now archaic) is sometimes apprehended as a separate adverb, and so written. But it is usually felt as forming a compound with the governed noun. When the noun is qualified by the definite article, as in ‘to the heavenward’, there is a tendency to interpret the compound as a noun or an adjective used absolutely, because of the apparent analogy of expressions like ‘to the eastward’. Where the definite article was absent, the compound came to be regarded as an adverb; the prefixed to therefore became otiose, and therefore went out of use. 5. On the analogy of the adverbial compounds originating from the omission of to (e.g. heavenward adv. from to heaven ward), the suffix has in the modern English period been added freely to nouns (including proper names) to form adverbs expressing direction, aspect, or tendency. From the 16th cent. onwards there has been a growing disposition to use the adverbs in -ward as adjectives; in the 19th cent. or the last years of the 18th cent. several new adjectives of this formation appear for the first time: e.g. earthward, heavenward, Godward, manward, skyward; these, however, have been confined to literary use. 6. Examples of to..ward, till..ward (northern dialect), into..ward, unto..ward. a. with proper name, or noun without determiner. For other instances see bedward adv., churchward n.², adv., and adj., deathward n., adv., and adj., earthward n., adv., and adj., Godward adv. and adj., heavenward n., adv., and adj., hellward n., adv., and adj., manward adv. and adj. Π c1000 Ælfric Homilies I. 336 He..hine..bær to mynstreweard. a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1052 Gewendon heom þa to Norðmuðan, & swa to Lundene weard. a1300 K. Horn 1180 Ifond horn child stonde To schupeward in londe. 13.. Coer de L. 2452 King Richard Came sailing to Acres-ward. c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 1 Wanne man drawiþ in-to oldeward, Wel ofte his bones akeþ. 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xiv. 308 He tempreth þe tonge to treuthe ward. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 175 Julianus wente into Perseward. 1448 J. Shillingford Lett. (Camden) 37 Y mette with my lorde atte high table ende comyng to meteward. 1482 in H. E. Malden Cely Papers (1900) 91 And the xj day I wndyrstond ȝe pwrpose to Bregyswhard. c1503 Nutbrown Maid in R. Arnold Chron. f. lxxvi^v To wood ward wyl I flee. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. lxxxvi. 108 Dyuers lordes and knyghtes of France were goyng into Spayne warde. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) 2 Cor. i. 16 To have bene ledde forth to Jewry warde of you. 1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Rom. vii. f. xviii The one..is wholly gyuen to synne, the other..laboureth to honestiewarde. 1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (iv. 2) i. f. 10 As to David~ward, the solution is easye. 1601 W. Parry New Disc. Trauels Sir A. Sherley 30 Wee presently imbarked our selues for..the first landing place of the Emperour of Rusciaes countrey to Persia ward. 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xviii. 695/2 Giuing command to make themselues shortly ready, for their Lords were to horse-ward. 1647 J. Trapp Mellificium Theol. in Comm. Epist. & Rev. 619 The despensation of the grace of God is given us to others-ward. 1889 E. Peacock Gloss. Words Manley & Corringham, Lincs. (ed. 2) Toward. The word is often divided thus: He lives to Grimsby ward noo. She's goän to Lunnun ward. b. with noun determined by article or otherwise.⁋In quot. 1523, on is used instead of to or into (after a verb of motion). Π c1000 Ælfric Lives Saints xxxi. 78 [He] het þæt he biheolde to his drihtne werd. a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1048 Ða..wendon him þa up to þære burge weard. c1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 1407 Til our contre-warde. c1350 Apocalypse St. John: A Version (Harl. 874) (1961) 98 Þe dragoun wraþþed hym vnto þe womman ward & gooþ & fiȝtteþ wiþ oþer of hir kynde. c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 161 Þe herte..hangiþ sum-what to the liftsideward. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Miller's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 386 Vn to the gardynward. 1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy i. 4045 Whan he cometh to-our-schippisward. 1480 W. Caxton Chron. Eng. cxlix. i 1 b Whan the tydynge come to the pope,..tho was he to the kyngward ful wroth. c1480 (a1400) St. Theodora 462 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 112 Scho with camelis and cart held on to þe merkat wart. a1500 (?a1475) Guy of Warwick (Cambr. Ff.2.38) 3889 Gye rode to hys men warde: The lyon folowed hym full harde. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cxxxiv. 66 Assone as the skirmyssh was begon, he toke his horse with the spurres & came on the skirmysshe warde. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Mark xiv. f. lxvj She cam a fore honde to anoynt my boddy to his buryinge warde. a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in Wks. (1557) 61/1 Nowe was it before deuised, that..the protector should haue comen in among y^e people to y^e sermonwarde. a1547 Earl of Surrey tr. Virgil Certain Bks. Aenæis (1557) ii. sig. Bi^v Thus slided through our town The subtil tree, to Pallas temple ward. 1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus 40 A Quauer is a figure like a Crochet, having a dash to the right hand-ward. 1644 H. Mainwaring Sea-mans Dict. 71 If her sterne lie towards the sea, we say her sterne lies to the off-ward, and her head to the shore-ward. 1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures v. 195 This Pilot desiring to avoid certain sands that were to the Prow-ward of him, put forth to sea. 1884 W. Black Judith Shakespeare xxxi Casting his eyes to the isleward. c. with pronoun, me, thee, etc. Now only archaic. ΚΠ c1250 Owl & Night. 