hybridn.adj.

Brit.

/ˈhʌɪbrɪd/, U.S.

/ˈhaɪˌbrɪd/

Forms: Also 1600s hibride, hybride.

Etymology: < Latin hybrida, more correctly hibrida (ibrida), offspring of a tame sow and wild boar; hence, of human parents of different races, half-breed. Compare French hybride (1798 in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter). A few examples of this word occur early in 17th cent.; but it was scarcely in use till the 19th. The only member of the group given by Johnson is hybridous adj.; Ash and Todd have also hybrid adjective, to which Webster 1828 adds hybrid noun. As to the ultimate etymology of Latin hybrida see Prof. Minton Warren in Amer. Jrnl. Philol. V. No. 4.

A. n.

1. The offspring of two animals or plants of different species, or (less strictly) varieties; a half-breed, cross-breed, or mongrel.reciprocal hybrid: see reciprocal adj. and n. Compounds.

a. of animals. (In 17th cent. only as in original Latin)

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the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > heredity or hereditary descent > [noun] > cross-breeding or hybridism > hybrid or cross

mongrel1558

hybrid1601

centaur1606

mulatto1664

half-strain1673

cross1761

cross-breed1774

first cross1793

double-cross1810

quadroon1811

intercross1859

outcross1882

reciprocal1901

filial generation1902

monohybrid1902

vicinist1905

first filial (or F₁) generation1909

polyhybrid1910

back-cross1919

second filial (or F₂) generation1938

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 231 There is no creature ingenders so soon with wild of the kind, as doth swine: and verily such hogs in old time they called Hybrides, as a man would say, halfe wild.

1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. Hibride, a Hog ingendred betweene a wilde Boare and a tame Sow.

1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Hybrid, a mongrel or mule; an animal or plant, produced from the mixture of two species.

1851 D. Wilson Archæol. & Prehistoric Ann. Scotl. iv. ii. 501 A grotesque hybrid, half-bird half-beast.

1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species i. 26 The hybrids or mongrels from between all the breeds of the pigeon are perfectly fertile.

1862 T. H. Huxley On Knowl. Causes Phenomena Org. Nature 112 There is a great difference between ‘Mongrels’ which are crosses between distinct races and ‘hybrids’ which are crosses between distinct species.

b. of human beings.

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1631 B. Jonson New Inne ii. vi. 26 She's a wild-Irish borne! Sir, and a Hybride.

1861 J. Crawfurd in Trans. Ethnol. Soc. London 1 357 At the best we [English] are but hybrids, yet, probably, not the worse for that.

1878 R. B. Smith Carthage 434 Negroes from the Soudan, not such sickly..hybrids as you see in Oxford Street..but real down-right Negroes halfnaked, black as ebony.

c. of plants.

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1788 J. Lee Introd. Bot. (ed. 4) Gloss. Hybrida, a Bastard, a monstrous Production of two Plants of different Species.]

1828 [see sense A. 1a].

1845 J. Lindley School Bot. (1858) x. 167 No hybrids but such as are of a woody perennial character can be perpetuated with certainty.

1846 J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) II. 358 Swedes are generally sown first. Hybrids..are usually sown next, and white turnips the last.

1867 Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) III. 306 The common Oxlip found everywhere..in England, is certainly a hybrid between the primrose and cowslip.

2. transferred and figurative.

a. Anything derived from heterogeneous sources, or composed of different or incongruous elements; in Philology a compound formed of elements belonging to different languages.

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the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > [noun] > a mixture > of incongruous elements

participle?a1475

mongrel1582

centaur1606

mule1631

crossc1796

half-and-halfc1814

chimera1832

half-breed1846

hybrid1850

piebald1897

1850 H. Rogers Ess. II. iv. 213 A free resort to grotesque compounds..favours the multiplication of yet more grotesque hybrids.

1860 C. Darwin in F. Darwin Life & Lett. C. Darwin (1887) II. 338 I will tell you what you are, a hybrid, a complex cross of lawyer, poet, naturalist, and theologian!

1874 L. Carr Judith Gwynne II. vii. 163 A remarkable hybrid between a frank..bumpkin, and a used up exquisite.

1879 R. Morris Hist. Outl. Eng. Accidence 39 Sometimes we find English and Romance elements compounded. These are termed Hybrids.

1895 F. Hall Two Trifles 28 The ancient Romans would not have endured scientistes or scientista, as a new type of hybrid.

b. Geology. A hybrid rock (see sense B. 2b below).

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the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > composite rock > [noun] > hybrid

hybrid1918

1918 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 74 129 Compared with the Potter-Fell type..they would be hybrids, the former are transitional varieties.

1934 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 90 599 The hybrid or its parent magma rose along the bedding-planes of the sediments.

1950 E. E. Wahlstrom Introd. Theoret. Igneous Petrol. x. 234 The products of intermingling of these magmas originally were called hybrids, a term which..has come to have a broader meaning and now includes all rocks resulting from the assimilation or melting of solid igneous rocks by later intrusions from the same source.

c. Physical Chemistry. A hybrid orbital (see sense B. 2d below).

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the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [noun] > electrons > orbitals > hybrid

hybrid1932

1932 Physical Rev. 40 62 A hybrid of 3d, 4s, and 4p electrons.

1962 P. J. Durrant & B. Durrant Introd. Adv. Inorg. Chem. v. 144 The bond angles, at a given atom, are determined by the angles between its σ hybrids.

1968 K. F. Reid Prop. & React. Bonds in Org. Molecules iii. 43 The second kind of hybridized orbital, termed the trigonal hybrid, arises through the hybridization of one s and two p A[tomic] O[rbital]s.

B. adj.

1. Produced by the inter-breeding of two different species or varieties of animals or plants; mongrel, cross-bred, half-bred.

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the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > heredity or hereditary descent > [adjective] > cross-breeding or hybridization

bigenerous1610

hybridan1623

mongrel1633

hybridous1691

mule1728

hybrid1775

cross-bred1856

hybridizablea1864

paragenesic1864

hybridized1872

cross1886

monohybrid1903

outbred1903

intergeneric1921

polyhybrid1922

reticulate1938

trihybrid1941

inter-strain1950

1775 J. Ash New Dict. Eng. Lang. Hybrid, begotten between animals of different species, produced from plants of different kinds.

1789 E. Darwin Bot. Garden: Pt. II 149 (note) Many hybrid plants described.

1823 J. Badcock Domest. Amusem. 47 These hybrid, or mule productions.

1857 C. Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) II. 96 I think there is rather better evidence on the sterility of hybrid animals than you seem to admit.

1865 W. G. Palgrave Narr. Journey through Arabia II. 211 The town inhabitants..are at present a very hybrid race, yet fused into a general..type.

2. transferred and figurative.

a. Derived from heterogeneous or incongruous sources; having a mixed character; composed of two diverse elements; mongrel. hybrid bill, a bill in Parliament combining the characteristics of a public and private bill, which is referred to a hybrid committee, i.e. a committee nominated partly (as in a public bill) by the House of Commons and partly (as in a private bill) by the Committee of Selection.

