genialadj.¹

Brit.

/ˈdʒiːnɪəl/, U.S.

/ˈdʒinjəl/,

/ˈdʒiniəl/

Forms: 1500s–1600s geniall, 1500s– genial; Manx English 1800s– gennal.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin geniālis.

Etymology: < classical Latin geniālis of or connected with marriage, of or connected with good cheer, festive, jovial, jolly, in post-classical Latin also native (from 12th cent. in British sources), inborn, natural (from 13th cent. in British sources), productive (of), giving birth (to) (13th cent. in a British source) < genius (see genius n.) + -ālis -al suffix¹. In sense 6 originally and chiefly after German genial (1786, perhaps as shortening of genialisch (1772)).Compare Middle French genial, genyal, French génial relating to procreation (1509), of or relating to the natural character of a person (1530 in Palsgrave; apparently last recorded in Cotgrave 1611), of or relating to marriage (1552), festive, jolly (a1560), relating to or characterized by genius (1837; probably after German genial).

1. Of or relating to marriage, nuptial; (hence) relating to procreation. Also: (of an angel, god, or goddess) presiding over marriage or procreation. Now rare. genial bed n. [after classical Latin lectus geniālis] a nuptial bed, a marital bed.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > [adjective]

matrimonial1449

yoked1531

conjugal1545

geniala1547

marriageable1597

married1598

hymeneal1602

marital1603

hymenean1606

weddeda1616

matrimonious1645

connubial1656

gamical1660

hymenial1710

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > [adjective] > relating to

genitala1382

generative?a1425

genitivea1500

procreatory1576

seminal1605

procreanta1616

younglinga1627

genitable1634

genial1652

spermatic1669

testiculatory1693

reproductive1746

generational1764

reproductory1831

genesial1848

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > wedding or nuptials > time after marriage > [noun] > bed

bridebedOE

bridal beda1547

marriage bed1567

nuptial bed1578

wedding-bed1597

Hymen-bed1598

thore1649

wed-beda1650

geniala1701

nuptial couch1731

wedlock bed1820

a1547 Earl of Surrey tr. Virgil Fourth Bk. Aeneas (1554) iv. sig. Aiv If geniall brands, and bedde me lothed not [L. si non pertaesum thalami taedaeque fuisset].

1566 T. Nuce tr. Octavia i. iii. sig. B.ii.^v Neroes dreaded visage..Doth fear me that I dare not weepe..Ne suffers me this geniall face To dash with teares.

1595 E. Spenser Epithalamion in Amoretti & Epithalamion xxii. sig. H6^v And thou glad Genius, in whose gentle hand, The bridale bowre and geniall bed remaine.

1652 J. Gaule Πυς-μαντια 149 So many Geniall or Genitall Gods and Goddesses.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 712 What day the genial Angel to our Sire Brought her in naked beauty.

a1701 H. Maundrell Journey Aleppo to Jerusalem (1703) 60 The virtue of them was to help conception, being laid under the Genial Bed.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. 323 The male and female [bear]..seldom are seen together but upon the accesses of genial desire.

1822 J. M. Good Study Med. IV. 18 The electric impulse given in the genial act to every portion of the solids and fluids of the body.

1864 Ld. Tennyson Lucretius 97 The all-generating powers and genial heat Of Nature.

2006 J. B. Lethbridge Edmund Spenser 241 Fruition in conjugal relations..is symbolized by Pleasure's presence in the womblike Garden of Adonis; she is installed in the genial bed in order to promote procreation.

†2. Of or relating to a feast; festive. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > [adjective]

festival1389

feastfulc1425

festual1462

festal1479

gaudious1570

full-mouthed1610

festive1613

genial1620

festivous1782

1620 T. Venner Via Recta viii. 183 If it be a geniall meale, or much larger then ordinarie, another draught of Wine is..allowable.

1644 J. Milton Areopagitica 15 Buried..in the genial cups of an Academick night-sitting.

1715 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad I. i. 772 Thus the blest Gods the Genial Day prolong, In Feasts Ambrosial.

