hydrogenn.
/ˈhʌɪdrədʒən/ Chemistry.
a. One of the elements; a colourless, invisible, odourless gas; it burns with a pale-blue flame, whence its former name of inflammable air. It is the lightest substance known, having a specific gravity of about one-fourteenth of that of air. Symbol H; atomic weight 1.It occurs free in nature in small quantities in certain volcanic gases, and is an essential constituent of all animal and vegetable matter. It forms two-thirds in volume and one-ninth in weight of water (H2O), which is the sole product of the combustion of hydrogen in ordinary air. It is a constituent of all acids, in which it can be replaced by bases to form salts. antimoniuretted hydrogen, arseniuretted hydrogen, carburetted hydrogen, phosphoretted hydrogen, seleniuretted hydrogen, sulphuretted hydrogen, telluretted hydrogen, early names sometimes still used for gaseous combinations of hydrogen with antimony, arsenic, carbon, phosphorus, selenium, sulphur, tellurium.
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the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > hydrogen > [noun]
hydrogen1791
hydrogen air1793
hydrogen gas1805
1791 E. Darwin Bot. Garden: Pt. I i. 132 (note) Mr. Lavoisier and others of the French School have most ingeniously endeavoured to shew that water consists of pure air, called by them oxygene, and of inflammable air, called hydrogene.
1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. I. xi. 488 Inflammable air may be obtained in great purity by decomposing water, which is always a constituent part thereof. The French writers term it hydrogene, that is, generator of water.
1794 G. Pearson in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 84 391 A mixture of carbonic acid, hydrogen, and nitrogen gaz.
1799 W. Tooke View Russ. Empire I. 283 Hepatic air or sulphurated hydrogene gas.
1820 P. B. Shelley Œdipus Tyrannus i. 17 As full of blood as that of hydrogene.
1833 N. Arnott Elements Physics (ed. 5) I. 421 The carburetted hydrogen..is generally employed for filling balloons.
1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 620 Hydrogen is present, equally with carbon, in every organic compound.
1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 111 Most of our ordinary combustibles..are rich in hydrogen.
1893 R. S. Ball In High Heavens vii. 157 Dr. Huggins..succeeded in establishing the existence of hydrogen in these remote regions of space.
b. An atom of hydrogen.
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the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > hydrogen > [noun] > atomic
atomic hydrogen1896
hydrogen1920
1920 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 42 1431 A free pair of electrons on one water molecule might be able to exert sufficient force on a hydrogen held by a pair of electrons on another water molecule to bind the two molecules together.
1957 G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. iii. 196 The hydrogens, owing to their capacity to form hydrogen bonds.., will act as if they had unsatisfied single valencies.
Compounds
C1. General attributive.
a.
(a)
hydrogen harmonicon n.
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1866 S. Macadam G. Wilson's Inorg. Chem. 93 This arrangement has been called the hydrogen harmonicon; but any of the combustible gases will produce musical notes if burned in the same way.
Categories »
hydrogen lamp n.
hydrogen line n.
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1893 R. S. Ball In High Heavens vii. 160 The spectrum of the star in the vicinity of the line G... The hydrogen line in that neighbourhood.
hydrogen spectrum n.
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1893 R. S. Ball In High Heavens xv. 366 A bright line, such as one of those of which the hydrogen spectrum is composed.
hydrogen warhead n. (sc. hydrogen bomb).
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1954 in Amer. Speech (1957) 32 137 That missile, or I.B.M. as the experts call it, will be an accurately guided rocket..capable of carrying a hydrogen warhead over a range of 4000 to 5000 miles.
(b) † hydrogen air n. Obsolete an old name for hydrogen, frequently also called hydrogen gas n.
hydrogen acid n. = hydracid n.
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the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > acids > [noun] > acids-named > containing hydrogen or hydracids
hydracid1823
maleic acid1838
hydro-acid1845
hydrogen acid1866
fluoresceic acid1889
maleinic acid1889
1866 S. Macadam G. Wilson's Inorg. Chem. Index Hydrogen acids, or hydracids.
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the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > hydrogen > [noun]
hydrogen1791
hydrogen air1793
hydrogen gas1805
1793 T. Beddoes Observ. Nature & Cure Calculus 212 Arterial blood exposed to the contact of hydrogene air loses its vermilion colour.
hydrogen bomb n. an immensely powerful bomb in which the energy released is derived from the fusion of hydrogen nuclei in an uncontrolled self-sustaining reaction initiated by a fission bomb.