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the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > [adjective] > of mixed composition or character

linsey-woolsey1565

mongrela1586

piebald1590

sundry1593

party per pale1607

mi-parti1610

hybridan1623

participle1694

ambigenal hyperbola1710

hybrida1716

mulish1729

hybridal1801

mulea1833

mixtiform1837

mongrelized1857

a1716 R. South 12 Serm. (1717) V. 560 As Saint Paul..did [deal] with those Judaizing Hybrid Christians.

1805 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 14 309 Incomplete vaccination..again followed by a sort of hybrid result or modified variolæ.

1837 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. i. 103 The historians use a hybrid jargon intermixed with modern words.

1859 T. E. May Law of Parl. (ed. 4) xxiv. 613 Established by a public bill, brought in by the government, but otherwise treated as a private or ‘hybrid’ bill.

1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic v. 120 As well executed as such a hybrid scheme can be.

1887 W. W. Skeat Princ. Eng. Etymol. I. 430 English abounds with Hybrid compounds..words made up from different languages.

1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. I. xiii. 185 Hybrid committees are appointed partly by the House and partly by the committee of Selection.

1893 May's Law of Parl. (ed. 10) 444 Public bills which affect private rights..are termed in practice ‘hybrid bills’.

b. Geology. Of rock: formed by the mixing of two different magmas or by the incorporation into an intruding magma of adjacent solid rock (esp. rock of the same origin as the magma).

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the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > composite rock > [adjective] > hybrid

hybrid1904

1904 A. Harker Tertiary Igneous Rocks Skye xi. 183 The processes..were of a less simple kind, mere admixture being supplemented by diffusion. The resulting hybrid rocks..are thus only in a general sense intermediate in composition between the two parent rocks, and may be abnormal in comparison with any ordinary igneous rocks formed from a single magma.

1954 H. Williams et al. Petrogr. vi. 110 Most diorites..are probably hybrid rocks, and many contain xenoliths that exhibit various stages of magmatic reaction.

c. Computing. Utilizing or involving both analogue and digital methods.

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society > computing and information technology > hardware > computer > [adjective] > hybrid

hybrid1959

1959 E. M. Grabbe et al. Handbk. Automation, Computation, & Control II. xxix. 4 The purpose of the hybrid system..is to combine the advantages noted above for each of the two types of conventional computer, while at the same time obviating the disadvantages.

1964 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 115 573 More complex operations such as multiplication are not as critical to most hybrid operations and can be slower.

1968 Brit. Med. Bull. 24 193/1 The limited accuracy of analogue computers..can be overcome by using ‘hybrid’ computers in which certain elements..are digitally designed to preserve accuracy.

d. Physical Chemistry. Applied to a bond or valence orbital obtained by the linear combination of two or more different atomic orbitals.

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the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [adjective] > relating to orbitals

hybrid1939

trigonal1939

stereoelectronic1956

streamer1966

1939 L. Pauling Nature Chem. Bond iii. 82 The strength of the best s—p hybrid bond orbital.

1960 J. W. Linnett Wave Mech. & Valency viii. 128 The appropriate hybrid orbitals are the most successful for indicating the spatial distribution of the electrons.

1968 K. F. Reid Prop. & React. Bonds in Org. Molecules iii. 42 The 2s and the three 2p orbitals of the excited atom are treated in such a way that..they combine to produce four equivalent orbitals, each termed a tetrahedral or sp³-hybrid orbital, which have their axes directed towards the four corners of a regular tetrahedron.

e. Meteorology. (See quot.) Formerly called false cirrus.

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1932 Internat. Atlas Clouds & States of Sky Cirrus nothus (Hybrid cirrus). Cirrus proceeding from a cumulonimbus and composed of the debris of the upper frozen parts of these clouds.

Compounds

C1. As the first element in the names of varieties of rose, esp.

hybrid China n. a variety produced by crossing Rosa chinensis and R. semperflorens, characterized by a long flowering period.

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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > rose and allied flowers > rose > types of rose flower or bush

summer rosea1456

French rose1538

damask rose?a1547

musk rose1559

province1562

winter rose1577

Austrian brier1590

rose of Provence1597

velvet rose1597

damasine-rose1607

Provence rose1614

blush-rose1629

maiden's blush1648

monthly rose tree1664

Provinsa1678

York and Lancaster rose1688

cinnamon rose1699

muscat rose1707

cabbage rose1727

China-rose1731

old-fashioned rose1773

moss rose1777

swamp rose1785

alba1797

Cherokee rose1804

Macartney rose1811

shepherd's rose1818

multiflora1820

prairie rose1822

Boursault1826

Banksian rose1827

maiden rose1827

moss1829

Noisette1829

seven sisters rose1830

Dundee rambler1834

Banksia rose1835

Chickasaw rose1835

Bourbon1836

climbing rose1836

green rose1837

hybrid China1837

Jaune Desprez1837

Lamarque1837

perpetual1837

pillar rose1837

rambler1837

wax rose1837

rugosa1840

China1844

Manetti1846

Banksian1847

remontant1847

gallica1848

hybrid perpetual1848

Persian Yellow1848

pole rose1848

monthly1849

tea rose1850

quarter sessions rose1851

Gloire de Dijon1854

Jacqueminot1857

Maréchal Niel1864

primrose1864

jack1867

La France1868

tea1869

Ramanas rose1876

Japanese rose1883

polyantha1883

old rose1885

American Beauty1887

hybrid tea1890

Japan rose1895

roselet1896

floribunda1898

Zéphirine Drouhin1901

Penzance briar1902

Dorothy Perkins1903

sweetheart1905

wichuraiana1907

mermaid1918

species rose1930

sweetheart rose1936

peace1944

shrub rose1948

1837 T. Rivers Rose Amateur's Guide i. 20 Perhaps no plant presents such a mass of beauty as a finely grown hybrid China rose in full bloom.

1951 Dict. Gardening (Royal Hort. Soc.) IV. 1824/1 Hybrid Perpetual Roses..originated in the crossing of the Damask Rose with the Hybrid China varieties.

hybrid perpetual n. a cross between Rosa damascena and a hybrid China rose.

