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单词 evolutionary
释义

evolutionaryadj.

Brit. /ˌiːvəˈl(j)uːʃn̩(ə)ri/, /ˌɛvəˈl(j)uːʃn̩(ə)ri/, U.S. /ˌɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri/
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: evolution n., -ary suffix1.
Etymology: < evolution n. + -ary suffix1. Compare French évolutionnaire (1829 in sense 1a, 1867 or earlier as noun in sense ‘person who advocates gradual change in society rather than revolution’, 1878 or earlier in sense 2a).
Of or relating to evolution (in various senses).
1.
a. Military and Navy. Of, relating to, or performing evolutions (evolution n. 1).
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military operations > evolution > [adjective]
evolutionary1809
1809 W. Nicholson Brit. Encycl. VI. at Tactics One officer and one covering serjeant perform all the evolutionary duties of each company.
1831 Times 18 July 2/5 The evolutionary squadron were off the port yesterday, cruising.
1861 J. H. Macdonald Evol. of Battalion 8 The first object of all evolutionary operations in the field..is to move towards the enemy.
1890 Daily News 9 May 5/6 The evolutionary grounds on which the special review is to be held..cover a magnificent area of level steppe.
1935 I. Miller School Tie xv. 290 I could never get the hang of anything more evolutionary than platoon-drill.
1936 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. 27 Sept. 13/1 He..devoted his attention largely to perfecting evolutionary tactics with the fleet.
1975 R. Seager & D. D. Maguire in A. T. Mahan Lett. & Papers II. 9 (note) Sir Geoffrey Thomas Phipps Hornby had been commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Fleet..and commander of the first evolutionary squadron in 1885.
b. Of, relating to, or of the nature of a turning or rolling movement, or (more generally) a change of position or posture. Cf. evolution n. 2a. Obsolete.
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the world > movement > motion in specific manner > revolution or rotation > [adjective]
rotatory1578
dinetical1646
vertiginous1663
dinetic1668
rotary1704
rotal1724
revolutionary1734
circumrotatory1744
rotative1747
rotatorial1755
verticillary1758
circumvolutionary1809
evolutionary1828
rotational1870
circumductory1872
1828 Lancet 5 Jan. 517/2 When the child is lying transversely,..evolutions sometimes occur, and more especially in brachial presentations... Under this evolutionary descent of the nates, Denman supposed that the arm ascended.
1832 H. Murray et al. Hist. & Descriptive Acct. Brit. India III. iii. 85 So quick is its [sc. a bulbul's] eye, and so rapid are its evolutionary movements, that it will follow the descent of a ring down a deep draw-well, and catch it in its fall.
1853 Debow's Rev. May 468/2 Dragged on like some long, slim, snaky monster by its locomotive heads,..at every evolutionary pulsation discharging the refuse remnants of their motive power.
2.
a. Of, relating to, or of the nature of a process of natural or gradual origination, transformation, or development, spec. biological evolution (evolution n. 8). Also in extended use.
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the world > life > biology > biological processes > evolution > [adjective]
developing1808
evolutionary1810
evolutive1823
evolutional1862
derivative1871
historical1875
evolutionistic1885
transformistic1887
pre-evolutionary1889
1810 Monthly Rev. Oct. 130 [The pupils] are divided into four classes, to each of which an appropriate and distinct course of instruction is given, called (1.) evolutionary, (2.) elementary, (3.) universal, and (4.) personal.
1816 J. H. H. Holmes Treat. Coal Mines Durham & Northumberland vi. 51 It is most probable that they [sc. two gases] are liable to mutual penetrations, which are produced in a greater degree when worked upon by an active agency, and..lessened in the absence of an evolutionary power.
1844 Medico-chirurg. Rev., & Jrnl. Pract. Med. 40 17 While these changes are going on in the substance of the Yolk, the germinal Vesicle also..is the seat of no less active evolutionary movements.
1871 St. G. Mivart On Genesis of Species iii. 86 That an innate power and evolutionary law, aided by the corrective action of ‘Natural Selection’, should have furnished like needs with like aids, is not at all improbable.
1883 H. Drummond Nat. Law in Spiritual World (1884) xii. 407 The development throughout obeys the evolutionary law in being from the general to the special.