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society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > explosive device > [noun] > bomb > fusion or hydrogen
hydrogen bomb1947
fusion bomb1950
superbomb1950
super1951
cobalt bomb1954
1947 N.Y. Times 13 Apr. iv. 9/5 Hydrogen bomb. New and improved atomic bombs were discussed at the recently held forum of the Northern California Association of Scientists.
1948 Sci. News Let. 17 July 35/1 This is the ‘hydrogen bomb’ that certain high officials in past months have vaguely..hinted may be made.
1951 C. Roberts Terrace in Sun i. 12 Would the hydrogen bomb that could reduce New York to a tangled skeleton penetrate thus far?
1954 W. S. Churchill in Hansard Commons 30 Mar. 1840 The development of the hydrogen bomb raises strategic and political issues.
1972 Sci. Amer. Dec. 13/3 China exploded a fission device in 1964 and a fusion device in 1967, and it has tested several hydrogen bombs since that date.
hydrogen bond n. a weak bond between a strongly electronegative atom with a lone pair of electrons in one molecule and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to another strongly electronegative atom or group in the same or a different molecule.
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the world > matter > chemistry > chemical bonding > [noun] > covalent bonding > hydrogen bonding
hydrogen bond1923
hydrogen-bonding1936
1923 G. N. Lewis Valence ix. 109 The hydrogen atom can form a loose attachment to another pair of electrons, thus forming the hydrogen bond.
1939 L. Pauling Nature Chem. Bond ix. 264 Although the hydrogen bond is not a strong bond..it has great significance in determining the properties of substances.
1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) XIV. 387/2 Ordinary ice consists of water molecules joined together by hydrogen bonds in a regular arrangement.
1970 E. J. Ambrose & D. M. Easty Cell Biol. iii. 110 When double-stranded DNA is heated to near 100°C, the hydrogen bonds between the two chains break and the strands separate.
hydrogen-bonded adj.
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the world > matter > chemistry > chemical bonding > [adjective] > of or relating to covalent bonding > of or relating to hydrogen bonded
hydrogen-bonded1950
1950 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 72 5349/2 Each residue is hydrogen-bonded to the third residue from it in each direction along the chain.
1950 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 72 5349/2 The second hydrogen-bonded spiral is the five-residue spiral.
hydrogen-bonding adj.
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the world > matter > chemistry > chemical bonding > [noun] > covalent bonding > hydrogen bonding
hydrogen bond1923
hydrogen-bonding1936
1936 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 58 1903/2 One isomer should show complete hydrogen bonding detectable by appropriate physical methods.
hydrogen electrode n. (also hydrogen gas electrode) an electrode (usually of platinum coated with platinum black) partially immersed in a solution that contains hydrogen ions and hydrogen gas, so that an equilibrium between the ions and the molecules is established on the surface of the electrode enabling it to be used as a standard of zero potential (e.g. in measurements of other electrode potentials and of pH).
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the world > matter > chemistry > equipment or apparatus > [noun] > miscellaneous apparatus
bain1477
speculum1650
filtering paper1651
wheel-fire1662
filter paper1670
sun furnace1763
respirator1789
candle-ball1794
rectifier1822
candle-bomb1823
filter1823
oxyhydrogen blowpipe1823
shade1837
graduator1839
pipette1839
thistle funnel1849
pressure tube1852
ozonizer1858
dialyser1861
Liebig condenser1861
Sprengel pump1866
Sprengel tube1866
water softener1867
mercury pump1869
Bunsen burner1870
dialysator1877
test-mixer1877
tube-condenser1877
Kipp1879
reflux condenser1880
policeman1888
converter1889
pressure boiler1891
spot plate1896
hydrogen electrode1898
sampler1902
reactor1903
fume-chamber1905
Permutit1910
microburner1911
salt bridge1915
precipitator1919
Raschig ring1920
microneedle1921
titrator1928
laboratory coatc1936
spray tower1937
precipitron1938
ion exchanger1941
potentiostat1942
chemostat1950
Knudsen pipette1951
pH-stat1956
cryopump1958
1898 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 74 ii. 89 A similar method may be used in the titration of acids and bases, if a hydrogen electrode be employed..being made of gold electrolytically coated with palladium.
1942 S. Glasstone Introd. Electrochem. x. 352 The hydrogen gas electrode cannot be employed in solutions containing oxidizing agents.
1964 R. G. Bates Determination of pH ix. 230 The hydrogen electrode is the ultimate standard for the determination of pH values, but..other electrodes reversible to hydrogen ion are commonly employed for routine pH measurements.
hydrogen gas n. (cf. French gaz hydrogène).