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summer rosea1456

French rose1538

damask rose?a1547

musk rose1559

province1562

winter rose1577

Austrian brier1590

rose of Provence1597

velvet rose1597

damasine-rose1607

Provence rose1614

blush-rose1629

maiden's blush1648

monthly rose tree1664

Provinsa1678

York and Lancaster rose1688

cinnamon rose1699

muscat rose1707

cabbage rose1727

China-rose1731

old-fashioned rose1773

moss rose1777

swamp rose1785

alba1797

Cherokee rose1804

Macartney rose1811

shepherd's rose1818

multiflora1820

prairie rose1822

Boursault1826

Banksian rose1827

maiden rose1827

moss1829

Noisette1829

seven sisters rose1830

Dundee rambler1834

Banksia rose1835

Chickasaw rose1835

Bourbon1836

climbing rose1836

green rose1837

hybrid China1837

Jaune Desprez1837

Lamarque1837

perpetual1837

pillar rose1837

rambler1837

wax rose1837

rugosa1840

China1844

Manetti1846

Banksian1847

remontant1847

gallica1848

hybrid perpetual1848

Persian Yellow1848

pole rose1848

monthly1849

tea rose1850

quarter sessions rose1851

Gloire de Dijon1854

Jacqueminot1857

Maréchal Niel1864

primrose1864

jack1867

La France1868

tea1869

Ramanas rose1876

Japanese rose1883

polyantha1883

old rose1885

American Beauty1887

hybrid tea1890

Japan rose1895

roselet1896

floribunda1898

Zéphirine Drouhin1901

Penzance briar1902

Dorothy Perkins1903

sweetheart1905

wichuraiana1907

mermaid1918

species rose1930

sweetheart rose1936

peace1944

shrub rose1948

1848 W. Paul Rose Garden ii. 121 The Bourbon Perpetual..is a division embracing the varieties of Hybrid Perpetual, in which the characters of the Bourbon Rose are strikingly developed.

1859 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Gardening 1054 Roses... Damask perpetual. Hybrid perpetual.

1890 Daily News 28 Jan. 6/6 A choice selection of hybrid perpetuals, tea-scented, and moss kinds.

1931 M. Grieve Mod. Herbal II. 688/1 The most suitable are the so-called Hybrid Perpetuals, flowering from June to October.

hybrid polyantha n. = floribunda n.

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1945 Rose Ann. 15 Fresh names have been found for the new group; in this country Hybrid Polyanthas, and in America Floribunda.

1956 B. Park Collins' Guide to Roses ix. 123 In recent years other species have been bred into this class of rose so that the term hybrid polyantha has been dropped, and floribunda has taken its place.

hybrid tea n. a cross between a hybrid perpetual and a tea-scented rose ( Rosa odorata).

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summer rosea1456

French rose1538

damask rose?a1547

musk rose1559

province1562

winter rose1577

Austrian brier1590

rose of Provence1597

velvet rose1597

damasine-rose1607

Provence rose1614

blush-rose1629

maiden's blush1648

monthly rose tree1664

Provinsa1678

York and Lancaster rose1688

cinnamon rose1699

muscat rose1707

cabbage rose1727

China-rose1731

old-fashioned rose1773

moss rose1777

swamp rose1785

alba1797

Cherokee rose1804

Macartney rose1811

shepherd's rose1818

multiflora1820

prairie rose1822

Boursault1826

Banksian rose1827

maiden rose1827

moss1829

Noisette1829

seven sisters rose1830

Dundee rambler1834

Banksia rose1835

Chickasaw rose1835

Bourbon1836

climbing rose1836

green rose1837

hybrid China1837

Jaune Desprez1837

Lamarque1837

perpetual1837

pillar rose1837

rambler1837

wax rose1837

rugosa1840

China1844

Manetti1846

Banksian1847

remontant1847

gallica1848

hybrid perpetual1848

Persian Yellow1848

pole rose1848

monthly1849

tea rose1850

quarter sessions rose1851

Gloire de Dijon1854

Jacqueminot1857

Maréchal Niel1864

primrose1864

jack1867

La France1868

tea1869

Ramanas rose1876

Japanese rose1883

polyantha1883

old rose1885

American Beauty1887

hybrid tea1890

Japan rose1895

roselet1896

floribunda1898

Zéphirine Drouhin1901

Penzance briar1902

Dorothy Perkins1903

sweetheart1905

wichuraiana1907

mermaid1918

species rose1930

sweetheart rose1936

peace1944

shrub rose1948

1890 Gardeners' Chron. 1 Feb. 132/1 Primrose Dame and Vicomtesse Folkestone are also included with hybrid Teas.

1968 A. Christie By Pricking of my Thumbs vi. 82 Got some old-fashioned roses here... Better than them new-fashioned Hybrid Teas.

1970 Times 28 Sept. 8/6 A hybrid tea or floribunda rose should have at least two shoots.

1973 Rose Ann. 37 The first of the new race to bear the characteristics of the hybrid tea was ‘Victor Verdier’ (1859), although some may claim that ‘La France’ (1867) was the first true hybrid tea rose.

C2. Special combinations.

hybrid coil n. a type of transformer used in two-wire telephone circuits when amplification in both directions is required, having four pairs of terminals so arranged that if the impedances connected to two pairs balance, a voltage applied to a third pair divides equally between them without inducing a voltage in the fourth pair.

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society > communication > telecommunication > telegraphy or telephony > telephony > telephone equipment > [noun] > telephone > parts of telephone

induction coil1837

ferrotype1857

telephone receiver1875

mouthpiece1877

receiver1877

microphone1878

telephone trumpet1879

magneto bell1882

magneto call bella1884

rest1883

hook1885

receptor1898

telephone dial1898

ringer1899

dial1900

Button A (or B)1922

switch hook1922

phone bell1924

hybrid coil1925

cradle1929

dial wheel1938

hybrid transformer1941

scriber1968

fascia1973

1925 C. A. Wright Telephone Communication x. 244 Conjugate alternating-current bridges or hybrid coils..are generally used in repeater and multiplex telephone lines.

1959 K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. (ed. 5) xxviii. 33 Instead of connecting the respective input of one amplifier and output of the other amplifier directly to a line circuit, there is introduced a balancing coil or so-called hybrid coil.

hybrid swarm n. Ecology a variable population caused by the hybridization of neighbouring species.

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the world > animals > animals collectively > [noun] > swarm > hybrid swarm

hybrid swarm1926

swarm1926

1926 Nature 30 Oct. 623/2 (heading) The naming of wild hybrid swarms.

1926 Nature 30 Oct. 624 Nor do the ‘Rules’ have in view the existence of the highly polymorphic hybrid swarms—in no few cases hundreds or probably thousands of distinct individuals—that are known to exist.

1947 New Phytologist 46 229 The Oxlip is confined in Britain to a small area in East Anglia, and at the edges of this area Oxlip-Primrose hybrid populations are found; such well-defined hybrid swarms are not common amongst British plants.

1963 E. Mayr Animal Species & Evol. vi. 118 The barrier between two sympatric species sometimes breaks down so completely, locally or over wide areas, that the two parental species are replaced by a hybrid swarm that serves as a continuous bridge between the two parental extremes.

1969 D. Briggs & S. M. Walters Plant Variation & Evol. xi. 186 Hybrid swarms are found in which there is a remarkable range of variation.

hybrid transformer n. = hybrid coil n.

