governoressn.

Brit.

/ˈɡʌvn̩ərᵻs/,

/ˈɡʌvn̩ərɛs/,

/ˈɡʌvənərᵻs/,

/ˈɡʌvənərɛs/, U.S.

/ˈɡəv(ə)nərəs/,

/ˈɡəvərnərəs/

Forms: late Middle English gouerners (perhaps transmission error), late Middle English gouernresse, late Middle English governouresse, late Middle English–1500s gouerneresse, late Middle English–1500s gouernouresse, late Middle English–1600s governeresse, 1500s gouerneress, 1500s gouvernres, 1600s governresse, 1800s– governoress, 1900s– governeress; N.E.D. (1900) also records a form late Middle English governowresse. Also with capital initial.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: French gouverneresse ; governor n., -ess suffix¹.

Etymology: Originally (i) < Middle French gouverneresse woman who has authority or influence, female leader (second half of the 13th cent. in Old French), female teacher, tutor, or guardian (a1385) < gouverneur governor n. + -esse -ess suffix¹. In later use (ii) re-formed < governor n. + -ess suffix¹. Compare governess n.

rare (nonstandard) in later use.

1. A woman responsible for a child or young person; a female tutor or guardian. Cf. later governess n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > teacher > [noun] > professional teacher > governess

mistressc1330

schoolmistress1335

governoressc1422

tutrice1490

tutrix1515

gouvernante1579

tutress1599

tutoress1614

directrice1631

duenna1641

under-governess1669

governess1673

conductress1760

Mam'sellec1794

directress1801

nursery governess1814

mademoiselle1861

finishing governess1862

fräulein1883

govy1899

miss1924

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > one who looks after > one in charge of young person > female

governoressc1422

governess?c1500

governante1637

gouvernante1667

duenna1709

chaperone1720

sheep-dog1847

gooseberry-picker1868

c1422 T. Hoccleve Tale of Jerelaus (Durh.) l. 298 in Minor Poems (1970) i. 150 A yong doghtir haue I..Of which I wolde..Thow tooke on thee to be gouerneresse, And teche hire.

1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 875/1 Y^e Lady Mary of Biskey, gouerneresse of y^e K. of Castile and Leon.

1936 Winnipeg Free Press 19 Nov. 2/5 (advt.) Well-educated English girl desires position as nursery-governoress or companion.

1994 M. Kantor & T. Tulchinsky tr. L. Tolstoy Infected Family i. i, in Plays I. 40 She used to chase after him when she was still workin' as a governoress in Petersburg.

2. A woman who has authority or influence; (in later use) spec. a female governor (governor n. 6a). Often figurative and in extended use (cf. later governess n. 1).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > [noun] > female

dame?c1225

governoressc1430

ruleressc1450

governess1483

gubernatrice1522

moderatrice1531

governatrice1532

gubernatrix1541

dominatrix1561

governantec1570

moderatrix1577

rectrix1588

rectress1599

moderatress1601

c1430 (c1370) G. Chaucer A.B.C. (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1878) l. 141 He haþ þe mad..gouerneresse Of heuene.

a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) i. l. 2934 She was ther iuge and ther gouerneresse.

c1450 (c1370) G. Chaucer Complaint unto Pity (Fairf. 16) (1871) l. 80 Shal cruelte be your gouerneresse?

c1450 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 6 (MED) I am gouernouresse of alle thinge, and of alle harmes j am leche.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Boke yf Eneydos xxvii. sig. Giiij She was maister ouer him & gouerneresse.

1553 King Edward VI in Lit. Remains (1857) II. 571 If i died w^tout issu, and there were none heire masle, then the L. Fraunces to be gouvernres.

1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. i. 27 To Ceres (thei Sacrificed and did honour) as gouerneress of the earth.

1652 Orders Barthol. Hosp. (1885) 21 You [the Matron] shall also as the chiefe Governeresse..have speciall regard to the good ordering.

1910 Lawyer & Banker Rev. 3 198 Marilla Ricker is running for Governor of New Hampshire. She would make an ideal governor-ess. She has brains, courage, tact, education, and is honest.

1949 R. Graves Islands Unwisdom 253 The pall-bearers returned to the Residency, to offer their condolences and homage to our She-Governor, or Governeress [1950 Governoress], who had not thought fit to display herself at the grave-side.

2007 El Economista (Nexis) 11 July The governoress of the US state of Washington, Chris Gregoire[,] yesterday visited a branch of the chain Costco.

†3. The wife of a governor (governor n. 6). Cf. governess n. 3. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > [noun] > wife of

governess1691

governoress1869

1869 Colburn's United Service Mag. Mar. 378 I discovered that her ladyship the Governoress, was a very sprightly mulatto.