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the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > hydrogen > [noun]
hydrogen1791
hydrogen air1793
hydrogen gas1805
1805 W. Nisbet Dict. Chem. Hydrogen Gas, sometimes termed inflammable gas, is formed by the union of hydrogen with caloric. It was discovered by Mr. Cavendish.
1827 J. Bentham Rationale Judicial Evid. III. v. xvi. 315 An air-balloon, on the hydrogen gas principle.
hydrogen ion n. the positive ion H+ (the proton) derived from a hydrogen atom by the loss of its electron; a solvated form of this in a solution, esp. the hydrated form H3O+ (cf. hydronium n.).
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the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > hydrogen > [noun] > ions
hydrogen ion1896
hydrion1901
hydronium1908
1896 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 70 ii. 638 Etherification occurring, with or without the addition of a catalysing acid, is primarily caused by the activity of the hydrogen ions present.
1935 Discovery Nov. 322/1 Every process of manufacture is subject to constant scientific control, regulating temperature, humidity,..hydrogen-ion concentration.
1939 L. Pauling Nature Chem. Bond ix. 266 The positive hydrogen ion is a bare proton.
1942 S. Glasstone Introd. Electrochem. ix. 308 The hydrogen ion in solution is not to be regarded as a bare proton, but as a combination of a proton with, at least, one molecule of solvent.
1968 M. S. Livingston Particle Physics vi. 120 Experiments on the deflection of hydrogen-ion beams in electric and magnetic fields.
b.
(a) In systematic names of chemical compounds of hydrogen with an element or radical = ‘of hydrogen’: as hydrogen bromide HBr, hydrogen chloride HCl, hydrogen iodide HI (also called hydrobromic, hydrochloric, and hydriodic acids); hydrogen monoxide or hydrogen protoxide H2O (water), hydrogen dioxide H2O2 (oxygenated water); hydrogen arsenide H3As, hydrogen selenide H2Se, hydrogen sulphide H2S (also arseniuretted, seleniuretted, sulphuretted hydrogen); hydrogen disulphide H2S2, hydrogen potassium carbonate HKCO3, hydrogen sodium arsenate HNa.AsO4 + 12H2O. On the analogy of hydrogen chloride, etc., acids are often named as salts of hydrogen, e.g. hydrogen acetateC2H3O2.H, hydrogen chlorate HClO3, hydrogen chlorite HClO2, hydrogen nitrate HNO3, hydrogen sulphate H2SO4, hydrogen sulphite H2SO3 (= acetic, chloric, chlorous, nitric, sulphuric, sulphurous acids).
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the world > matter > chemistry > chemistry as a science > naming conventions > [adjective] > of the names of a chemical compound
systematic1790
hydrogen1868
trivial1892
the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > hydrogen > [noun] > naming form
hydrogen1868
the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > arsenic > [noun] > compounds
arsenic?a1425
yellow arsenic1598
arsenic glass1738
arsenious oxide1809
arsenicane1812
arseniuret1813
arsenide1830
sulpharsenite1859
trimethyl-arsine1866
hydrogen arsenide1868
sperrylite1889
1868 H. B. Jones & H. Watts Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 10) 216 Hydrogen sulphide is a colourless gas, having the odour of putrid eggs.
1868 H. B. Jones & H. Watts Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 10) 224 Hydrogen Telluride..is a gas, resembling sulphuretted and selenietted hydrogen.
1869 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. (new ed.) x. 105 Hydrochloric Acid, or Hydrogen Chloride.
1869 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. (new ed.) xix. 197 Hydrogen Sodium Carbonate, or Bicarbonate of Soda..is a white crystalline powder, which on heating is readily converted into sodium carbonate.
1869 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. (new ed.) xxxii. 320 Acetic acid..Hydrogen Acetate.
1872 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 25 922 (heading) Determination of nitrates, nitrites, and hydrogen peroxide by solution of indigo.
1873 H. Watts Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 11) 193 Hydrogen Iodate, or Iodic Acid.
1877 H. E. Roscoe & C. Schorlemmer Treat. Chem. I. 519 In order to prepare the hydrogen arsenide in the pure state.
(b)
hydrogen cyanide n. the more usual term in modern usage for hydrocyanic acid.
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the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > acids > [noun] > acids-named > containing cyanide > hydrocyanic acid
hydrocyanic acid1819
hydrogen cyanide1882
1882 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. Index of Subjects 1873–82 215/2 Hydrogen cyanide.
1948 New Biol. 4 71 The most common fumigants in use in this country are hydrogen cyanide;..methyl bromide; [etc.].
hydrogen peroxide n. a colourless, viscous, somewhat unstable liquid, H2O2, which can act as an oxidizing and a reducing agent, is usually prepared as an aqueous solution, and is used esp. as an oxidizing and bleaching agent, in the manufacture of peroxides and organic compounds, as a weak antiseptic, and (in concentrated form) as a rocket propellant.