375 Ȝif hundes urneþ to him ward. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2726 To hemward swide he lep. 1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 170 Bi tyme turne to me ward, for I wille speke with þe. c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde iv. 1666 I shal so doon..That ay honour to me-ward shal rebounde. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 413 Elfleda..regnede in al Mercia, outtake Londoun and Oxenforde, þe whiche þe kynge hylde to hymselfward. 1441 in T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. (1839) p. lvi He, with officers of the said forest, rode to themward in all that they might pricke. 1448 J. Gloys in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 28 His master was at Causton to yow ward. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lxxxii. 254 He tournyd his face to her warde. 1540 J. Palsgrave tr. G. Gnapheus Comedye of Acolastus iii. ii. sig. Oij She..seketh out the way to vs warde. 1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (lxiv. 12) i. f. 240 God wilbe the same to themward, that he shewed himself to be towards his servant David. 1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 16 Of whiche your bountie to him warde I am a witnesse. 1593 R. Harvey Philadelphus 71 Coil..brought the peoples goodwill into such a wheele, and so turned it to himselfeward, that [etc.]. 1611 Bible (King James) 2 Cor. xiii. 3 Since ye seeke a proofe of Christ speaking in me, which to you-ward is not weake, but is mightie in you. View more context for this quotation 1632 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Eromena 14 The subtile Lady Admirall (who was long before aware of the Prince's love to her-ward). 1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge 180 Then I think he will have set before us such a Hoghen moghen Leviathan, that that of Holy Job would be but a kind of Spratkin to it ward. 1737 J. Wesley Coll. Psalms & Hymns 32 Thine Eyes to me ward ever turn. 1830 S. T. Coleridge Let. to Mrs. Gillman in Lett. (1895) II. 754 An anxious friend and tender sister to me-ward! 1848 J. R. Lowell Biglow Papers 1st Ser. iii. 38 When rumor pointed to himward. 1901 T. Hardy Poems Past & Present 112 No hint of mine may hence To theeward fly. †7. Examples of from..ward, fro..ward. Obsolete.See also fromward prep. 1b. Π c1220 Bestiary 719 And wende we neure fro him-ward. c1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 7281 Þe ded..Salle ay þan fle fra þam-ward. c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 399 Ful many a draghte of wyn hadde he drawe Fro Burdeuxward whil þ^t the Chapman sleep. c1440 Alphabet of Tales 285 He mett his wife fro þe kurkward. 1495 Act 11 Hen. VII c. 9 §2 Leasses..for the which noe such suertie shalbe hadde..[shall] stand from thensforth ward voide and of noon effecte. 1583 J. Dee Jrnl. in True & Faithful Relation Spirits (1659) i. 56 His face is (now) from meward. 1607 T. Rogers Faith, Doctr., & Relig. 216 No man..can desire to appropriate..any thing to himselfe, either yet to make any priuate vse to himselfe from the rest ward. 1621 M. Wroth Countesse of Mountgomeries Urania 108 Amphilanthus..was then looking from herward, carelesse of her. 1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 299 With the nail of his Right Hand Thumb, sloaping from his Thumbward, he draws or slides forward the upper Sheet. †8. In the 17–18th centuries the suffix -ward was often appended to phrases like this way, that way, our way, etc., preceded or not by to or from. In printed books it was common to join the suffix to the word way (either with or without hyphen), but to leave the preceding words of the phrase without hyphen, so that way-ward or wayward has a fallacious appearance of being a word. Π 1599 Warning for Faire Women ii. 548 To creep that way-ward whilst I live ile trye. 1662 S. Pepys Diary 7 May (1970) III. 78 He left the Queene and fleet in the bay of Biscay, coming this way-ward. 1682 G. Wheler Journey into Greece iv. 317 Turning back to our way-ward, we had the view of the highest Part of Parnassus. 1770 H. Walpole Let. 31 Mar. in Corr. (1941) X. 304 I depend upon seeing you whenever you return this wayward. 9. Examples of nonce-words (adverbs) < noun or proper name (rarely pronoun) + -ward suffix. Π 1623 L. Andrewes Serm. (1629) i. xvi. 154 In Man, there was onward [= oneward] an abridgement of all the rest. Gather God and him into one, and so you have all. 1728 J. Swift Let. to Pope 26 July ⁋3 You are the most temperate man Godward, and the most intemperate yourselfward of most I have known. 1752 H. Walpole Let. to H. Mann 27 July Our beauties are travelling Paris-ward. 1793 W. Cowper Let. 29 Aug. (1984) IV. 387 I will, therefore..refer the time of your journey Westonward entirely to your own election. a1849 E. A. Poe Marginalia in Wks. (1864) III. 499 The whole tendency of the age is Magazine-ward. 1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling ii. iii. 157 In the afternoon we went on the Thames Putney-ward together. 1865 E. Burritt Walk to Land's End 241 The waif breezes..convey but a little way youward the breath of thyme they take up from these rough hills and valleys. 1893 Tablet 4 Nov. 742 Its eyes turned eastward and past-ward. 1899 ‘G. F. Monkshood’ & G. Gamble R. Kipling 69 Mr. Kipling thoughtfully points out to him that men do not float Simla-ward in paper ships upon a stream of ink. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1921; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < suffixc1000
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