单词 | friendliness |
释义 | friendlinessn. 1. a. The quality or condition of being friendly; kind, thoughtful, or affectionate behaviour; friendship. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > [noun] friendshipOE friendliheada1393 fellowshipa1400 friendsomenessa1400 study?c1400 friendlinessc1475 stomach1476 friendlihood1481 towardliness1566 friending1596 amicability1643 amicableness1646 amicality1836 palliness1904 mateyness1915 matehood1924 palsy-walsiness1942 c1475 (?a1440) B. Burgh Distichs of Cato (Rawl. C.48) l. 928 in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1906) 116 27 (MED) Thi supporte shal be in freendlynesse. No strange wiht on lyue so nyh wol the stonde As thi knowen ffrende. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Boke yf Eneydos vii. sig. Ciij Thenhabytauns..began to treate wyth theym curtoysly..wyth all gre and frendlynes. 1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. *iiij v His humblenes, and frendelynes to all men. 1598 Chaucers Dreame in T. Speght Wks. G. Chaucer f. 359/2 She had whole richesse Of womanhead, and friendlinesse. 1650 Bp. J. Taylor Rule & Exercises Holy Living i. §1 8 Let all the Intervals..be imployed in prayers..charitie, friendlinesse and neighbourhood. 1701 J. Prince Danmonii Orientales Illustres 19 One eminent for Acts of Kindness, Friendliness, and Charity. 1807 R. Southey Let. 8 Dec. in C. C. Southey Life & Corr. R. Southey (1850) III. xiii. 124 Fully sensible of your friendliness. 1829 H. B. Henderson Bengalee 360 A friendliness..to be met with among old Indians. 1863 ‘G. Eliot’ Romola I. xvi. 272 The keen eyes were bright with hope and friendliness. 1904 Times 10 Sept. 5/2 Everywhere the people showed civility and friendliness. 1963 Times 13 Feb. 11/4 The comfortable northern friendliness of the expression ‘ducks’ as employed by comfortable northern females to all and sundrys. 1970 P. Buck China as I see It v. 76 He responds with almost touching instancy to friendliness and affection and trust. 2006 Tablet 14 Oct. 5/1 I was treated with friendliness by Hindus. b. As a count noun, usually in plural. An act of friendship; a friendly or affectionate gesture; a kindness. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > kindness > [noun] > act of kindness goodOE loveOE estdedea1325 bounty1330 benefice1340 benefit1377 while1382 whileness1382 officec1384 excellencec1385 goodshipa1393 kindnessc1400 benevolencec1425 benignityc1534 obligement1611 obligation1618 friendlinessa1633 benevolenta1639 beneficence1654 amability1655 benefactiona1662 knight-service1675 kindliness1883 humanity1985 a1633 G. Herbert Priest to Temple (1652) xi. 49 [Those] who are much cheered with such friendlineses. 1790 G. Walker Serm. Var. Subj. II. xxi. 127 All the engaging, the heart-rejoicing friendlinesses of a human being. 1908 B. Stoker Lady Athlyne v. 47 He had to be aloof and unresponsive to any of the proffered friendlinesses of the voyage. 1915 W. Holt Beacon for Blind xxxi. 312 The countless little friendlinesses which he had personally shown to so many of them. 2000 E. Schreiner Time Stretching Fear 144 In all the tension and hate and anger, there were still unexpected friendlinesses from the uniformed police. 2. a. Frequently with to. Favourable disposition towards or support for something, esp. some principle or cause. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > approval or sanction > [noun] > disposition to approve plausibilitya1558 friendliness1558 sympathy1823 favour1827 favourableness1832 appreciativeness1849 approbativeness1860 the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > support > support or encouragement > [noun] > supporting or encouraging > specifically a cause, principle, etc. sustenance1387 friendliness1558 espousing1581 espousement1623 espousal1654 through-bearing1656 1558 Abp. M. Parker Let. Dec. in Corr. (1853) (modernized text) 51 Having good hope in your friendliness to the considerations aforesaid, I wish you [etc.]. 1659 J. Wall Let. 20 June in J. Milton Wks. (1753) I. p. v I have..oft had thoughts of you, and that with much respect, for your friendliness to truth. 1677 F. Bampfield Seventh-day-sabbath 146 Christ's Disciples should evidence and manifest their love to him, by their friendliness to his Law. 1766 Crit. Rev. Feb. 23 Its [sc. sleep's] beneficence and friendliness to life. 1834 Evangelical Mag. & Gospel Advocate 1 Feb. 35/2 Live up to your profession of friendliness to the cause of temperance. 1843 Spectator 24 June 582/2 The professional orators..professing their entire friendliness to free emigration. 