genitiveadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈdʒɛnᵻtɪv/, U.S.

/ˈdʒɛnədɪv/

Forms: Middle English genetif, Middle English genetijf, Middle English genetyf, Middle English genitif, Middle English genityf, Middle English–1500s genytif, Middle English–1500s genytyf, 1500s genetyue, 1500s genityfe, 1500s genytiue, 1500s genytyfe, 1500s genytyue, 1500s–1600s genetiue, 1500s–1600s genitiue, 1600s– genetive, 1600s– genitive, 1800s génitive. N.E.D. (1898) also records a form Middle English genetife.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French genitif; Latin genetīvus.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman and Middle French genetif, genitif (French génitif ) procreative, relating to the generation of offspring (13th cent. in Old French), designating a grammatical case (although this is first attested later than in English: a1460, earliest in a pun on the sense ‘relating to the generation of offspring’), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin genetīvus (in post-classical Latin also genitivus) belonging to birth or generation, designating a grammatical case < genit- , past participial stem of gignere to beget (see genital adj.) + -īvus -ive suffix. Classical Latin genetīvus casus was used by Latin grammarians to render Hellenistic Greek γενικὴ πτῶσις, which however means ‘generic case’. Varro, showing a similar misunderstanding of the Greek term, calls the genitive patricus casus ‘fatherly case’. Compare Spanish genitivo (second half of the 14th cent., earliest in sense ‘relating to the generation of offspring’), Italian genitivo (14th cent.), adjectives.With the use as noun compare classical Latin genetīvus (masculine; short for genetīvus casus genitive case), Middle French genitif , French génitif (second half of the 13th cent. in Old French), Catalan genitiu (14th cent.), Spanish genitivo (1490 in this sense), Portuguese genitivo (1540; also 1550 as genetivo ), Italian genitivo (a1328). Compare the following early use of the Latin word (in senses A. 1 and B.) in an English context:OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 21 Seo feorðe declinatio macað hire genitivvm on langne us: huius exercitus þises heres.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 22 genitivvs is gestrynendlic oððe geagniendlic: mid þam casv byð geswutelod ælces ðinges gestreon oþþe æhta.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 78 Þe[o]s declinung gæð þus: nominativo hic sensus þis andgyt, genitivo huius sensus ðises andgytes, dativo huic sensui þisum andgyte, [etc.].

A. adj.

1. Grammar.

a. genitive case n. (in inflected languages) a case of nouns and pronouns, and of words in grammatical agreement with them, the typical function of which is to indicate that the person or thing denoted by the word is related to another as source, possessor, or the like; (also in uninflected languages) a word or word form having a similar possessive function (cf. possessive case n. at possessive adj. 1).In English corresponding to of, from, and other prepositions, and to the possessive apostrophe or suffix 's. In different languages the genitive case is also employed in a variety of idiomatic usages.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [noun] > genitive

genitive casea1398

genitivec1400

possessive1755

possessive case1763

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. xcvi. 986 Lens þat is ‘a nyte’..and is ywrite wiþ d in þe genityf case.

c1454 R. Pecock Folewer to Donet 221 Þe genetijf case may be in ful many dyuerse maners gouernyd of þe nominatijf case.

1520 R. Whittington Uulgaria sig. C.iij The hauer or the owner gouerneth somtyme a genytyue case of the thynge that is had.

1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 23^v The poticaries..call it [sc. Iris] Irios in the genitiue case.

1644 K. Digby Two Treat. ii. ii. 367 The Hebrewes do expresse this vnion..of two different apprehensions..by putting in the genitiue case, the word which expresseth one of them.

1657 C. Hoole Common Rudim. Lat. Gram. 99 Nouns of the Comparative and Superlative degree, being put partitively.., require a Genitive case.

1711 J. Greenwood Ess. Pract. Eng. Gram. 51 Of the English Genitive Case, with a Note concerning Gender.

1771 W. Jones Gram. Persian Lang. 17 There is no genitive case in Persian.

1845 A. J. Cooley Pharmaceut. Lat. Gram. 4 The Génitive Case expresses the relation of property or possession, and is hence commonly called in English the possessive case; as, Argenti nitras, nitrate of silver.

1898 J. Earle Simple Gram. Eng. 15 To express the Genitive Case of these plurals no further sound is added.

1955 W. L. Westermann Slave Syst. Greek & Rom. Antiq. xiv. 92/1 The names of their owners appear in the genitive case after the slave names.