1763 C. Johnstone Reverie (new ed.) I. 151 No resolution is proof against the pleasures of a genial hour.

3. Natural; of or relating to the natural character or spirit of a person or thing, or to a person's natural ability or aptitude. Frequently in genial spirit. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adjective] > innate or natural

i-cundeeOE

fleshly971

kindlyOE

kindc1175

naturalc1275

kindc1390

innatea1420

nativea1425

inborn1513

innative1513

habitual1526

ingenerate1531

instincta1538

innated1545

inset1545

of one's nativity1582

inbreda1592

connatural1599

prognatec1600

ingenious1601

ingenit1604

congenite1610

connativea1618

intuitive1621

infusive1630

habituous1633

veined1633

genial1646

connatea1652

relollacean1654

relollaceous1657

relolleous1662

congenial1664

complanted1668

ingrown1670

ingenerated1677

unborrowed1704

cogenite1712

born1741

naturable1771

unacquired1793

congenerous1813

congenital1848

ingrain1852

indigenousa1864

ingenital1886

wired-in1957

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica i. v. 19 Naturall incapacity, and geniall indisposition.

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 594 So much I feel my genial spirits droop.

1687 J. Dryden Hind & Panther iii. 137 A Theologue more by need than genial bent.

1798 W. Wordsworth Lines Tintern Abbey in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge Lyrical Ballads 208 If I were not thus taught, should I the more Suffer my genial spirits to decay.

1817 S. T. Coleridge Sibylline Leaves 239 My genial spirits fail.

1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam Epil. 207 Let all my genial spirits advance.

1906 W. H. Schofield Eng. Lit. to Chaucer ii. 99 The genial spirit that tenants the verse of Chaucer is English.

a. With reference to climatic conditions: favourable or conducive to growth or health; pleasantly warm or temperate. Formerly also with to. Also in extended use.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > fine weather > [adjective] > mild (of weather or climate)

mildOE

softc1225

greenc1425

gentle1550

genial1647

clement1652

balmy1709

maumy1728

1647 A. Cowley Written in Juice of Lemon in Mistress vi But when a Genial heat warms thee within.

1705 L. Maidwell Ess. Necessity & Excellency Educ. 31 The Soil was not Genial to the Seed.

1766 C. Anstey New Bath Guide i. i. 5 Ye genial Springs! Pierian Waters, hail!

1809 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 21 426 A recovery which..may be attributed to the regular and genial warmth of the wards.

1858 N. Hawthorne Jrnl. 9 Jan. in French & Ital. Notebks. (1980) 21 The soil is not genial to them [sc. trees].

a1872 F. D. Maurice Friendship Bks. (1874) ix. 255 Those years at Horton are undoubtedly the poet's most genial time, the one in which he produced with the greatest freedom and joy.

1914 Internat. Clinics 1 73 Rest, if possible out of doors in a genial air.

1968 C. O. Sauer Northern Mists vii. 155 A ‘cold’ time..gave way to more genial conditions in the fifteenth century.

2009 J. D. Majewski Modernizing Slave Econ. i. 50 Northerners failed to see how superior soils and a more genial climate gave them a significant advantage over the South.

b. Geology. Of a period of prehistory: characterized by a warm, mild climate; spec. designating an interglacial period. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > [adjective] > of or relating to climate > in the geological past > specific

genial1838

pluvial1868

boreal1876

sub-Atlantic1876

sub-boreal1876

interpluvial1907

intrapluvial1934

Atlantic1935

hypsithermal1957

1838 ‘Biblicus Delvinus’ Facts, Suggestions & Brief Inductions Geol. iii. 42 It appears that, during the genial epoch which has been mentioned, the whole surface of Europe was densely peopled by various orders of mammalia.

1851 Edinb. New Philos. Jrnl. 51 35 The third scene..exhibited the sands and pebbles of the genial period thrown up into mountains on the flanks of the chain.