1917 Independent 18 Aug. 246/2 Since the Russian revolution the Poles have shown more friendliness to the cause of the Entente Allies. 2008 D. R. Mayhew Parties & Policies v. 114 As the Democratic 103d Congress adjourned, several commentators marvelled at its surprising friendliness to business and hostility to unions. b. Frequently with with, between. The quality, condition, or fact of being favourably disposed towards a nation, people, etc.; cordiality of (now esp. diplomatic) relations; alliance, amicability. ΚΠ 1772 J. Whitaker Genuine Hist. Britons Asserted 226 Both the Picts and the Scots were then in a state of peace and friendliness with the Northumbrians. 1787 J. Andrews Def. of Stadtholdership 96 These maxims recommended..peace and friendliness with their neighbours, and the cultivation of commerce with all nations. 1888 Birmingham Daily Post 29 Oct. 4/3 One party is willing to endanger the friendliness of the relations between the two great English-speaking nations of the world. 1943 Ann. Reg. 1942 190 The question of the trial of war criminals ruffled..the ever-growing friendliness between Britain and America. 1989 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 13 Sept. The residual tradition of Dutch friendliness toward Israel may be a bonus in favour of Israeli companies. 2002 N.Y. Times 15 Sept. iv. 1/5 When the United States needed..Putin's help in securing Central Asian bases for its war against the Taliban, Russia reacted with unanticipated friendliness. 3. a. The quality (esp. of a product or process) of causing minimal harm (to the environment or nature). Cf. environmental friendliness n. at environmental adj. Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > environment or habitat > [noun] > quality of not being harmful to friendliness1977 1977 K. Knizia et al. in Conversion Primary Energy (10th World Energy Conf., Div. 3) 3. 1-5 New building lines must (be able to) show equal or better safety, friendliness to the environment, availability and capability of operation as established building lines. 1990 Independent 26 May 41/4 Conservation, of course, was flavour of the year, though friendliness to the environment seemed curiously selective. 2012 J. K. Wilson German Forest 217 For many Germans, France was the foil against which they contrasted their own friendliness to nature. b. The quality (of a computer system, piece of software, electronic device, etc.) of being easy to use or understand; user-friendliness. ΘΚΠ society > computing and information technology > [noun] > user interface > ease of use user friendliness1971 friendliness1978 1978 Science 24 Mar. 1274 (advt.) HP desktop computers extend their friendliness to interfacing with smart interface cards and a powerful I/O language. 1982 Computerworld 17 May 35/5 User fears were overcome by the ‘friendliness’ of the system. 1991 Publish Feb. 102/3 This Windows word processing program is especially adept at mixing text and graphics, and it's also notable for its ‘friendliness’ and ease of use. 2011 Belfast Tel. (Nexis) 20 Aug. 30 Even Apple, long noted for the friendliness of its Macs, isn't immune to criticism, so it was a logical step for Steve Jobs to incorporate some of his iPad ideas into the company's laptops and desktops. c. As the second element of compounds, with the sense ‘convenience or suitability for——, safety for use by——, likelihood of benefiting or causing minimal harm to——’; child-, gay-, reader-, user-friendliness, etc.: see the first element.Some less common formations are illustrated here. Chiefly formed on the model of similar adjectives in friendly adj. ΚΠ 1982 G. Pask & S. Curran Micro Man 36 We expect, indeed demand, ‘user friendliness’—that the machine should present itself to us in useful and unforbidding guise. The computer industry has come some, though not all, of the way to meeting these requirements, but there are still many obstacles to ‘computer friendliness’. Inexperienced users, for example, find it very difficult to re-order their natural language concepts and ways of thinking into computer language and computer logic. 1993 Spin Apr. 55 ‘My Drug Buddy’ (or ‘Buddy’, as the spin doctors of radio-friendliness have rechristened it). 1998 Irish Times (Nexis) 15 June 15 The treaty's theme of citizen-friendliness. 2009 New Yorker 30 Nov. 81/2 A passionate cycling advocate, Byrne rates the bike-friendliness of New Orleans, Istanbul, and points between. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1475 |
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