1985 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 51 38 All nouns and pronouns [in Cavineña] indicate ergative, absolutive, and genitive cases.

2009 L. Gibbs Aesop's Fables in Lat. 119 The Latin word satis always takes a complement in the genitive case.

b. Of or relating to the genitive case; designating a word or word form in the genitive case.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [adjective] > genitive

genitivec1400

genitival1806

possessival1873

c1400 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 192 (MED) A superlatif gre sal haf genitif case plurele afftir hym or ellys a genitif singuler off a nown collectiue.

1575 H. Grantham tr. S. Lentulo Ital. Gram. 59 Pronoumes..are expressed by the genitiue plurall [L. per Genit. pluralem].

1657 J. Tombes Anti-pædobaptism: 3rd Pt. lxxxix. 760 Baptism..is not to be read [by the washing which is regeneration] as if it were by apposition, but [of regeneration] as the Genitive possessive.

1765 J. Wesley Short Greek Gram. 5 Nouns of the First Declension circumflect the Genitive Plural.

1788 W. Marshall Rural Econ. Yorks. II. 308 The personal pronouns take a genitive form.

1858 E. Adams Elem. Eng. Lang. ii. 42 In the plural and in the feminine singular the genitive suffix in Anglo-Saxon was -re.

1879 P. W. Joyce Gram. Irish Lang. iii. ii. 99 When a possessive pronoun is used with the genitive noun, the article cannot be used with either.

1931 G. O. Curme Syntax xv. 239 The genitive clause does not usually have a distinctive form.

1978 Language 54 80 Some English prepositions correspond to Japanese genitive constructions with no plus relationals.

2003 K. Butcher Rom. Syria vi. 217 The inscriptions are normally in Greek and in the genitive plural—that is, ‘of the Antiochenes’.

2. Relating to reproduction or the generation of offspring. rare after 17th cent.In quot. a1500 with punning allusion to genitive case n. at sense A. 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > [adjective] > relating to

genitala1382

generative?a1425

genitivea1500

procreatory1576

seminal1605

procreanta1616

younglinga1627

genitable1634

genial1652

spermatic1669

testiculatory1693

reproductive1746

generational1764

reproductory1831

genesial1848

a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (BL Add. 9066) (1879) 416 The seconde case is genetif case, for some are prowde, that they come of noble kynne, and sayne they are Gentilmen.

c1540 J. Bellenden in tr. H. Boece Hyst. & Cron. Scotl. sig. Aiij^v As ane beist, so is ane man consaue Of seid infuse in membris genitiue.

1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus iv. f. 52^v He ordanit sum be of kind genitiue, And fill the warld efter thair qualitie.

1612 Mr. King tr. Benvenuto Passenger i. ii. 103 Sparage..prouokes vrine, increaseth genetiue seed, cleanseth the reynes from sand [etc.].

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Genitive, natural, engendring, of an ingendring faculty, that hath power to ingender.

1841 M. Hall Dis. & Derangements Nerv. Syst. vii. 283 Disease of the cerebellum induces its peculiar effects on the genitive organs.

1918 J. H. Kellogg Itinerary Breakfast 191 The increased consumption of meat was the potent cause of the failure in the genitive power of the British race.

2012 M. Hughes Costume not Included i. 11 Nature..had made up for the oddness of his mental equipment by granting him an extra portion in the size of his genitive organ.

B. n.

Grammar. The genitive case. Also: a word or word form in the genitive case.partitive, periphrastic, subjunctive genitive, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [noun] > genitive

genitive casea1398

genitivec1400

possessive1755

possessive case1763

c1400 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 191 How mony case has yow? Sex... Þe nominat[if], geniti [f] , datif, acusatif, vocatif, þe ablatif.

c1434 J. Drury Eng. Writings in Speculum (1934) 9 81 (MED) With a genytif, vt: Rex est dignus laudis.

c1525 T. Linacre Rudimenta Grammatices sig. A3 (heading) Nownes construed with a genytyue.

c1620 A. Hume Of Orthogr. Britan Tongue (1870) ii. v. §4 Our genitive is alwayes joyned with an-other noun, and is noated with of or s.

1669 J. Milton Accedence 8 Such [nouns of third declension] as increase not in the Genitive are generally Feminin, as Nubes nubis.