1926 W. Lewis Art of being Ruled i. ii. 11 Instead of the static circle of the rotation of the crops, or the infinitely slow progress of handiwork, we are in the midst of the frenzied evolutionary war of the machines.
1951 G. R. de Beer Vertebr. Zool. (ed. 2) i. 1 The lowly and peculiar Balanoglossids..are not of much assistance in tracing the evolutionary history of the higher forms.
1982 K. Arms & P. S. Camp Biology (ed. 2) i. 11 The evolutionary success of an individual is measured by its contribution to the genetic make up of future generations.
2005 Independent 21 June 38/3 Scheib speculated that, for women, ‘extra-pair..mateships’ serve an unconscious or evolutionary function of obtaining ‘good genes’.
b. In accordance with a philosophical doctrine or scientific theory of evolution; following evolutionary principles.See also evolutionary biology n., evolutionary psychology n. at Compounds.
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1864 F. Hall in H. H. Wilson tr. Vishṅu Puráṅa III. 25 (note) The evolutionary doctrine.
1876 C. E. Appleton Life & Lit. Relics (1881) 184 Its process, as we should now say in evolutionary language.
1923 Jrnl. Philos. 20 221 It is a sincere and successful attempt to render the main principles of neo-Aristotelean evolutionary ethics precise, systematic, and rigorous.
1958 A. R. Redcliffe-Brown Method in Social Anthropol. i. i. 12 The evolutionary anthropologists..tended to look upon the development of culture as a process of unilinear evolution.
1965 D. Lack in Jrnl. Animal Ecol. 34 224 It is important to study evolutionary ecology in the natural habitat of a species, as many of its ecological adaptations may not be well suited to habitats modified by man.
1982 London Rev. Bks. 4 xxiv. 13/1 The taxonomists classify themselves as cladists or evolutionary systematists.
1994 K. Kelly Out of Control xix. 379 Evolution theory, and in particular evolutionary genetics, cannot understand evolution in full unless it remembers the complicated morphology of life.
2002 S. B. Eaton et al. in P. S. Ungar & M. F. Teaford Human Diet ii. 7 What..advocates of evolutionary medicine need..is an estimate of the nutritional pattern likely to have characterized the last common ancestor of apes and humans.

Compounds

evolutionary algorithm n. Computing a type of algorithm used in solving optimization and other problems by means of mathematical processes considered analogous to those of evolutionary theory (such as mutation, natural selection, etc.), possible solutions to a problem taking the place of living individuals in a population; cf. genetic algorithm n. at genetic adj. Compounds 1.
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1971 Jrnl. Appl. Probability 8 548 This can form a basis of an evolutionary algorithm which will work for those cases in which the gradient stopping rule is connected.
1985 Milcom '85 Conf. Rec. (IEEE Military Communications Conf.) I. 133 (title) A distributed evolutionary algorithm for reorganizing network communications.
2002 M. Sipper Machine Nature vi. 121 With offline evolvable hardware, the configurable processor is merely a ‘slave’ used for measuring fitness, while the evolutionary algorithm runs on a ‘master’ computer.
evolutionary biologist n. an expert in or student of evolutionary biology.
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1881 G. Allen Vignettes from Nature x. 93 Those self-same..outer flowers..make the guelder rose so interesting a plant in the eyes of the evolutionary biologist.
1962 C. A. Moore Philos. & Culture 481 To the evolutionary biologist, man is an item in the course of evolution, governed by the natural law of existence.
2001 Science 6 July 45/3 Evolutionary biologist John Maynard Smith..is honored..for his theory, called ‘evolutionarily stable strategy’ or ESS, which uses game theory to explain cooperative behavior.
evolutionary biology n. the branch of biology concerned with the evolution of living organisms; evolutionary theory as it impinges on other areas of biology; (more generally) an area of biology considered in the light of evolutionary theory.
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1876 St. G. Mivart Contemp. Evol. iv. 140 The second instance is that of the apparent conflict between evolutionary biology and Christian dogma, and indeed, no better test question as to the effect of scientific progress on Christianity could well be devised.
1920 Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 31 19 We have from one of the foremost pioneers of evolutionary biology [sc. T. H. Huxley] a clean cut rejection of ‘evolutionary ethics’.
1973 Lancet 5 May 1003/1 Based on considerations of evolutionary biology, tobacco smoking may be a self-selected behavioural regulator of physiological homœstasis.