1877 D. M. Wallace Russia I. xi. 271 A rich merchant of the town of T— once requested the Governor of the Province to honour a family festivity with his presence, and added that he would consider it a special favour if the ‘Governoress’ would enter an appearance.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	governoress
释义	governoressn. Brit. /ˈɡʌvn̩ərᵻs/, /ˈɡʌvn̩ərɛs/, /ˈɡʌvənərᵻs/, /ˈɡʌvənərɛs/, U.S. /ˈɡəv(ə)nərəs/, /ˈɡəvərnərəs/ Forms: late Middle English gouerners (perhaps transmission error), late Middle English gouernresse, late Middle English governouresse, late Middle English–1500s gouerneresse, late Middle English–1500s gouernouresse, late Middle English–1600s governeresse, 1500s gouerneress, 1500s gouvernres, 1600s governresse, 1800s– governoress, 1900s– governeress; N.E.D. (1900) also records a form late Middle English governowresse. Also with capital initial. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: French gouverneresse ; governor n., -ess suffix¹. Etymology: Originally (i) < Middle French gouverneresse woman who has authority or influence, female leader (second half of the 13th cent. in Old French), female teacher, tutor, or guardian (a1385) < gouverneur governor n. + -esse -ess suffix¹. In later use (ii) re-formed < governor n. + -ess suffix¹. Compare governess n. rare (nonstandard) in later use. 1. A woman responsible for a child or young person; a female tutor or guardian. Cf. later governess n. 2. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > teacher > [noun] > professional teacher > governess mistressc1330 schoolmistress1335 governoressc1422 tutrice1490 tutrix1515 gouvernante1579 tutress1599 tutoress1614 directrice1631 duenna1641 under-governess1669 governess1673 conductress1760 Mam'sellec1794 directress1801 nursery governess1814 mademoiselle1861 finishing governess1862 fräulein1883 govy1899 miss1924 the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > one who looks after > one in charge of young person > female governoressc1422 governess?c1500 governante1637 gouvernante1667 duenna1709 chaperone1720 sheep-dog1847 gooseberry-picker1868 c1422 T. Hoccleve Tale of Jerelaus (Durh.) l. 298 in Minor Poems (1970) i. 150 A yong doghtir haue I..Of which I wolde..Thow tooke on thee to be gouerneresse, And teche hire. 1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 875/1 Y^e Lady Mary of Biskey, gouerneresse of y^e K. of Castile and Leon. 1936 Winnipeg Free Press 19 Nov. 2/5 (advt.) Well-educated English girl desires position as nursery-governoress or companion. 1994 M. Kantor & T. Tulchinsky tr. L. Tolstoy Infected Family i. i, in Plays I. 40 She used to chase after him when she was still workin' as a governoress in Petersburg. 2. A woman who has authority or influence; (in later use) spec. a female governor (governor n. 6a). Often figurative and in extended use (cf. later governess n. 1). ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > [noun] > female dame?c1225 governoressc1430 ruleressc1450 governess1483 gubernatrice1522 moderatrice1531 governatrice1532 gubernatrix1541 dominatrix1561 governantec1570 moderatrix1577 rectrix1588 rectress1599 moderatress1601 c1430 (c1370) G. Chaucer A.B.C. (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1878) l. 141 He haþ þe mad..gouerneresse Of heuene. a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) i. l. 2934 She was ther iuge and ther gouerneresse. c1450 (c1370) G. Chaucer Complaint unto Pity (Fairf. 16) (1871) l. 80 Shal cruelte be your gouerneresse? c1450 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 6 (MED) I am gouernouresse of alle thinge, and of alle harmes j am leche. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Boke yf Eneydos xxvii. sig. Giiij She was maister ouer him & gouerneresse. 1553 King Edward VI in Lit. Remains (1857) II. 571 If i died w^tout issu, and there were none heire masle, then the L. Fraunces to be gouvernres. 1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. i. 27 To Ceres (thei Sacrificed and did honour) as gouerneress of the earth. 1652 Orders Barthol. Hosp. (1885) 21 You [the Matron] shall also as the chiefe Governeresse..have speciall regard to the good ordering. 1910 Lawyer & Banker Rev. 3 198 Marilla Ricker is running for Governor of New Hampshire. She would make an ideal governor-ess. She has brains, courage, tact, education, and is honest. 1949 R. Graves Islands Unwisdom 253 The pall-bearers returned to the Residency, to offer their condolences and homage to our She-Governor, or Governeress [1950 Governoress], who had not thought fit to display herself at the grave-side. 2007 El Economista (Nexis) 11 July The governoress of the US state of Washington, Chris Gregoire[,] yesterday visited a branch of the chain Costco. †3. The wife of a governor (governor n. 6). Cf. governess n. 3. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > [noun] > wife of governess1691 governoress1869 1869 Colburn's United Service Mag. Mar. 378 I discovered that her ladyship the Governoress, was a very sprightly mulatto. 1877 D. M. Wallace Russia I. xi. 271 A rich merchant of the town of T— once requested the Governor of the Province to honour a family festivity with his presence, and added that he would consider it a special favour if the ‘Governoress’ would enter an appearance. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1422
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