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society > communication > telecommunication > telegraphy or telephony > telephony > telephone equipment > [noun] > telephone > parts of telephone

induction coil1837

ferrotype1857

telephone receiver1875

mouthpiece1877

receiver1877

microphone1878

telephone trumpet1879

magneto bell1882

magneto call bella1884

rest1883

hook1885

receptor1898

telephone dial1898

ringer1899

dial1900

Button A (or B)1922

switch hook1922

phone bell1924

hybrid coil1925

cradle1929

dial wheel1938

hybrid transformer1941

scriber1968

fascia1973

1941 Stand. Handbk. Electr. Engin. (ed. 7) xxii. 2055 (caption) Principle of hybrid transformer.

1962 Newnes Conc. Encycl. Electr. Engin. 379/1 A separating device consisting of a pair of matched ‘hybrid’ transformers is a common method of securing two-way amplification.

hybrid vigour n. = heterosis n. 3.

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the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > heredity or hereditary descent > [noun] > cross-breeding or hybridism > hybrid vigour

heterosis1914

hybrid vigour1918

1909 E. M. East in Amer. Naturalist 43 179 In every case an increase in vigor over the parents [sc. maize plants] was shown by the crosses.]

1918 E. B. Babcock & R. E. Clausen Genetics in Relation to Agric. xii. 230 Not all species hybrids, however, display hybrid vigor.

1949 C. C. Lindegren Yeast Cell xxvii. 2 The degeneration or ‘running out’ of hybrids showing heterosis has been one of the principal problems of hybrid vigor.

1970 Watsonia 8 131 Its robust growth, vigorous vegetative spread and large fronds..suggest hybrid vigour.

Derivatives

† ˈhybridal adj. Obsolete

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the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > [adjective] > of mixed composition or character

linsey-woolsey1565

mongrela1586

piebald1590

sundry1593

party per pale1607

mi-parti1610

hybridan1623

participle1694

ambigenal hyperbola1710

hybrida1716

mulish1729

hybridal1801

mulea1833

mixtiform1837

mongrelized1857

1801 T. Jefferson Writings (1893–9) VIII. 16 I am persuaded the squash..is a hybridal plant.

† †ˈhybridan adj. Obsolete = B.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > [adjective] > of mixed composition or character

linsey-woolsey1565

mongrela1586

piebald1590

sundry1593

party per pale1607

mi-parti1610

hybridan1623

participle1694

ambigenal hyperbola1710

hybrida1716

mulish1729

hybridal1801

mulea1833

mixtiform1837

mongrelized1857

the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > heredity or hereditary descent > [adjective] > cross-breeding or hybridization

bigenerous1610

hybridan1623

mongrel1633

hybridous1691

mule1728

hybrid1775

cross-bred1856

hybridizablea1864

paragenesic1864

hybridized1872

cross1886

monohybrid1903

outbred1903

intergeneric1921

polyhybrid1922

reticulate1938

trihybrid1941

inter-strain1950

1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. Hybridan, whose parents are of diuers and sundry Nations.

Draft additions December 2021

Of employment, education, etc.: providing flexible models for working or learning, specifically by using digital communications technology to allow effective remote access and home working as an alternative to or in combination with traditional office or teaching environments.

ΚΠ

1996 China Business Rev. July 37/1 The most attractive program option..would encompass a $20,000 MBA program taught in English using a hybrid teaching approach, which typically would involve both on-site classroom lectures by professors and real-time, interactive televised lectures.

2010 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 13 June Business owners need to consider adapting their work models to accommodate a generation of employees..who expect to work flexibly, from home... Firms could save an average of 30 per cent adopting a more flexible, hybrid working model.

2014 Indiana (Pa.) Gaz. 1 May 4/3 Hybrid learning blends digital resources such as laptops and the Internet along with in-classroom teacher instruction to provide a more student-centered approach to learning.

2021 Times (Nexis) 29 June 36 Each business division and function has reviewed their roles to determine which roles can allow hybrid working and which cannot.

Draft additions September 2012

hybrid tee n. (also hybrid T) = magic T n. at magic adj. Compounds.

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1946 Bell Syst. Techn. Jrnl. 25 468 Another useful device for standing wave measurement is the ‘hybrid T’ or ‘magic T’.

1984 J. Dunlop & D. G. Smith Telecommunications Engin. ix. 290 The hybrid-tee has the disadvantage that half of the power is lost.

2003 Ultrasonics 41 100/2 To obtain the maximum power, a hybrid ‘tee’ impedance adapter is inserted into the circuit.

Draft additions March 2012

a. North American. Of a vehicle: designed to be able to travel on both roads and railway tracks. Now disused.

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1921 Pop. Sci. Dec. 28/1 Gasoline-driven railway-cars are not new; neither are motor-buses with railway wheels. But a hybrid vehicle combining the best features of both is as novel as it is interesting.

1935 Sci. News Let. 10 Aug. 87 (caption) Rides rails and roads. Hybrid vehicle that may solve problems now perplexing railroads.

1952 Winnipeg Free Press 20 Aug. 19/4 The engineers of one railroad are now at work on lightweight freight equipment of Train X type with retractable gear operable on the highway. Such a hybrid vehicle would have been as easy to make as [etc.].

b. Originally U.S. Of a road vehicle: using two distinct sources of power; spec. having both a conventional internal-combustion engine and a battery-powered electric motor. Cf. gas-electric adj.

ΚΠ

1953 Automobile Facts Apr. 3/3 The hybrid ‘Wood Dual Power’ of 1917-18 topped them all. Its gasoline engine drove a 48-volt generator which supplied power to the wheels.

1967 N.Y. Times 8 Mar. 36/3 Congress was urged today to approve funds for the development of a ‘hybrid’ electric car, a vehicle that could use conventional engines and batteries for long-distance travel and switch to electrical power in the cities.

1981 Wellington (Texas) Leader 30 July 2/3 The electric vehicles will be operated under regular working conditions as part of the electric and hybrid vehicle demonstration program.

1999 N.Y. Times 6 Dec. b3/2 Hybrid diesel-electric buses would be as clean as natural gas and be more reliable.

2012 Sun (Nexis) 6 Jan. 5 A raft of bolder hybrid cars will hit the market this year but they will remain niche vehicles because of their price.

Draft additions March 2012

Originally U.S. A hybrid road vehicle. Cf. gas-electric n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > [noun] > motor vehicle > with specific type of engine

one-lunger1908

straight eight1926

V-eight1930

hybrid1967

alternative fuel vehicle1979

AFV1982

1917 T. A. Ingram New Hazell Ann. & Almanack 641/2 A most interesting hybrid has been put into service at Bradford. This is a motor vehicle that can be propelled either by current from the overhead trolley system or by a battery contained in the vehicle.]

1967 Pop. Sci. July 26/1 The hybrids would use considerably less fuel than comparable gasoline-only vehicles.

1998 Sierra Mar.–Apr. 38/2 U.S. automakers showed off their gas hogs.., while the Japanese introduced cars like Toyota's battery-gas hybrid, Prius, which gets 66 miles per gallon.