1749 J. Mason Ess. Power & Harmony Prosaic Numbers 71 The Concurrence of many Genitives with their Sign of prefixed, should be avoided as an inelegance.

1795 L. Murray Eng. Gram. 111 Where this double genitive, as it may be called, is not necessary to distinguish the sense..it is generally omitted.

1806 D. Booth Introd. Analyt. Dict. Eng. Lang. 42 The possessives my, your, thy, &c. and indeed all Genitives, may..be regarded as adjectives.

1866 E. Masson tr. G. B. Winer Gram. New Test. Diction 209 Even in Greek prose the Genitive is usually employed to denote separation or removal.

1905 E. F. Claflin Syntax Boeotian Dial. Inscriptions 50 The Possessive Genitive is often used alone in inscriptions on statues.

1964 Language 40 37 Prenominal genitives such as his and John's.

2006 R. Alexander Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian v. 78 Nema must be followed by the genitive.

Compounds

genitive absolute n. [after post-classical Latin genitivus absolutus (1549 or earlier)] Grammar (in ancient Greek) a construction consisting of a noun (or pronoun) and a participle both in the genitive case, being grammatically independent of the main clause and expressing the time, occasion, or circumstance of a fact stated.Similar to the Latin ablative absolute.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [noun] > genitive > genitive absolute

genitive absolute1647

1611 A. Willet Hexapla: Rom. ii. 100 For in the original it is put absolutely in the genitiue.]

1647 R. Hollingworth Rejoynder to S. Eaton 63 A Genitive absolute..should take away the necessary dependance which the infinitive hath on the verb.

1788 J. Moffat tr. Hippocrates Prognostics & Prorrhetics ii. 163 The genitive absolute, which does not, in the smallest degree, affect the sense.

1860 W. W. Goodwin Syntax Greek Verb vi. 297 We sometimes find the Participle in the Genitive Absolute with ὡς.

1970 German Q. 43 253 The accusative absolute is found also in Gothic where it frequently translates the Greek genitive absolute.