1893 R. S. Ball Story of Sun 319 Ice Ages and Genial Ages must have alternated in each hemisphere.

1922 A. M. Carr-Saunders Population Probl. vi. 115 The gravel..probably dates from either the second or the third genial epoch.

2008 R. Kunzig & W. S. Broecker Fixing Climate (2009) 88 The prospect that humans might be making the current ‘genial’ period (as Arrhenius called an interglacial) a bit more genial was far from alarming him.

a. Esp. of a person: sympathetically cheerful; kindly; jovial; affable.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > courtesy > [adjective] > agreeable in manner

sweetc825

soota1250

coutha1375

pleasantc1387

gallant?a1513

plausible1577

plausive1595

placentiousa1661

winsome1677

genial1746

clever1758

nice1830

decent1902

1746 T. Smollett Reproof 173 Let ev'ry polish'd dame, and genial lord Employ the social chair and venal board.

1774 T. Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry I. Diss. ii. sig. h4 The celebrated drinking ode of this genial archdeacon [sc. Walter Map] has the regular returns of the monkish rhyme.

1841 T. Carlyle On Heroes iii. 160 Napoleon in Saint-Helena is charmed with the genial veracity of old Homer.

1847 C. Dickens Let. 28 Jan. (1981) V. 19 The most genial letter that ever was written.

1882 J. H. Blunt Reformation Church of Eng. II. 291 A pious and genial pastor.

1902 Amer. Monthly Rev. of Reviews Mar. 338/1 The emperor had a genial disposition, and was loved for his amiableness.

1976 E. B. Potter Nimitz iii. 39 Halsey, a charming, genial, approachable fellow, was smiling from ear to ear.

2009 Vanity Fair May 88/1 The genial Mr. Buckley..is a boyish 56.

b. Of an event, circumstance, etc.: cheering, enlivening, heartening; convivial, congenial.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pleasure > cheerfulness > [adjective] > cheering or suggestive of cheerfulness

comfortative1377

comfortive1377

cheerfula1440

comfortablec1460

cheering1549

sunny1565

sunshine1594

heartsome1596

sprightly1598

livening1605

brightening1642

exhilarating1644

encheering1652

cheery1655

spiriting1671

sunshiny1686

riant1720

sonsy1721

genial1747

cheerfulizing1840

cheer-up1846

enlivening1862

exhilarative1864

exhilarant1866

exhilaratory1871

heartening1895

1747 W. Collins Odes 37 I hail Thy genial lov'd Return.

?1780 J. Graham Lect. Generation 70 I have a most astonishing method to recommend, which will infallibly produce a genial and happy issue.

1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics (1860) I. 8 This is the genial hour.

1862 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 729 When the great logs blazed with a genial roar.

1923 P. G. Wodehouse Inimitable Jeeves iii. 32 A fairly nifty spot where a chappie..might spend a somewhat genial week or so.

1974 W. G. Archer Hill of Flutes i. 19 Santal villages have an air of genial comfort.

2008 Victorian Mar. 5/3 My book on Victorian pubs was the ultimate child of many genial sessions.

6. Of or relating to intellectual power or genius (genius n. 9); characterized by genius. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > high intelligence, genius > [adjective]

deepc1175

profoundc1300

ingenious1483

of (a) great, deep, etc., reach1579

deep-seen1598

gulf-breasted1598

large-souled1638

large-minded1696

bright1707

strongheaded1789

genial1825

dungeonable1855

superintelligent1857

1825 T. Carlyle tr. J. W. von Goethe in Life Schiller ii. 93 Heinse's Ardinghello and Schiller's Robbers..those performances of genial worth [Ger. genialem Wert] and wild form.

1848 J. C. Hare & A. W. Hare Guesses at Truth 2nd Ser. (ed. 2) 35 But a genial age, like a genial individual, is unconscious of its own excellence.

1850 R. W. Emerson Shakspeare in Representative Men v. 189 Great genial power, one would almost say, consists in not being original at all; in being altogether receptive.

1900 H. S. Chamberlain tr. G. A. Hight R. Wagner ii. ii. 158 Unquestionably genial art contains ‘all wisdom’ (as Schopenhauer says).