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the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > oxygen > [noun] > compounds > oxides > peroxides
foam of copperas1538
colcothar1605
peroxide1804
oxynitric gas1805
superoxide1807
oxynitric acid1810
hyperoxide1855
oxylithe1902
hydrogen peroxide1907
1907 G. S. Newth Text-bk. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 12) ii. iii. 226 When such a discoloured picture [in oils] is washed over with dilute hydrogen peroxide, the black sulphide is oxidised into the white lead sulphate.
1951 A. Grollman Pharmacol. & Therapeutics xxv. 514 Hydrogen peroxide solution differs from most other disinfectants in the short duration of the action, which passes off as soon as all the oxygen is liberated.
1962 J. Glenn in J. Glenn et al. Into Orbit 192 The hydrogen peroxide jets began to turn the capsule round to orbital attitude.
hydrogen telluride n. an unstable, unpleasant-smelling gas produced by the action of water or dilute acids on tellurides of metals; formerly called telluretted hydrogen.Formula: H2Te.
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1849 D. Campbell Pract. Text-bk. Inorg. Chem. 307 Telluride of hydrogen..is colourless, and in odour resembles sulphide of hydrogen gas.]
1868 H. B. Jones & H. Watts Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 10) 224 Hydrogen Telluride..is a gas, resembling sulphuretted and selenietted hydrogen.
1920 Public Health Rep. (U.S. Public Health Service) 35 944 Tellurium fumes were given off probably in the form of hydrogen telluride.
2001 O. Sacks Uncle Tungsten viii. 90 Hydrogen selenide, I decided, was perhaps the worst smell in the world. But hydrogen telluride came close.
c. In journalistic and colloquial use: of the age, era, etc., marked by the advent of the hydrogen bomb.
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1953 Ann. Reg. 1952 403 [Pres. Truman's] references to the bomb..firmly dated the beginning of the ‘hydrogen era’ as occurring in the period of the Truman Administration.
1954 Commonweal 10 Dec. 279/2 An unexpected wind shift and fallout of radioactive ashes made some unfortunate Japanese fishermen..the first public victims of the hydrogen age.
1959 Times Lit. Suppl. 29 May 315/1 His naval reforms..seem unimportant..in the hydrogen age.
C2.
hydrogen-like adj. Physics consisting (like the hydrogen atom) of a nucleus to which is bound a single negatively charged particle; characteristic of such an atom.
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the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > [adjective] > of atoms: resembling hydrogen
hydrogen-like1927
hydrogenic1935
1927 E. N. da C. Andrade Struct. Atom (ed. 3) ix. 190 An atom of helium from which one electron has been altogether removed, and an atom of lithium from which two electrons have been altogether removed, constitute similar systems, and may be called hydrogen-like.
1927 J. W. Fisher & D. R. Hartree tr. M. Born Mech. Atom iii. 155 The orbit of the radiating electron was hydrogen-like for large values of k, since it is situated in an approximately Coulomb field of force.
1951 S. Dushman Fund. Atomic Physics ix. 131 A hydrogenlike atom, having a nucleus of charge Ze and one electron revolving about this nucleus in a circular orbit.
1969 K. Ziock Basic Quantum Mech. v. 89 Muonic atoms have hydrogen-like spectra.
Draft additions 1993
hydrogen sulphate n. †(a) sulphuric acid, H2SO4 (obsolete); (b) (frequently as one word) an acid salt containing the anion HSO4−, or the anion itself; an ester of the type RHSO4.
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the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > acids > [noun] > acids-named > containing sulphur > sulphuric acid
oil of vitriol1580
vitriolic acid1748
chamber acid1853
hydrogen sulphate1869
oleum1905
the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [noun] > specific types > acid salt > specific
margaritate1839
hydrogen sulphate1981
1869 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. (new ed.) xiii. 130 (heading) Sulphuric acid, or hydrogen sulphate.
1893 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 64 ii. 97 Ferrotitanium can only be dissolved by fusion with sodium hydrogen sulphate and treatment with cold water.
1962 P. J. Durrant & B. Durrant Introd. Adv. Inorg. Chem. xxi. 846 The sodium salt [sc. sodium disulphate] is made by heating sodium hydrogen sulphate.
1981 J. W. Buttle et al. Chem. (ed. 4) xi. 261 Most sulphates and hydrogensulphates are soluble in water and are therefore prepared usually by the neutralization of sulphuric acid by base, followed by crystallization.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online September 2021).
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