| 释义 |
furloughn. Origin: A borrowing from Dutch. Etymon: Dutch verlof. Etymology: < Dutch verlof exemption from service, permission, permit (Middle Dutch (rare) verlof permission to leave, dismissal), probably < Middle Low German vorlōf permission to leave, dismissal, a deverbal derivative < vorlȫven to permit, allow, especially to leave, probably an alteration (with prefix substitution: see vor- for- prefix1) of erlȫven, in the same sense (see note). Compare also ( < Middle Low German vorlōf) late Old Swedish förloff (Swedish förlov) and early modern Danish forloff (Danish forlov), and also (probably modelled on the Middle Low German word) German Verlaub (16th cent.), all in the sense ‘permission’.Middle Low German erlȫven is cognate with Old English ālīefan , Old High German irlouben (Middle High German erlouben , German erlauben ), Gothic uslaubjan , all in the sense ‘to permit’ < the Germanic base of or- prefix (compare a- prefix1) + the Germanic base of leve v.1 (compare leave n.1). Form history. The β. forms apparently arose by analogy with words showing variation between -of and -ow , compare e.g. the forms thof and thow at though adv., conj., and n.; spellings in -ough, -ogh are purely analogical. With the stress pattern of the English word perhaps compare the synonymous Dutch oorlof (with stress on the first syllable). 1. society > leisure > [noun] > leave of absence > for armed forces society > authority > lack of subjection > permission > [noun] > permission to be absent > given to officials or military personnel 1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes v. i. 89 in II The deed..is a thing of greater consequence, Then to be borne about in a blacke boxe, Like a Low-countrey vorloffe, or Welsh-briefe. 1637 R. Monro i. 34 The Lievetenant Colonell taking a fore-loofe, did go unto Holland. 1740 13 May He pretended he had been a Drummer in Lieutenant General Kerr's Regiment of Dragoons, and at present was a Drummer in Colonel Wolfe's Regiment of Marines, but could produce neither a Discharge from the one, or a Furlough from the other. 1861 W. Wheeler 27 Dec. (1875) 303 A furlough was written for me, by an old army surgeon. 1998 H. Mullen ii. 142 He's swamped writing furloughs. I'm being recalled to write leaves for officers! society > authority > lack of subjection > permission > [noun] > document which permits or authorizes a1658 J. Cleveland (1687) 7 The greatest Honours on the aged hurl'd, Are but gay Furlows for another World. 1826 W. Scott I. ii. 40 Or what else will your uncle Everard do for us? Get us a furlough to beg? 2. 1683 J. Turner iii. xi. 229 All Commission'd Officers are not always present, some frequently being either sick, wounded, or absent on furloff. 1686 tr. Livy (new ed.) i. iii. 86 They should not give Virginius any furlow [or leave to come away from his Colours]. 1706 13 June Thomas Hutt..had Leave of his Lieutenant to go with his Wife to Wareham..about setling an Estate..: His Furlow was but 7 Days. 1817 S. T. Coleridge Introd. p. xxii One of those short furlows from the service of the Body, which the Soul may sometimes obtain even in this, its militant state. 1947 17 Nov. 35/2 During his furlough his mother snapped his picture as he stood with a .22 rifle in a wheatfield. 2004 (Nexis) 17 June Flights carrying more than 200 soldiers on two-week furloughs would be arriving once a day at Hartsfield-Jackson and at Dallas-Fort Worth. society > authority > lack of subjection > permission > [noun] > permission to be absent 1763 W. Cowper 9 Aug. (1979) I. 93 My destination is settled at last, and I have obtained a furlough. 1793 F. Burney Let. 22 Feb. in (1972) III. 23 You..could not refuse to her request the Week's furlow. 1843 G. W. Le Fevre I. i. vii. 158 I..demanded a furlough of a fortnight, to enable me to see my friends in England. 1869 3 Mar. 4/3 Colonel Dickens, R.A., the able and popular Secretary to the Government of India in the Public Works Department, is about to take furlough. 1886 July 214 A missionary shall be entitled to furlough after eight years' service, and the Committee will determine how long the furlough will last. 1961 B. Pym (1993) xviii. 195 She was on leave, or ‘furlough’, as she called it, from Uganda, where she was headmistress of a girls' school. 2017 (Nexis) 17 Dec. (Music section) After a recent creative furlough, this six-month, global farewell tour..will climax with a hometown blowout in Helsinki. 1922 30 June 2/5 (heading) Toller won't have prison furlough to see his play. 1938 1 Oct. 49/2 President Judge Frank Smith of Philadelphia has been a pioneer in employing prison furloughs at the famous State Industrial Home for Women at Muncy. 2018 (Nexis) 30 Aug. 16 Mrs Zaghari-Ratcliffe was released from prison last Thursday and was staying with family outside the capital during a three-day furlough. 