Compounds

Forming parasynthetic and complementary adjectives, as genial-hearted, genial-looking, etc., and derived nouns, as genial-heartedness.

ΚΠ

1809 T. N. Brown Life & Times H. Miller xv. 263 The genial-hearted Eglinton was only uttering the genuine sentiments of his soul.

1840 Fraser's Mag. Apr. 408/2 It [sc. the library] is always the warmest and most genial-looking room in a large mansion.

1878 Westm. Rev. Oct. 506 He dwells admiringly..on Luther's humour, genial heartedness, and naive poetic fancy.

1913 H. R. Haggard Child of Storm i. 6 This Umbezi was a stout and genial-mannered man.

2002 A. Forna Devil that danced on Water xxxvii. 279 A genial-looking man approaching sixty emerged from behind a screen in the open-plan office.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

genialadj.²

Brit.

/dʒᵻˈnʌɪəl/,

/dʒᵻˈniːəl/, U.S.

/dʒəˈnaɪəl/,

/dʒəˈniəl/

Origin: A borrowing from Greek, combined with an English element; modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: Greek γένειον , -al suffix¹.

Etymology: < ancient Greek γένειον chin (see genio- comb. form) + -al suffix¹, after French géni (1765 or earlier as †geni ). Compare scientific Latin genialis (apparently only in genialis arteria (1809)). Compare genian adj.

Anatomy.

Designating the prominences on the inner side of the mandibular symphysis from which the genioglossal and geniohyoid muscles originate, and the muscles themselves; of, relating to, or located in the region of this part of the mandible.Recorded earliest in genial process n. at Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > chin > [adjective]

mental1727

genial1828

genian1830

1828 R. Knox tr. H. Cloquet Syst. Human Anat. 297 It [sc. the genio-hyoideus] arises from a small tendon inserted into the lower genial process [Fr. l'apophyse géni inférieure].

1848 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. IV. 424/1 Here it [sc. the parotid duct] is surrounded..by a series of glands continuous with the genial glands, the ducts of which open partly into it and partly into the mouth.

1890 T. H. Huxley in 19th Cent. July 775 (note) The importance attached by some to the presence or absence of the so-called ‘genial elevations’.

1906 A. M. Buchanan Man. Anat. I. 115 Lower down there are four small projections, called collectively the genial spines, which are arranged in pairs on either side of the middle line.

1964 Brit. Jrnl. Oral Surg. 2 14 Care should be taken to define the lingual nerves and to leave the genial muscles attached.

2008 Jrnl. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg. 66 424/2 A long bone plate extending from one ramus to the other was used to provide a guide to the position of the genial segment.

Compounds

genial process n. [after French apophyse géni (1765 or earlier; 1828 in the passage translated in quot. 1828)] either of the genial tubercles; (also) one or both pairs of genial tubercles considered together.

ΚΠ

1828Genial process [see main sense].

1984 Internat. Jrnl. Oral Surg. 13 293/1 After removal of tumours around the genial process, intermaxillary fixation is not necessary.., because the masticatory forces are diminished.

2006 T. A. Larheim & P.-L. Westesson Maxillofacial Imaging i. 4 (caption) Genial process of mandible.

genial tubercle n. either of a pair of small bony prominences that are located one above the other on the posterior surface of the body of the mandible, on each side of the mandibular symphysis, and from which the genioglossal and geniohyoid muscles originate.

ΚΠ

1850 H. H. Salter in Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. IV. 1133/2 It [sc. the genioglossus] arises from the superior genial tubercle of the lower jaw by a tendinous tuft.

1919 Amer. Jrnl. Surg. 33 28/2 The specimen showed a very abundant anastomosis at the mental foramen and also at the genial tubercles.