2008 Daily Tel. 2 Dec. 10/1 By 2020, Britons will notice the changes in everyday life: it is estimated that 40 per cent of cars will be plug-in hybrids or electric.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	hybrid
释义	hybridn.adj. Brit. /ˈhʌɪbrɪd/, U.S. /ˈhaɪˌbrɪd/ Forms: Also 1600s hibride, hybride. Etymology: < Latin hybrida, more correctly hibrida (ibrida), offspring of a tame sow and wild boar; hence, of human parents of different races, half-breed. Compare French hybride (1798 in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter). A few examples of this word occur early in 17th cent.; but it was scarcely in use till the 19th. The only member of the group given by Johnson is hybridous adj.; Ash and Todd have also hybrid adjective, to which Webster 1828 adds hybrid noun. As to the ultimate etymology of Latin hybrida see Prof. Minton Warren in Amer. Jrnl. Philol. V. No. 4. A. n. 1. The offspring of two animals or plants of different species, or (less strictly) varieties; a half-breed, cross-breed, or mongrel.reciprocal hybrid: see reciprocal adj. and n. Compounds. a. of animals. (In 17th cent. only as in original Latin) ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > heredity or hereditary descent > [noun] > cross-breeding or hybridism > hybrid or cross mongrel1558 hybrid1601 centaur1606 mulatto1664 half-strain1673 cross1761 cross-breed1774 first cross1793 double-cross1810 quadroon1811 intercross1859 outcross1882 reciprocal1901 filial generation1902 monohybrid1902 vicinist1905 first filial (or F₁) generation1909 polyhybrid1910 back-cross1919 second filial (or F₂) generation1938 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 231 There is no creature ingenders so soon with wild of the kind, as doth swine: and verily such hogs in old time they called Hybrides, as a man would say, halfe wild. 1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. Hibride, a Hog ingendred betweene a wilde Boare and a tame Sow. 1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Hybrid, a mongrel or mule; an animal or plant, produced from the mixture of two species. 1851 D. Wilson Archæol. & Prehistoric Ann. Scotl. iv. ii. 501 A grotesque hybrid, half-bird half-beast. 1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species i. 26 The hybrids or mongrels from between all the breeds of the pigeon are perfectly fertile. 1862 T. H. Huxley On Knowl. Causes Phenomena Org. Nature 112 There is a great difference between ‘Mongrels’ which are crosses between distinct races and ‘hybrids’ which are crosses between distinct species. b. of human beings. ΚΠ 1631 B. Jonson New Inne ii. vi. 26 She's a wild-Irish borne! Sir, and a Hybride. 1861 J. Crawfurd in Trans. Ethnol. Soc. London 1 357 At the best we [English] are but hybrids, yet, probably, not the worse for that. 1878 R. B. Smith Carthage 434 Negroes from the Soudan, not such sickly..hybrids as you see in Oxford Street..but real down-right Negroes halfnaked, black as ebony. c. of plants. ΚΠ 1788 J. Lee Introd. Bot. (ed. 4) Gloss. Hybrida, a Bastard, a monstrous Production of two Plants of different Species.] 1828 [see sense A. 1a]. 1845 J. Lindley School Bot. (1858) x. 167 No hybrids but such as are of a woody perennial character can be perpetuated with certainty. 1846 J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) II. 358 Swedes are generally sown first. Hybrids..are usually sown next, and white turnips the last. 1867 Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) III. 306 The common Oxlip found everywhere..in England, is certainly a hybrid between the primrose and cowslip. 2. transferred and figurative. a. Anything derived from heterogeneous sources, or composed of different or incongruous elements; in Philology a compound formed of elements belonging to different languages. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > [noun] > a mixture > of incongruous elements participle?a1475 mongrel1582 centaur1606 mule1631 crossc1796 half-and-halfc1814 chimera1832 half-breed1846 hybrid1850 piebald1897 1850 H. Rogers Ess. II. iv. 213 A free resort to grotesque compounds..favours the multiplication of yet more grotesque hybrids. 1860 C. Darwin in F. Darwin Life & Lett. C. Darwin (1887) II. 338 I will tell you what you are, a hybrid, a complex cross of lawyer, poet, naturalist, and theologian! 1874 L. Carr Judith Gwynne II. vii. 163 A remarkable hybrid between a frank..bumpkin, and a used up exquisite. 1879 R. Morris Hist. Outl. Eng. Accidence 39 Sometimes we find English and Romance elements compounded. These are termed Hybrids. 1895 F. Hall Two Trifles 28 The ancient Romans would not have endured scientistes or scientista, as a new type of hybrid. b. Geology. A hybrid rock (see sense B. 2b below). ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > composite rock > [noun] > hybrid hybrid1918 1918 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 74 129 Compared with the Potter-Fell type..they would be hybrids, the former are transitional varieties. 1934 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 90 599 The hybrid or its parent magma rose along the bedding-planes of the sediments. 1950 E. E. Wahlstrom Introd. Theoret. Igneous Petrol. x. 234 The products of intermingling of these magmas originally were called hybrids, a term which..has come to have a broader meaning and now includes all rocks resulting from the assimilation or melting of solid igneous rocks by later intrusions from the same source. c. Physical Chemistry. A hybrid orbital (see sense B. 2d below). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [noun] > electrons > orbitals > hybrid hybrid1932 1932 Physical Rev. 40 62 A hybrid of 3d, 4s, and 4p electrons. 1962 P. J. Durrant & B. Durrant Introd. Adv. Inorg. Chem. v. 144 The bond angles, at a given atom, are determined by the angles between its σ hybrids. 1968 K. F. Reid Prop. & React. Bonds in Org. Molecules iii. 43 The second kind of hybridized orbital, termed the trigonal hybrid, arises through the hybridization of one s and two p A[tomic] O[rbital]s. B. adj. 1. Produced by the inter-breeding of two different species or varieties of animals or plants; mongrel, cross-bred, half-bred. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > heredity or hereditary descent > [adjective] > cross-breeding or hybridization bigenerous1610 hybridan1623 mongrel1633 hybridous1691 mule1728 hybrid1775 cross-bred1856 hybridizablea1864 paragenesic1864 hybridized1872 cross1886 monohybrid1903 outbred1903 intergeneric1921 polyhybrid1922 reticulate1938 trihybrid1941 inter-strain1950 1775 J. Ash New Dict. Eng. Lang. Hybrid, begotten between animals of different species, produced from plants of different kinds. 1789 E. Darwin Bot. Garden: Pt. II 149 (note) Many hybrid plants described. 1823 J. Badcock Domest. Amusem. 47 These hybrid, or mule productions. 1857 C. Darwin in Life & Lett. (1887) II. 96 I think there is rather better evidence on the sterility of hybrid animals than you seem to admit. 