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单词 imperfective
释义

imperfectiven.adj.

Brit. /ˌɪmpəˈfɛktɪv/, U.S. /ˌɪmpərˈfɛktɪv/
Forms: 1600s imperfectiue, 1600s– imperfective.
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: imperfect adj., -ive suffix.
Etymology: < imperfect adj. + -ive suffix. Compare earlier perfective adj. and slightly later perfective n.With sense A. 1 compare post-classical Latin imperfectiva defect (1502 or earlier; rare). With sense A. 2 in Slavonic languages compare Russian nesoveršennyj vid . With sense B. 2 compare Russian nesoveršennyj.
A. n.
1. A defect, a fault; = imperfection n. 2. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [noun] > an imperfection
imperfectiona1398
imperfective1601
rough edge1765
1601 W. Cornwallis Ess. II. xxvi. sig. O6v Of all our delicacies, or imperfectiues of any kinde, there is no Author but Affection.
2. Grammar. An imperfective aspect or form of a verb (see sense B. 2).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > aspect > [noun] > imperfect
imperfect1569
imperfective1885
incompletive1964
1885 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 11 p. cxxvi The ‘imperfectivebibhar is used without the dative, and means ‘support’.
1895 Mod. Lang. Notes 10 120/2 Other mistakes of Recha are..his classing all uncompounded verbs as imperfectives, thus ignoring the second class in Streitberg's division.
1939 Language 15 230 The imperfectives, whether present or past, definitely indicate a repeated or a continuing action.
1972 R. R. K. Hartmann & F. C. Stork Dict. Lang. & Linguistics 20 Ancient Greek, for example, had perfective, imperfective, and aorist.
2007 R. Geld & I. Z. Dinković in D. Divjak & A. Kochańska Cognitive Paths into Slavic Domain 126 The real (or temporal) usage of the present tense is mentioned only in relation to the imperfectives used to describe actual, ongoing events occurring at the time of speaking.
B. adj.
1. Characterized by imperfection; imperfect. Now rare and nonstandard.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [adjective]
imperfecta1398
untrue?1541
imperfectious1594
perfectless1605
imperfective1684
1684 N. S. tr. R. Simon Crit. Enq. Editions Bible xvi. 156 Their Copies are often defective and imperfective [L. cum illorum codex aliquando deficiat & in quibusdam sit mutilus].
1716 W. Nicolson Faith & Good Wks. (octavo ed.) 25 There neither is, nor can be, any sort of Proportion betwixt our Works, Finite and Imperfective as they are, and an Eternity of Bliss.
1847 N.Y. Herald 11 July The foregoing is necessarily a very abridged and imperfective outline of the extended and elaborate encomium.
1876 Daily Gaz. (Middlesbrough) 4/5 (advt.) Thomas Snow..was effectually cured of Bleary, and imperfective sight, produced by working in a heated Potters room.
2010 BBC Monitoring Former Soviet Union (Nexis) 8 Oct. If there is no joint anti-terrorism fight, its metastases will penetrate into all geographical corners of the continent parasitizing on the imperfective legislation and excessive political tolerance.
2. Grammar. Designating a verbal form or aspect expressing action that is not completed (as being e.g. progressive, continuous, or repeated); of or relating to this. Opposed to perfective adj. 2b. Cf. imperfect adj. 6, durative adj., aspect n. 9b.In the 19th cent. originally applied to one of the branches or ‘aspects’ of the verb in the Slavonic languages. Imperfective aspect is also shown by imperfect verb forms, such as the forms of the Latin (past) imperfect tense (see imperfect adj. 6a). With reference to English, the term has purely semantic force, as English does not have special verb forms to encode aspect.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > aspect > [adjective] > imperfect
imperfectc1450
unperfectc1450
imperfective1844
incompletive1944
1844 Proc. Philol. Soc. 1 268 In the Slavonic languages..a regular..distinction is made between perfective and imperfective verbs, that is, between those expressing an action completed at once and not repeated, and those denoting continuance or reiteration.
1889 W. R. Morfill Gram. Russ. Lang. 37 The imperfective aspect has all the moods and tenses. The perfective wants the present tense and present participle.
1912 J. Wright Compar. Gram. Greek Lang. §424 (2) An action is said to be cursive, durative or imperfective when it denotes continuous action without any reference to its beginning or end, as in English I am striking compared with I strike.
1924 O. Jespersen Philos. Gram. xx. 286 It is generally assumed that our Aryan languages had at first no real forms in their verbs for tense-distinctions, but denoted various aspects, perfective, imperfective, punctual, durative, inceptive, or others.
1957 R. W. Zandvoort Handbk. Eng. Gram. (new ed.) i. ii. 33 The aspect expressed by the present participle..is called imperfective or durative.
1972 Language 48 169 By accident, some presents with imperfective meaning contained an e, e.g. bher-e- ‘carry’.
2011 Canad. Slavonic Papers 53 134 The use of non-negated, imperfective imperatives in these languages accordingly connotes a lack of politeness.

Derivatives

imperfectiviˈzation n. Grammar the making of a verb imperfective in aspect or form.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > aspect > [noun] > imperfect > action of rendering
imperfectivization1938
1938 R. H. Ružić Verbal Aspects in Serbo-Croatian (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley) 38 The imperfectivization of perfective verbs.
1962 Word 18 15 In the verbal system [of Russian]..suffixation is limited and its function is basically grammatical, i.e. that of imperfectivization.
2008 D. Saléschus in T. Hanneforth & K.-M. Würzner Finite-state Methods & Nat. Lang. Processing: 6th Internat. Workshop 188 Imperfectivization is accomplished in order not to just create imperfective verb stems but to create imperfective partner verbs, i.e. aspectually complete lexemes.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.adj.1601
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