2002 Dental Pract. 1 Apr. 1/3 Fragile..mucosa covering the floor of the mouth and including the genial tubercles and mylohyoid ridge.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	genial
释义	genialadj.¹ Brit. /ˈdʒiːnɪəl/, U.S. /ˈdʒinjəl/, /ˈdʒiniəl/ Forms: 1500s–1600s geniall, 1500s– genial; Manx English 1800s– gennal. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin geniālis. Etymology: < classical Latin geniālis of or connected with marriage, of or connected with good cheer, festive, jovial, jolly, in post-classical Latin also native (from 12th cent. in British sources), inborn, natural (from 13th cent. in British sources), productive (of), giving birth (to) (13th cent. in a British source) < genius (see genius n.) + -ālis -al suffix¹. In sense 6 originally and chiefly after German genial (1786, perhaps as shortening of genialisch (1772)).Compare Middle French genial, genyal, French génial relating to procreation (1509), of or relating to the natural character of a person (1530 in Palsgrave; apparently last recorded in Cotgrave 1611), of or relating to marriage (1552), festive, jolly (a1560), relating to or characterized by genius (1837; probably after German genial). 1. Of or relating to marriage, nuptial; (hence) relating to procreation. Also: (of an angel, god, or goddess) presiding over marriage or procreation. Now rare. genial bed n. [after classical Latin lectus geniālis] a nuptial bed, a marital bed. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > [adjective] matrimonial1449 yoked1531 conjugal1545 geniala1547 marriageable1597 married1598 hymeneal1602 marital1603 hymenean1606 weddeda1616 matrimonious1645 connubial1656 gamical1660 hymenial1710 the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > [adjective] > relating to genitala1382 generative?a1425 genitivea1500 procreatory1576 seminal1605 procreanta1616 younglinga1627 genitable1634 genial1652 spermatic1669 testiculatory1693 reproductive1746 generational1764 reproductory1831 genesial1848 society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > wedding or nuptials > time after marriage > [noun] > bed bridebedOE bridal beda1547 marriage bed1567 nuptial bed1578 wedding-bed1597 Hymen-bed1598 thore1649 wed-beda1650 geniala1701 nuptial couch1731 wedlock bed1820 a1547 Earl of Surrey tr. Virgil Fourth Bk. Aeneas (1554) iv. sig. Aiv If geniall brands, and bedde me lothed not [L. si non pertaesum thalami taedaeque fuisset]. 1566 T. Nuce tr. Octavia i. iii. sig. B.ii.^v Neroes dreaded visage..Doth fear me that I dare not weepe..Ne suffers me this geniall face To dash with teares. 1595 E. Spenser Epithalamion in Amoretti & Epithalamion xxii. sig. H6^v And thou glad Genius, in whose gentle hand, The bridale bowre and geniall bed remaine. 1652 J. Gaule Πυς-μαντια 149 So many Geniall or Genitall Gods and Goddesses. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 712 What day the genial Angel to our Sire Brought her in naked beauty. View more context for this quotation a1701 H. Maundrell Journey Aleppo to Jerusalem (1703) 60 The virtue of them was to help conception, being laid under the Genial Bed. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. 323 The male and female [bear]..seldom are seen together but upon the accesses of genial desire. 1822 J. M. Good Study Med. IV. 18 The electric impulse given in the genial act to every portion of the solids and fluids of the body. 1864 Ld. Tennyson Lucretius 97 The all-generating powers and genial heat Of Nature. 2006 J. B. Lethbridge Edmund Spenser 241 Fruition in conjugal relations..is symbolized by Pleasure's presence in the womblike Garden of Adonis; she is installed in the genial bed in order to promote procreation. †2. Of or relating to a feast; festive. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > social event > festive occasion > [adjective] festival1389 feastfulc1425 festual1462 festal1479 gaudious1570 full-mouthed1610 festive1613 genial1620 festivous1782 1620 T. Venner Via Recta viii. 183 If it be a geniall meale, or much larger then ordinarie, another draught of Wine is..allowable. 