2011 A. J. Hultgren Paul's Let. to Romans ii. 111 The entire clause involves a genitive absolute construction.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	genitive
释义	genitiveadj.n. Brit. /ˈdʒɛnᵻtɪv/, U.S. /ˈdʒɛnədɪv/ Forms: Middle English genetif, Middle English genetijf, Middle English genetyf, Middle English genitif, Middle English genityf, Middle English–1500s genytif, Middle English–1500s genytyf, 1500s genetyue, 1500s genityfe, 1500s genytiue, 1500s genytyfe, 1500s genytyue, 1500s–1600s genetiue, 1500s–1600s genitiue, 1600s– genetive, 1600s– genitive, 1800s génitive. N.E.D. (1898) also records a form Middle English genetife. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French genitif; Latin genetīvus. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman and Middle French genetif, genitif (French génitif ) procreative, relating to the generation of offspring (13th cent. in Old French), designating a grammatical case (although this is first attested later than in English: a1460, earliest in a pun on the sense ‘relating to the generation of offspring’), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin genetīvus (in post-classical Latin also genitivus) belonging to birth or generation, designating a grammatical case < genit- , past participial stem of gignere to beget (see genital adj.) + -īvus -ive suffix. Classical Latin genetīvus casus was used by Latin grammarians to render Hellenistic Greek γενικὴ πτῶσις, which however means ‘generic case’. Varro, showing a similar misunderstanding of the Greek term, calls the genitive patricus casus ‘fatherly case’. Compare Spanish genitivo (second half of the 14th cent., earliest in sense ‘relating to the generation of offspring’), Italian genitivo (14th cent.), adjectives.With the use as noun compare classical Latin genetīvus (masculine; short for genetīvus casus genitive case), Middle French genitif , French génitif (second half of the 13th cent. in Old French), Catalan genitiu (14th cent.), Spanish genitivo (1490 in this sense), Portuguese genitivo (1540; also 1550 as genetivo ), Italian genitivo (a1328). Compare the following early use of the Latin word (in senses A. 1 and B.) in an English context:OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 21 Seo feorðe declinatio macað hire genitivvm on langne us: huius exercitus þises heres.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 22 genitivvs is gestrynendlic oððe geagniendlic: mid þam casv byð geswutelod ælces ðinges gestreon oþþe æhta.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 78 Þe[o]s declinung gæð þus: nominativo hic sensus þis andgyt, genitivo huius sensus ðises andgytes, dativo huic sensui þisum andgyte, [etc.]. A. adj. 1. Grammar. a. genitive case n. (in inflected languages) a case of nouns and pronouns, and of words in grammatical agreement with them, the typical function of which is to indicate that the person or thing denoted by the word is related to another as source, possessor, or the like; (also in uninflected languages) a word or word form having a similar possessive function (cf. possessive case n. at possessive adj. 1).In English corresponding to of, from, and other prepositions, and to the possessive apostrophe or suffix 's. In different languages the genitive case is also employed in a variety of idiomatic usages. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [noun] > genitive genitive casea1398 genitivec1400 possessive1755 possessive case1763 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. xcvi. 986 Lens þat is ‘a nyte’..and is ywrite wiþ d in þe genityf case. c1454 R. Pecock Folewer to Donet 221 Þe genetijf case may be in ful many dyuerse maners gouernyd of þe nominatijf case. 1520 R. Whittington Uulgaria sig. C.iij The hauer or the owner gouerneth somtyme a genytyue case of the thynge that is had. 1562 W. Turner 2nd Pt. Herball f. 23^v The poticaries..call it [sc. Iris] Irios in the genitiue case. 1644 K. Digby Two Treat. ii. ii. 367 The Hebrewes do expresse this vnion..of two different apprehensions..by putting in the genitiue case, the word which expresseth one of them. 1657 C. Hoole Common Rudim. Lat. Gram. 99 Nouns of the Comparative and Superlative degree, being put partitively.., require a Genitive case. 1711 J. Greenwood Ess. Pract. Eng. Gram. 51 Of the English Genitive Case, with a Note concerning Gender. 1771 W. Jones Gram. Persian Lang. 17 There is no genitive case in Persian. 1845 A. J. Cooley Pharmaceut. Lat. Gram. 4 The Génitive Case expresses the relation of property or possession, and is hence commonly called in English the possessive case; as, Argenti nitras, nitrate of silver. 1898 J. Earle Simple Gram. Eng. 15 To express the Genitive Case of these plurals no further sound is added. 1955 W. L. Westermann Slave Syst. Greek & Rom. Antiq. xiv. 92/1 The names of their owners appear in the genitive case after the slave names. 1985 Internat. Jrnl. Amer. Linguistics 51 38 All nouns and pronouns [in Cavineña] indicate ergative, absolutive, and genitive cases. 2009 L. Gibbs Aesop's Fables in Lat. 119 The Latin word satis always takes a complement in the genitive case. b. Of or relating to the genitive case; designating a word or word form in the genitive case. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [adjective] > genitive genitivec1400 genitival1806 possessival1873 c1400 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 192 (MED) A superlatif gre sal haf genitif case plurele afftir hym or ellys a genitif singuler off a nown collectiue. 1575 H. Grantham tr. S. Lentulo Ital. Gram. 59 Pronoumes..are expressed by the genitiue plurall [L. per Genit. pluralem]. 1657 J. Tombes Anti-pædobaptism: 3rd Pt. lxxxix. 