1865 W. G. Palgrave Narr. Journey through Arabia II. 211 The town inhabitants..are at present a very hybrid race, yet fused into a general..type. 2. transferred and figurative. a. Derived from heterogeneous or incongruous sources; having a mixed character; composed of two diverse elements; mongrel. hybrid bill, a bill in Parliament combining the characteristics of a public and private bill, which is referred to a hybrid committee, i.e. a committee nominated partly (as in a public bill) by the House of Commons and partly (as in a private bill) by the Committee of Selection. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > [adjective] > of mixed composition or character linsey-woolsey1565 mongrela1586 piebald1590 sundry1593 party per pale1607 mi-parti1610 hybridan1623 participle1694 ambigenal hyperbola1710 hybrida1716 mulish1729 hybridal1801 mulea1833 mixtiform1837 mongrelized1857 a1716 R. South 12 Serm. (1717) V. 560 As Saint Paul..did [deal] with those Judaizing Hybrid Christians. 1805 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 14 309 Incomplete vaccination..again followed by a sort of hybrid result or modified variolæ. 1837 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. i. 103 The historians use a hybrid jargon intermixed with modern words. 1859 T. E. May Law of Parl. (ed. 4) xxiv. 613 Established by a public bill, brought in by the government, but otherwise treated as a private or ‘hybrid’ bill. 1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic v. 120 As well executed as such a hybrid scheme can be. 1887 W. W. Skeat Princ. Eng. Etymol. I. 430 English abounds with Hybrid compounds..words made up from different languages. 1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. I. xiii. 185 Hybrid committees are appointed partly by the House and partly by the committee of Selection. 1893 May's Law of Parl. (ed. 10) 444 Public bills which affect private rights..are termed in practice ‘hybrid bills’. b. Geology. Of rock: formed by the mixing of two different magmas or by the incorporation into an intruding magma of adjacent solid rock (esp. rock of the same origin as the magma). ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > composite rock > [adjective] > hybrid hybrid1904 1904 A. Harker Tertiary Igneous Rocks Skye xi. 183 The processes..were of a less simple kind, mere admixture being supplemented by diffusion. The resulting hybrid rocks..are thus only in a general sense intermediate in composition between the two parent rocks, and may be abnormal in comparison with any ordinary igneous rocks formed from a single magma. 1954 H. Williams et al. Petrogr. vi. 110 Most diorites..are probably hybrid rocks, and many contain xenoliths that exhibit various stages of magmatic reaction. c. Computing. Utilizing or involving both analogue and digital methods. ΘΚΠ society > computing and information technology > hardware > computer > [adjective] > hybrid hybrid1959 1959 E. M. Grabbe et al. Handbk. Automation, Computation, & Control II. xxix. 4 The purpose of the hybrid system..is to combine the advantages noted above for each of the two types of conventional computer, while at the same time obviating the disadvantages. 1964 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 115 573 More complex operations such as multiplication are not as critical to most hybrid operations and can be slower. 1968 Brit. Med. Bull. 24 193/1 The limited accuracy of analogue computers..can be overcome by using ‘hybrid’ computers in which certain elements..are digitally designed to preserve accuracy. d. Physical Chemistry. Applied to a bond or valence orbital obtained by the linear combination of two or more different atomic orbitals. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [adjective] > relating to orbitals hybrid1939 trigonal1939 stereoelectronic1956 streamer1966 1939 L. Pauling Nature Chem. Bond iii. 82 The strength of the best s—p hybrid bond orbital. 1960 J. W. Linnett Wave Mech. & Valency viii. 128 The appropriate hybrid orbitals are the most successful for indicating the spatial distribution of the electrons. 1968 K. F. Reid Prop. & React. Bonds in Org. Molecules iii. 42 The 2s and the three 2p orbitals of the excited atom are treated in such a way that..they combine to produce four equivalent orbitals, each termed a tetrahedral or sp³-hybrid orbital, which have their axes directed towards the four corners of a regular tetrahedron. e. Meteorology. (See quot.) Formerly called false cirrus. ΚΠ 1932 Internat. Atlas Clouds & States of Sky Cirrus nothus (Hybrid cirrus). Cirrus proceeding from a cumulonimbus and composed of the debris of the upper frozen parts of these clouds. Compounds C1. As the first element in the names of varieties of rose, esp. hybrid China n. a variety produced by crossing Rosa chinensis and R. semperflorens, characterized by a long flowering period. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > rose and allied flowers > rose > types of rose flower or bush summer rosea1456 French rose1538 damask rose?a1547 musk rose1559 province1562 winter rose1577 Austrian brier1590 rose of Provence1597 velvet rose1597 damasine-rose1607 Provence rose1614 blush-rose1629 maiden's blush1648 monthly rose tree1664 Provinsa1678 York and Lancaster rose1688 cinnamon rose1699 muscat rose1707 cabbage rose1727 China-rose1731 old-fashioned rose1773 moss rose1777 swamp rose1785 alba1797 Cherokee rose1804 Macartney rose1811 shepherd's rose1818 multiflora1820 prairie rose1822 Boursault1826 Banksian rose1827 maiden rose1827 moss1829 Noisette1829 seven sisters rose1830 Dundee rambler1834 Banksia rose1835 Chickasaw rose1835 Bourbon1836 climbing rose1836 green rose1837 hybrid China1837 Jaune Desprez1837 Lamarque1837 perpetual1837 pillar rose1837 rambler1837 wax rose1837 rugosa1840 China1844 Manetti1846 Banksian1847 remontant1847 gallica1848 hybrid perpetual1848 Persian Yellow1848 pole rose1848 monthly1849 tea rose1850 quarter sessions rose1851 Gloire de Dijon1854 Jacqueminot1857 Maréchal Niel1864 primrose1864 jack1867 La France1868 tea1869 Ramanas rose1876 Japanese rose1883 polyantha1883 old rose1885 American Beauty1887 hybrid tea1890 Japan rose1895 roselet1896 floribunda1898 Zéphirine Drouhin1901 Penzance briar1902 Dorothy Perkins1903 sweetheart1905 wichuraiana1907 mermaid1918 species rose1930 sweetheart rose1936 peace1944 shrub rose1948 1837 T. Rivers Rose Amateur's Guide i. 20 Perhaps no plant presents such a mass of beauty as a finely grown hybrid China rose in full bloom. 1951 Dict. Gardening (Royal Hort. Soc.) IV. 1824/1 Hybrid Perpetual Roses..originated in the crossing of the Damask Rose with the Hybrid China varieties. hybrid perpetual n. a cross between Rosa damascena and a hybrid China rose. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > rose and allied flowers > rose > types of rose flower or bush summer rosea1456 French rose1538 damask rose?a1547 musk rose1559 province1562 winter rose1577 Austrian brier1590 rose of Provence1597 velvet rose1597 damasine-rose1607 Provence rose1614 blush-rose1629 maiden's blush1648 monthly rose tree1664 Provinsa1678 York and Lancaster rose1688 cinnamon rose1699 muscat rose1707 cabbage rose1727 China-rose1731 old-fashioned rose1773 moss rose1777 swamp rose1785 alba1797 Cherokee rose1804 Macartney rose1811 shepherd's rose1818 multiflora1820 prairie rose1822 Boursault1826 Banksian rose1827 maiden rose1827 moss1829 Noisette1829 seven sisters rose1830 Dundee rambler1834 Banksia rose1835 Chickasaw rose1835 Bourbon1836 climbing rose1836 green rose1837 hybrid China1837 Jaune Desprez1837 Lamarque1837 perpetual1837 pillar rose1837 rambler1837 wax rose1837 rugosa1840 China1844 Manetti1846 Banksian1847 remontant1847 gallica1848 hybrid perpetual1848 Persian Yellow1848 pole rose1848 monthly1849 tea rose1850 quarter sessions rose1851 Gloire de Dijon1854 Jacqueminot1857 Maréchal Niel1864 primrose1864 jack1867 La France1868 tea1869 Ramanas rose1876 Japanese rose1883 polyantha1883 old rose1885 American Beauty1887 hybrid tea1890 Japan rose1895 roselet1896 floribunda1898 Zéphirine Drouhin1901 Penzance briar1902 Dorothy Perkins1903 sweetheart1905 wichuraiana1907 mermaid1918 species rose1930 sweetheart rose1936 peace1944 shrub rose1948 1848 W. Paul Rose Garden ii. 121 The Bourbon Perpetual..is a division embracing the varieties of Hybrid Perpetual, in which the characters of the Bourbon Rose are strikingly developed. 1859 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Gardening 1054 Roses... Damask perpetual. Hybrid perpetual. 1890 Daily News 28 Jan. 6/6 A choice selection of hybrid perpetuals, tea-scented, and moss kinds. 1931 M. Grieve Mod. Herbal II. 688/1 The most suitable are the so-called Hybrid Perpetuals, flowering from June to October. hybrid polyantha n. = floribunda n. ΚΠ 1945 Rose Ann. 15 Fresh names have been found for the new group; in this country Hybrid Polyanthas, and in America Floribunda. 1956 B. Park Collins' Guide to Roses ix. 123 In recent years other species have been bred into this class of rose so that the term hybrid polyantha has been dropped, and floribunda has taken its place. hybrid tea n. a cross between a hybrid perpetual and a tea-scented rose ( Rosa odorata). ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > rose and allied flowers > rose > types of rose flower or bush summer rosea1456 French rose1538 damask rose?a1547 musk rose1559 province1562 winter rose1577 Austrian brier1590 rose of Provence1597 velvet rose1597 damasine-rose1607 Provence rose1614 blush-rose1629 maiden's blush1648 monthly rose tree1664 Provinsa1678 York and Lancaster rose1688 cinnamon rose1699 muscat rose1707 cabbage rose1727 China-rose1731 old-fashioned rose1773 moss rose1777 swamp rose1785 alba1797 Cherokee rose1804 Macartney rose1811 shepherd's rose1818 multiflora1820 prairie rose1822 Boursault1826 Banksian rose1827 maiden rose1827 moss1829 Noisette1829 seven sisters rose1830 Dundee rambler1834 Banksia rose1835 Chickasaw rose1835 Bourbon1836 climbing rose1836 green rose1837 hybrid China1837 Jaune Desprez1837 Lamarque1837 perpetual1837 pillar rose1837 rambler1837 wax rose1837 rugosa1840 China1844 Manetti1846 Banksian1847 remontant1847 gallica1848 hybrid perpetual1848 Persian Yellow1848 pole rose1848 monthly1849 tea rose1850 quarter sessions rose1851 Gloire de Dijon1854 Jacqueminot1857 Maréchal Niel1864 primrose1864 jack1867 La France1868 tea1869 Ramanas rose1876 Japanese rose1883 polyantha1883 old rose1885 American Beauty1887 hybrid tea1890 Japan rose1895 roselet1896 floribunda1898 Zéphirine Drouhin1901 Penzance briar1902 Dorothy Perkins1903 sweetheart1905 wichuraiana1907 mermaid1918 species rose1930 sweetheart rose1936 peace1944 shrub rose1948 1890 Gardeners' Chron. 1 Feb. 132/1 Primrose Dame and Vicomtesse Folkestone are also included with hybrid Teas. 1968 A. Christie By Pricking of my Thumbs vi. 82 Got some old-fashioned roses here... Better than them new-fashioned Hybrid Teas. 1970 Times 28 Sept. 8/6 A hybrid tea or floribunda rose should have at least two shoots. 1973 Rose Ann. 37 The first of the new race to bear the characteristics of the hybrid tea was ‘Victor Verdier’ (1859), although some may claim that ‘La France’ (1867) was the first true hybrid tea rose. C2. Special combinations. hybrid coil n. a type of transformer used in two-wire telephone circuits when amplification in both directions is required, having four pairs of terminals so arranged that if the impedances connected to two pairs balance, a voltage applied to a third pair divides equally between them without inducing a voltage in the fourth pair. ΘΚΠ society > communication > telecommunication > telegraphy or telephony > telephony > telephone equipment > [noun] > telephone > parts of telephone induction coil1837 ferrotype1857 telephone receiver1875 mouthpiece1877 receiver1877 microphone1878 telephone trumpet1879 magneto bell1882 magneto call bella1884 rest1883 hook1885 receptor1898 telephone dial1898 ringer1899 dial1900 Button A (or B)1922 switch hook1922 phone bell1924 hybrid coil1925 cradle1929 dial wheel1938 hybrid transformer1941 scriber1968 fascia1973 1925 C. A. Wright Telephone Communication x. 244 Conjugate alternating-current bridges or hybrid coils..are generally used in repeater and multiplex telephone lines. 1959 K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. (ed. 5) xxviii. 33 Instead of connecting the respective input of one amplifier and output of the other amplifier directly to a line circuit, there is introduced a balancing coil or so-called hybrid coil. hybrid swarm n. Ecology a variable population caused by the hybridization of neighbouring species. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > animals collectively > [noun] > swarm > hybrid swarm hybrid swarm1926 swarm1926 1926 Nature 30 Oct. 623/2 (heading) The naming of wild hybrid swarms. 1926 Nature 30 Oct. 624 Nor do the ‘Rules’ have in view the existence of the highly polymorphic hybrid swarms—in no few cases hundreds or probably thousands of distinct individuals—that are known to exist. 1947 New Phytologist 46 229 The Oxlip is confined in Britain to a small area in East Anglia, and at the edges of this area Oxlip-Primrose hybrid populations are found; such well-defined hybrid swarms are not common amongst British plants. 1963 E. Mayr Animal Species & Evol. vi. 118 The barrier between two sympatric species sometimes breaks down so completely, locally or over wide areas, that the two parental species are replaced by a hybrid swarm that serves as a continuous bridge between the two parental extremes. 1969 D. Briggs & S. M. Walters Plant Variation & Evol. xi. 186 Hybrid swarms are found in which there is a remarkable range of variation. hybrid transformer n. = hybrid coil n. ΘΚΠ society > communication > telecommunication > telegraphy or telephony > telephony > telephone equipment > [noun] > telephone > parts of telephone induction coil1837 ferrotype1857 telephone receiver1875 mouthpiece1877 receiver1877 microphone1878 telephone trumpet1879 magneto bell1882 magneto call bella1884 rest1883 hook1885 receptor1898 telephone dial1898 ringer1899 dial1900 Button A (or B)1922 switch hook1922 phone bell1924 hybrid coil1925 cradle1929 dial wheel1938 hybrid transformer1941 scriber1968 fascia1973 1941 Stand. Handbk. Electr. Engin. (ed. 7) xxii. 2055 (caption) Principle of hybrid transformer. 