1644 J. Milton Areopagitica 15 Buried..in the genial cups of an Academick night-sitting. 1715 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad I. i. 772 Thus the blest Gods the Genial Day prolong, In Feasts Ambrosial. 1763 C. Johnstone Reverie (new ed.) I. 151 No resolution is proof against the pleasures of a genial hour. 3. Natural; of or relating to the natural character or spirit of a person or thing, or to a person's natural ability or aptitude. Frequently in genial spirit. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adjective] > innate or natural i-cundeeOE fleshly971 kindlyOE kindc1175 naturalc1275 kindc1390 innatea1420 nativea1425 inborn1513 innative1513 habitual1526 ingenerate1531 instincta1538 innated1545 inset1545 of one's nativity1582 inbreda1592 connatural1599 prognatec1600 ingenious1601 ingenit1604 congenite1610 connativea1618 intuitive1621 infusive1630 habituous1633 veined1633 genial1646 connatea1652 relollacean1654 relollaceous1657 relolleous1662 congenial1664 complanted1668 ingrown1670 ingenerated1677 unborrowed1704 cogenite1712 born1741 naturable1771 unacquired1793 congenerous1813 congenital1848 ingrain1852 indigenousa1864 ingenital1886 wired-in1957 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica i. v. 19 Naturall incapacity, and geniall indisposition. View more context for this quotation 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 594 So much I feel my genial spirits droop. View more context for this quotation 1687 J. Dryden Hind & Panther iii. 137 A Theologue more by need than genial bent. 1798 W. Wordsworth Lines Tintern Abbey in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge Lyrical Ballads 208 If I were not thus taught, should I the more Suffer my genial spirits to decay. 1817 S. T. Coleridge Sibylline Leaves 239 My genial spirits fail. 1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam Epil. 207 Let all my genial spirits advance. View more context for this quotation 1906 W. H. Schofield Eng. Lit. to Chaucer ii. 99 The genial spirit that tenants the verse of Chaucer is English. 4. a. With reference to climatic conditions: favourable or conducive to growth or health; pleasantly warm or temperate. Formerly also with to. Also in extended use. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > fine weather > [adjective] > mild (of weather or climate) mildOE softc1225 greenc1425 gentle1550 genial1647 clement1652 balmy1709 maumy1728 1647 A. Cowley Written in Juice of Lemon in Mistress vi But when a Genial heat warms thee within. 1705 L. Maidwell Ess. Necessity & Excellency Educ. 31 The Soil was not Genial to the Seed. 1766 C. Anstey New Bath Guide i. i. 5 Ye genial Springs! Pierian Waters, hail! 1809 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 21 426 A recovery which..may be attributed to the regular and genial warmth of the wards. 1858 N. Hawthorne Jrnl. 9 Jan. in French & Ital. Notebks. (1980) 21 The soil is not genial to them [sc. trees]. a1872 F. D. Maurice Friendship Bks. (1874) ix. 255 Those years at Horton are undoubtedly the poet's most genial time, the one in which he produced with the greatest freedom and joy. 1914 Internat. Clinics 1 73 Rest, if possible out of doors in a genial air. 1968 C. O. Sauer Northern Mists vii. 155 A ‘cold’ time..gave way to more genial conditions in the fifteenth century. 2009 J. D. Majewski Modernizing Slave Econ. i. 50 Northerners failed to see how superior soils and a more genial climate gave them a significant advantage over the South. b. Geology. Of a period of prehistory: characterized by a warm, mild climate; spec. designating an interglacial period. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > [adjective] > of or relating to climate > in the geological past > specific genial1838 pluvial1868 boreal1876 sub-Atlantic1876 sub-boreal1876 interpluvial1907 intrapluvial1934 Atlantic1935 hypsithermal1957 1838 ‘Biblicus Delvinus’ Facts, Suggestions & Brief Inductions Geol. iii. 42 It appears that, during the genial epoch which has been mentioned, the whole surface of Europe was densely peopled by various orders of mammalia. 