2000 Economist 15 July (Bk. Review section) 9/2 The study of collaboration, conflict, and cheating between genes, sub-cellular organelles,..and cells..is a fascinating aspect of recent evolutionary biology.
evolutionary clock n. the process of biological evolution, or the rate at which evolutionary change is inferred to have proceeded, likened to the passage of time measured by a clock; spec. = molecular clock n. 2; also in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > instruments for measuring time > clock > [noun] > other types of clock
watch-clock1592
German clock1598
quarter clocka1631
wheel-clock1671
table clocka1684
month clock1712
astronomical clock1719
musical clock1721
repeater1725
Tompion1727
pulling clock1733
regulator1735
eight-day clock1741
regulator clock1750
French clock1757
repetition clock1765
day clock1766
striker1778
chiming clock1789
cuckoo-clock1789
night clock1823
telltale1827
carriage clock1828
fly-clock1830
steeple clock1830
telltale clock1832
skeleton clock1842
telegraph clock1842
star clock1850
weight-clock1850
prison clock1853
crystal clock1854
pillar scroll top clock1860
sheep's-head clock1872
presentation clock1875
pillar clock1880
stop-clock1881
Waterbury1882
calendar-clock1884
ting-tang clock1884
birdcage clock1886
sheep's head1887
perpetual calendar1892
bracket clock1894
Act of Parliament clock1899
cartel clock1899
banjo-clock1903
master clock1904
lantern clock1913
time clock1919
evolutionary clock1922
lancet clock1922
atomic clock1927
quartz clock1934
clock radio1946
real-time clock1953
organ clock1956
molecular clock1974
travelling clock2014
1922 J. C. Willis Age & Area xx. 205 As yet we are without any evidence as to what is the aim of nature, though..it seems evident that the evolutionary clock was wound up to run on a very definite plan.
1965 E. Zuckerkandl & L. Pauling in V. Bryson & H. J. Vogel Evolving Genes & Proteins 148 The changes that occur at a fairly regular over-all rate would be expected to be those that change the functional properties of the molecule relatively little... There may thus exist a molecular evolutionary clock.
1992 Cambr. Encycl. Human Evol. (1994) viii. v. 313/2 (caption) Patterns of relationship..based on information from DNA-DNA hybridisation, assuming that the DNA evolutionary clock ticked at about the same rate along each branch.
2004 B. S. Allen et al. in D. H. Jonassen Handbk. Res. Educ. Communications & Technol. (ed. 2) x. 218 The human evolutionary clock may have slowed..because we accommodate some ‘natural selection pressure’ technically and socially rather than biologically.
evolutionary psychologist n. an expert in or advocate of evolutionary psychology.
ΚΠ
1881 G. J. Romanes in Nature 31 Mar. 501/1 The evolutionary psychologist.
1985 P. Gray in M. R. Hebl et al. Handbk. for Teaching Introd. Psychol. II. iii. 47 The study of aggression, cooperation, and mating strategies..have been most emphasized so far by people who call themselves sociobiologists or evolutionary psychologists.
2001 J. Dupré Human Nature & Limits of Sci. iv. 83 Even if the brain really did evolve as the set of modules postulated by evolutionary psychologists, it is not at all obvious that this would give us much insight into how typical human brains now work.
evolutionary psychology n. an approach to psychology which considers psychological characteristics and behaviour in terms of their presumed origin as advantageous functional adaptations during evolution (rather than, for example, in terms of cultural influences on behaviour); cf. sociobiology n. 2.
ΚΠ
1877 C. W. Shields Final Philos. i. iv. 367 It will not be surprising if the latest evolutionary psychology of Spencer, Maudsley and Chauncey Wright shall yet find some advanced divines to champion it as the implicit teaching of Scripture.
1913 L. T. Hobhouse Devel. & Purpose Introd. p. xix It was the temptation of an empirical, and in particular of an evolutionary psychology, to explain away these higher developments of mind..and so reduce all mental phenomena as nearly as might be to the same level.
2002 J. Archer & B. Lloyd Sex & Gender (ed. 2) viii. 169 Contemporary evolutionary psychology offers a different perspective on family relationships... Hypotheses are tested by examining the contemporary social life of species whose social lives are structured in ways similar to those of our pre-agricultural forebears.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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adj.1809
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