760 Baptism..is not to be read [by the washing which is regeneration] as if it were by apposition, but [of regeneration] as the Genitive possessive. 1765 J. Wesley Short Greek Gram. 5 Nouns of the First Declension circumflect the Genitive Plural. 1788 W. Marshall Rural Econ. Yorks. II. 308 The personal pronouns take a genitive form. 1858 E. Adams Elem. Eng. Lang. ii. 42 In the plural and in the feminine singular the genitive suffix in Anglo-Saxon was -re. 1879 P. W. Joyce Gram. Irish Lang. iii. ii. 99 When a possessive pronoun is used with the genitive noun, the article cannot be used with either. 1931 G. O. Curme Syntax xv. 239 The genitive clause does not usually have a distinctive form. 1978 Language 54 80 Some English prepositions correspond to Japanese genitive constructions with no plus relationals. 2003 K. Butcher Rom. Syria vi. 217 The inscriptions are normally in Greek and in the genitive plural—that is, ‘of the Antiochenes’. 2. Relating to reproduction or the generation of offspring. rare after 17th cent.In quot. a1500 with punning allusion to genitive case n. at sense A. 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > [adjective] > relating to genitala1382 generative?a1425 genitivea1500 procreatory1576 seminal1605 procreanta1616 younglinga1627 genitable1634 genial1652 spermatic1669 testiculatory1693 reproductive1746 generational1764 reproductory1831 genesial1848 a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (BL Add. 9066) (1879) 416 The seconde case is genetif case, for some are prowde, that they come of noble kynne, and sayne they are Gentilmen. c1540 J. Bellenden in tr. H. Boece Hyst. & Cron. Scotl. sig. Aiij^v As ane beist, so is ane man consaue Of seid infuse in membris genitiue. 1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus iv. f. 52^v He ordanit sum be of kind genitiue, And fill the warld efter thair qualitie. 1612 Mr. King tr. Benvenuto Passenger i. ii. 103 Sparage..prouokes vrine, increaseth genetiue seed, cleanseth the reynes from sand [etc.]. 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Genitive, natural, engendring, of an ingendring faculty, that hath power to ingender. 1841 M. Hall Dis. & Derangements Nerv. Syst. vii. 283 Disease of the cerebellum induces its peculiar effects on the genitive organs. 1918 J. H. Kellogg Itinerary Breakfast 191 The increased consumption of meat was the potent cause of the failure in the genitive power of the British race. 2012 M. Hughes Costume not Included i. 11 Nature..had made up for the oddness of his mental equipment by granting him an extra portion in the size of his genitive organ. B. n. Grammar. The genitive case. Also: a word or word form in the genitive case.partitive, periphrastic, subjunctive genitive, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [noun] > genitive genitive casea1398 genitivec1400 possessive1755 possessive case1763 c1400 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 191 How mony case has yow? Sex... Þe nominat[if], geniti [f] , datif, acusatif, vocatif, þe ablatif. c1434 J. Drury Eng. Writings in Speculum (1934) 9 81 (MED) With a genytif, vt: Rex est dignus laudis. c1525 T. Linacre Rudimenta Grammatices sig. A3 (heading) Nownes construed with a genytyue. c1620 A. Hume Of Orthogr. Britan Tongue (1870) ii. v. §4 Our genitive is alwayes joyned with an-other noun, and is noated with of or s. 1669 J. Milton Accedence 8 Such [nouns of third declension] as increase not in the Genitive are generally Feminin, as Nubes nubis. 1749 J. Mason Ess. Power & Harmony Prosaic Numbers 71 The Concurrence of many Genitives with their Sign of prefixed, should be avoided as an inelegance. 1795 L. Murray Eng. Gram. 111 Where this double genitive, as it may be called, is not necessary to distinguish the sense..it is generally omitted. 1806 D. Booth Introd. Analyt. Dict. Eng. Lang. 42 The possessives my, your, thy, &c. and indeed all Genitives, may..be regarded as adjectives. 1866 E. Masson tr. G. B. Winer Gram. New Test. Diction 209 Even in Greek prose the Genitive is usually employed to denote separation or removal. 1905 E. F. Claflin Syntax Boeotian Dial. Inscriptions 50 The Possessive Genitive is often used alone in inscriptions on statues. 1964 Language 40 37 Prenominal genitives such as his and John's. 2006 R. Alexander Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian v. 78 Nema must be followed by the genitive. Compounds genitive absolute n. [after post-classical Latin genitivus absolutus (1549 or earlier)] Grammar (in ancient Greek) a construction consisting of a noun (or pronoun) and a participle both in the genitive case, being grammatically independent of the main clause and expressing the time, occasion, or circumstance of a fact stated.Similar to the Latin ablative absolute. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > case > [noun] > genitive > genitive absolute genitive absolute1647 1611 A. Willet Hexapla: Rom. ii. 100 For in the original it is put absolutely in the genitiue.] 1647 R. Hollingworth Rejoynder to S. Eaton 63 A Genitive absolute..should take away the necessary dependance which the infinitive hath on the verb. 1788 J. Moffat tr. Hippocrates Prognostics & Prorrhetics ii. 163 The genitive absolute, which does not, in the smallest degree, affect the sense. 1860 W. W. Goodwin Syntax Greek Verb vi. 297 We sometimes find the Participle in the Genitive Absolute with ὡς. 1970 German Q. 43 253 The accusative absolute is found also in Gothic where it frequently translates the Greek genitive absolute. 2011 A. J. Hultgren Paul's Let. to Romans ii. 111 The entire clause involves a genitive absolute construction. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.a1398
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