1867 9 Jan. In all of the frequent ‘furloughs’—as the discharges of the soldiers are called—four-fifths of the unfortunates are soldiers...There were furloughed twenty-three printers, of whom nineteen were soldiers. 1883 21 July The Government printing office..has been so skillfully managed by Mr. Rounds that no furlough will be required during the fiscal year. 1940 (Electronic ed.) 3 Jan. 24/4 Even though they are masked under the euphonious name of ‘furloughs’, the dismissals are actual enough. 1989 (Nexis) 16 Oct. (Washington News section) If the cuts become permanent, they could mean a furlough of two or three weeks for many meat inspectors. 2020 (Nexis) 17 Apr. 30 EY told its 17,000 UK staff on Wednesday..that partners' pay would be cut by 20 per cent, and said it would ‘do everything possible’ to navigate the coronavirus crisis without redundancies, furloughs or reducing employee salaries. Phrases1683 J. Turner iii. xi. 229 All Commission'd Officers are not always present, some frequently being either sick, wounded, or absent on furloff. 1706 G. Farquhar i. i. 4 Enter him a Granadeer..absent upon Furlow. 1773 198/1 Maclauchlan..was sent off upon a furlow for three months. 1834 F. Marryat III. vii. 104 My uncle James came home on furlough, for he held a very high and lucrative situation under the Company. 1915 16 Dec. 2/3 Private Tom Ness..is home from the front on furlough. 1971 N. Brown iii. 15 He had indulged in..smuggling and bootlegging during the prohibition days in Norway, catering to the needs of whalers on furlough. 1990 Apr. 6/1 The Keswick Convention organisers would like to extend a warm invitation to missionaries on furlough. 2006 (Nexis) 9 Mar. 1 d Northwest pilots now on furlough would have the first right to jobs at the subsidiary. Compounds1819 23 July 317 The Most Noble the Governor General in Council..deems it proper to lay down a scale of Furlough Pay and Pensions to Warrant Officers. 1844 J. H. Stocqueler 96 The salaries are large..the furlough allowance and retiring annuity handsome and all sufficient. 1905 22 Sept. 2/4 In one of the pockets was found an army furlough paper. 1942 5 Jan. 11/6 (caption) They made room and set up chow for..eight soldiers from Fort Eustis, Va., whose furlough journey to their homes in Canton, O., skidded to a halt in a collision with a trailer-truck. 1995 G. LaFree in D. F. Hawkins viii. 169 The Bush campaign made the Massachusetts prison furlough program a central issue in its election contest. 2009 22 July 20/3 Many state employees will be asked to continue taking three furlough days off a month without salary, equal to a 14 per cent pay cut. C2. 1812 19th Rep. Commisioners Mil. Enq. App. 447 in (H.C. 251) IV. 371 There are various small payments made.., such as those to the Whitster, the Gardener, the Furlough-men. 1916 Dec. 21/1 The furlough man is much better off then the man who extends his enlistment. 2014 (Nexis) 29 Dec. 9 800 furlough men who refused to return to the war were committed for trial by court martial for desertion. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). furloughv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: furlough n. 1. Originally and chiefly U.S.society > authority > lack of subjection > permission > permit [verb (transitive)] > give leave of absence to 1783 N. Greene Let. 8 Aug. in J. Sparks (1853) IV. 38 The Northern Army does not choose to be furloughed. 1867 R. W. Emerson 54 Amid the hue and cry Of scholars furloughed from their tasks. 1917 19 Apr. 576/1 Congress last month authorized furloughing army men to assist on farms this crop season. 2020 (Nexis) 19 May a6 The federal Bureau of Prisons has authority to furlough prisoners. society > leisure > [verb (intransitive)] > be on leave 1892 Christmas No. 31/2 The unsteady white gaiters of two Grenadiers furloughing in the village. 1923 J. M. Callahan III. 303/2 It is believed that he furloughed at the end of his three years and veteranized for the duration of the war. 2009 G. D. Gold 215 His mission accomplished, he furloughed in Paris. 1856 12 Nov. So far from retiring or furloughing one or two, every one of them would be dropped. 1918 L. Meriam xx. 391 Their [sc. administratrors'] power to reprimand, to furlough,..and to dismiss is sufficient to permit them to maintain proper discipline. 1996 Mar. 11/1 48,000 Department of the Interior employees were furloughed, closing virtually the entire National Park System. 2020 (Nexis) 12 June 6 Figures released by HM Revenue and Customs show Greater Manchester businesses have furloughed 326,800 jobs since the scheme was launched. Derivatives 1813 8 Feb. Few or no discharges are now granted. Furloughing less frequent than it has been. 1994 Mar. 84 The ‘major’ and ‘global’ airlines..were not hiring cockpit crew, while furloughing continues. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1631 v.1783 |