1851 Edinb. New Philos. Jrnl. 51 35 The third scene..exhibited the sands and pebbles of the genial period thrown up into mountains on the flanks of the chain. 1893 R. S. Ball Story of Sun 319 Ice Ages and Genial Ages must have alternated in each hemisphere. 1922 A. M. Carr-Saunders Population Probl. vi. 115 The gravel..probably dates from either the second or the third genial epoch. 2008 R. Kunzig & W. S. Broecker Fixing Climate (2009) 88 The prospect that humans might be making the current ‘genial’ period (as Arrhenius called an interglacial) a bit more genial was far from alarming him. 5. a. Esp. of a person: sympathetically cheerful; kindly; jovial; affable. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > courtesy > [adjective] > agreeable in manner sweetc825 soota1250 coutha1375 pleasantc1387 gallant?a1513 plausible1577 plausive1595 placentiousa1661 winsome1677 genial1746 clever1758 nice1830 decent1902 1746 T. Smollett Reproof 173 Let ev'ry polish'd dame, and genial lord Employ the social chair and venal board. 1774 T. Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry I. Diss. ii. sig. h4 The celebrated drinking ode of this genial archdeacon [sc. Walter Map] has the regular returns of the monkish rhyme. 1841 T. Carlyle On Heroes iii. 160 Napoleon in Saint-Helena is charmed with the genial veracity of old Homer. 1847 C. Dickens Let. 28 Jan. (1981) V. 19 The most genial letter that ever was written. 1882 J. H. Blunt Reformation Church of Eng. II. 291 A pious and genial pastor. 1902 Amer. Monthly Rev. of Reviews Mar. 338/1 The emperor had a genial disposition, and was loved for his amiableness. 1976 E. B. Potter Nimitz iii. 39 Halsey, a charming, genial, approachable fellow, was smiling from ear to ear. 2009 Vanity Fair May 88/1 The genial Mr. Buckley..is a boyish 56. b. Of an event, circumstance, etc.: cheering, enlivening, heartening; convivial, congenial. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pleasure > cheerfulness > [adjective] > cheering or suggestive of cheerfulness comfortative1377 comfortive1377 cheerfula1440 comfortablec1460 cheering1549 sunny1565 sunshine1594 heartsome1596 sprightly1598 livening1605 brightening1642 exhilarating1644 encheering1652 cheery1655 spiriting1671 sunshiny1686 riant1720 sonsy1721 genial1747 cheerfulizing1840 cheer-up1846 enlivening1862 exhilarative1864 exhilarant1866 exhilaratory1871 heartening1895 1747 W. Collins Odes 37 I hail Thy genial lov'd Return. ?1780 J. Graham Lect. Generation 70 I have a most astonishing method to recommend, which will infallibly produce a genial and happy issue. 1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics (1860) I. 8 This is the genial hour. 1862 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 729 When the great logs blazed with a genial roar. 1923 P. G. Wodehouse Inimitable Jeeves iii. 32 A fairly nifty spot where a chappie..might spend a somewhat genial week or so. 1974 W. G. Archer Hill of Flutes i. 19 Santal villages have an air of genial comfort. 2008 Victorian Mar. 5/3 My book on Victorian pubs was the ultimate child of many genial sessions. 6. Of or relating to intellectual power or genius (genius n. 9); characterized by genius. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > high intelligence, genius > [adjective] deepc1175 profoundc1300 ingenious1483 of (a) great, deep, etc., reach1579 deep-seen1598 gulf-breasted1598 large-souled1638 large-minded1696 bright1707 strongheaded1789 genial1825 dungeonable1855 superintelligent1857 1825 T. Carlyle tr. J. W. von Goethe in Life Schiller ii. 93 Heinse's Ardinghello and Schiller's Robbers..those performances of genial worth [Ger. genialem Wert] and wild form. 1848 J. C. Hare & A. W. Hare Guesses at Truth 2nd Ser. (ed. 2) 35 But a genial age, like a genial individual, is unconscious of its own excellence. 1850 R. W. Emerson Shakspeare in Representative Men v. 189 Great genial power, one would almost say, consists in not being original at all; in being altogether receptive. 