1962 Newnes Conc. Encycl. Electr. Engin. 379/1 A separating device consisting of a pair of matched ‘hybrid’ transformers is a common method of securing two-way amplification. hybrid vigour n. = heterosis n. 3. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > heredity or hereditary descent > [noun] > cross-breeding or hybridism > hybrid vigour heterosis1914 hybrid vigour1918 1909 E. M. East in Amer. Naturalist 43 179 In every case an increase in vigor over the parents [sc. maize plants] was shown by the crosses.] 1918 E. B. Babcock & R. E. Clausen Genetics in Relation to Agric. xii. 230 Not all species hybrids, however, display hybrid vigor. 1949 C. C. Lindegren Yeast Cell xxvii. 2 The degeneration or ‘running out’ of hybrids showing heterosis has been one of the principal problems of hybrid vigor. 1970 Watsonia 8 131 Its robust growth, vigorous vegetative spread and large fronds..suggest hybrid vigour. Derivatives † ˈhybridal adj. Obsolete ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > [adjective] > of mixed composition or character linsey-woolsey1565 mongrela1586 piebald1590 sundry1593 party per pale1607 mi-parti1610 hybridan1623 participle1694 ambigenal hyperbola1710 hybrida1716 mulish1729 hybridal1801 mulea1833 mixtiform1837 mongrelized1857 1801 T. Jefferson Writings (1893–9) VIII. 16 I am persuaded the squash..is a hybridal plant. † †ˈhybridan adj. Obsolete = B. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > [adjective] > of mixed composition or character linsey-woolsey1565 mongrela1586 piebald1590 sundry1593 party per pale1607 mi-parti1610 hybridan1623 participle1694 ambigenal hyperbola1710 hybrida1716 mulish1729 hybridal1801 mulea1833 mixtiform1837 mongrelized1857 the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > heredity or hereditary descent > [adjective] > cross-breeding or hybridization bigenerous1610 hybridan1623 mongrel1633 hybridous1691 mule1728 hybrid1775 cross-bred1856 hybridizablea1864 paragenesic1864 hybridized1872 cross1886 monohybrid1903 outbred1903 intergeneric1921 polyhybrid1922 reticulate1938 trihybrid1941 inter-strain1950 1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. Hybridan, whose parents are of diuers and sundry Nations. Draft additions December 2021 Of employment, education, etc.: providing flexible models for working or learning, specifically by using digital communications technology to allow effective remote access and home working as an alternative to or in combination with traditional office or teaching environments. ΚΠ 1996 China Business Rev. July 37/1 The most attractive program option..would encompass a $20,000 MBA program taught in English using a hybrid teaching approach, which typically would involve both on-site classroom lectures by professors and real-time, interactive televised lectures. 2010 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 13 June Business owners need to consider adapting their work models to accommodate a generation of employees..who expect to work flexibly, from home... Firms could save an average of 30 per cent adopting a more flexible, hybrid working model. 2014 Indiana (Pa.) Gaz. 1 May 4/3 Hybrid learning blends digital resources such as laptops and the Internet along with in-classroom teacher instruction to provide a more student-centered approach to learning. 2021 Times (Nexis) 29 June 36 Each business division and function has reviewed their roles to determine which roles can allow hybrid working and which cannot. Draft additions September 2012 hybrid tee n. (also hybrid T) = magic T n. at magic adj. Compounds. ΚΠ 1946 Bell Syst. Techn. Jrnl. 25 468 Another useful device for standing wave measurement is the ‘hybrid T’ or ‘magic T’. 1984 J. Dunlop & D. G. Smith Telecommunications Engin. ix. 290 The hybrid-tee has the disadvantage that half of the power is lost. 2003 Ultrasonics 41 100/2 To obtain the maximum power, a hybrid ‘tee’ impedance adapter is inserted into the circuit. Draft additions March 2012 a. North American. Of a vehicle: designed to be able to travel on both roads and railway tracks. Now disused. ΚΠ 1921 Pop. Sci. Dec. 28/1 Gasoline-driven railway-cars are not new; neither are motor-buses with railway wheels. But a hybrid vehicle combining the best features of both is as novel as it is interesting. 1935 Sci. News Let. 10 Aug. 87 (caption) Rides rails and roads. Hybrid vehicle that may solve problems now perplexing railroads. 1952 Winnipeg Free Press 20 Aug. 19/4 The engineers of one railroad are now at work on lightweight freight equipment of Train X type with retractable gear operable on the highway. Such a hybrid vehicle would have been as easy to make as [etc.]. b. Originally U.S. Of a road vehicle: using two distinct sources of power; spec. having both a conventional internal-combustion engine and a battery-powered electric motor. Cf. gas-electric adj. ΚΠ 1953 Automobile Facts Apr. 3/3 The hybrid ‘Wood Dual Power’ of 1917-18 topped them all. Its gasoline engine drove a 48-volt generator which supplied power to the wheels. 1967 N.Y. Times 8 Mar. 36/3 Congress was urged today to approve funds for the development of a ‘hybrid’ electric car, a vehicle that could use conventional engines and batteries for long-distance travel and switch to electrical power in the cities. 1981 Wellington (Texas) Leader 30 July 2/3 The electric vehicles will be operated under regular working conditions as part of the electric and hybrid vehicle demonstration program. 1999 N.Y. Times 6 Dec. b3/2 Hybrid diesel-electric buses would be as clean as natural gas and be more reliable. 2012 Sun (Nexis) 6 Jan. 5 A raft of bolder hybrid cars will hit the market this year but they will remain niche vehicles because of their price. Draft additions March 2012 Originally U.S. A hybrid road vehicle. Cf. gas-electric n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > [noun] > motor vehicle > with specific type of engine one-lunger1908 straight eight1926 V-eight1930 hybrid1967 alternative fuel vehicle1979 AFV1982 1917 T. A. Ingram New Hazell Ann. & Almanack 641/2 A most interesting hybrid has been put into service at Bradford. This is a motor vehicle that can be propelled either by current from the overhead trolley system or by a battery contained in the vehicle.] 1967 Pop. Sci. July 26/1 The hybrids would use considerably less fuel than comparable gasoline-only vehicles. 1998 Sierra Mar.–Apr. 38/2 U.S. automakers showed off their gas hogs.., while the Japanese introduced cars like Toyota's battery-gas hybrid, Prius, which gets 66 miles per gallon. 2008 Daily Tel. 2 Dec. 10/1 By 2020, Britons will notice the changes in everyday life: it is estimated that 40 per cent of cars will be plug-in hybrids or electric. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1601
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