1900 H. S. Chamberlain tr. G. A. Hight R. Wagner ii. ii. 158 Unquestionably genial art contains ‘all wisdom’ (as Schopenhauer says). Compounds Forming parasynthetic and complementary adjectives, as genial-hearted, genial-looking, etc., and derived nouns, as genial-heartedness. ΚΠ 1809 T. N. Brown Life & Times H. Miller xv. 263 The genial-hearted Eglinton was only uttering the genuine sentiments of his soul. 1840 Fraser's Mag. Apr. 408/2 It [sc. the library] is always the warmest and most genial-looking room in a large mansion. 1878 Westm. Rev. Oct. 506 He dwells admiringly..on Luther's humour, genial heartedness, and naive poetic fancy. 1913 H. R. Haggard Child of Storm i. 6 This Umbezi was a stout and genial-mannered man. 2002 A. Forna Devil that danced on Water xxxvii. 279 A genial-looking man approaching sixty emerged from behind a screen in the open-plan office. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). genialadj.² Brit. /dʒᵻˈnʌɪəl/, /dʒᵻˈniːəl/, U.S. /dʒəˈnaɪəl/, /dʒəˈniəl/ Origin: A borrowing from Greek, combined with an English element; modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: Greek γένειον , -al suffix¹. Etymology: < ancient Greek γένειον chin (see genio- comb. form) + -al suffix¹, after French géni (1765 or earlier as †geni ). Compare scientific Latin genialis (apparently only in genialis arteria (1809)). Compare genian adj. Anatomy. Designating the prominences on the inner side of the mandibular symphysis from which the genioglossal and geniohyoid muscles originate, and the muscles themselves; of, relating to, or located in the region of this part of the mandible.Recorded earliest in genial process n. at Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > chin > [adjective] mental1727 genial1828 genian1830 1828 R. Knox tr. H. Cloquet Syst. Human Anat. 297 It [sc. the genio-hyoideus] arises from a small tendon inserted into the lower genial process [Fr. l'apophyse géni inférieure]. 1848 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. IV. 424/1 Here it [sc. the parotid duct] is surrounded..by a series of glands continuous with the genial glands, the ducts of which open partly into it and partly into the mouth. 1890 T. H. Huxley in 19th Cent. July 775 (note) The importance attached by some to the presence or absence of the so-called ‘genial elevations’. 1906 A. M. Buchanan Man. Anat. I. 115 Lower down there are four small projections, called collectively the genial spines, which are arranged in pairs on either side of the middle line. 1964 Brit. Jrnl. Oral Surg. 2 14 Care should be taken to define the lingual nerves and to leave the genial muscles attached. 2008 Jrnl. Oral & Maxillofacial Surg. 66 424/2 A long bone plate extending from one ramus to the other was used to provide a guide to the position of the genial segment. Compounds genial process n. [after French apophyse géni (1765 or earlier; 1828 in the passage translated in quot. 1828)] either of the genial tubercles; (also) one or both pairs of genial tubercles considered together. ΚΠ 1828Genial process [see main sense]. 1984 Internat. Jrnl. Oral Surg. 13 293/1 After removal of tumours around the genial process, intermaxillary fixation is not necessary.., because the masticatory forces are diminished. 2006 T. A. Larheim & P.-L. Westesson Maxillofacial Imaging i. 4 (caption) Genial process of mandible. genial tubercle n. either of a pair of small bony prominences that are located one above the other on the posterior surface of the body of the mandible, on each side of the mandibular symphysis, and from which the genioglossal and geniohyoid muscles originate. ΚΠ 1850 H. H. Salter in Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. IV. 1133/2 It [sc. the genioglossus] arises from the superior genial tubercle of the lower jaw by a tendinous tuft. 1919 Amer. Jrnl. Surg. 33 28/2 The specimen showed a very abundant anastomosis at the mental foramen and also at the genial tubercles. 2002 Dental Pract. 1 Apr. 1/3 Fragile..mucosa covering the floor of the mouth and including the genial tubercles and mylohyoid ridge. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.¹a1547adj.²1828
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genialadj.1

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