inclusionn.

Brit.

/ɪnˈkluːʒn/,

/ɪŋˈkluːʒn/, U.S.

/ᵻnˈkluʒ(ə)n/,

/ɪŋˈkluʒ(ə)n/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin inclūsiōn-, inclūsiō.

Etymology: < classical Latin inclūsiōn-, inclūsiō imprisonment, confinement, in post-classical Latin also (in philosophy) fact or condition of being included (13th cent. in a British source) < inclūs- , past participial stem of inclūdere include v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare French inclusion action of including (1605; c1200 in Old French in sense ‘reclusion (of a monk)’, and a1506 in Middle French in sense ‘incarceration’, both in apparently isolated attestations).

a. The action or an act of including something or someone (in various senses of include v.); the fact or condition of being included, an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > [noun]

closurec1420

inclusiona1500

closing1530

circumference1602

enclosure1605

interception1665

enceinte1708

circumclusion1730

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > incorporation or inclusion > [noun]

incorporation1398

corporation1439

inclusiona1500

comprehension1541

incorporature1570

incorporating1579

including1598

incision1601

insition1601

comprising1603

assumption1617

inlaying1674

embodying1677

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > condition or state of being inclusive > [noun] > inclusion

inclusiona1500

a1500 (a1450) tr. Secreta Secret. (Ashm. 396) (1977) 54 Than descendith esely the mete vndecoct to the lower part of the stomak, and thereof is gendred inclusion of wyndes.

1551 T. Raynald tr. A. Vesalius Compend. Declar. Vertues Oile Imperial sig. H There is no hot disease but that it is engendrid by inclusion & emprisoning of sum humors.

1600 Abp. G. Abbot Expos. Prophet Ionah 33 St. Austen..doth by a secret inclusion compare this mind of man, to one who is to passe over a ditch.

a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) 49 The inclusion and expansion of any natural inanimate particles of elementary Fire.

1706 H. Dodwell Def. Epistolary Disc. ii. 11 Why should they..be presumed to be included in general Terms, when..no inclusion was intended?

1759 J. Relly Union 21 This manifests such an Union to him; such an inclusion of the whole seed in him.

1851 H. L. Mansel Prolegomena Logica i. 47 To illustrate..the position of the terms in Barbara, by a diagram..tends to confuse the mental inclusion of one notion in the sphere of another, with the local inclusion of a smaller portion of a space in a larger.

1884 Manch. Guard. 24 Jan. 5/3 The questions involved in the inclusion of Ireland in the Bill.

1904 Ann. Royal Bot. Gardens, Peradeniya 2 ii. 341 De Vries further upholds..the inclusion of all the varieties of a species one within the other.

1987 A. Brookner Friend from Eng. iii. 48 The idea of being Heather's best friend seemed to guarantee my inclusion in any future festivities.

2012 Steam Days May 269 (caption) Many regular travellers would have preferred the inclusion of a proper Buffet Car.

b. Originally U.S. The action, practice, or policy of including any person in an activity, system, organization, or process, irrespective of race, gender, religion, age, ability, etc. (Now frequently without complement specifying who is included.)

ΚΠ

1955 J. D. Grambs Educ. in Transition Community iv. 116 American Nurses' Association... Promotes inclusion and participation of minority groups... Works for elimination of discrimination in job opportunities.

1965 Indian Educ. 15 Oct. 3/1 The next major legal stroke highlighting national policy of inclusion was the Act of June 2, 1924... This granted citizenship to all Indians within the..United States.

1983 Washington Post 23 June (Final ed.) a23 We are barely at the beginning of the last great inclusion in American life, the inclusion of the handicapped.

1996 R. Acuña Anything but Mexican xiii. 319 The future looks quite bleak for a politics of inclusion in which the voice of the working-class Chicano majority will be heard.

2007 N.Y. Times Mag. 9 Sept. 110/2 (advt.) What changes..minds is seeing the company living diversity and inclusion every day.

c. spec. Education. The action, practice, or fact of enabling all students, especially those with disabilities or learning difficulties, to participate in mainstream education while having their special needs supported (sometimes opposed to exclusion). Cf. inclusive education n. at inclusive n. and adj. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > school administration > [noun] > placing in mainstream education

inclusion1973

mainstreaming1973

1973 E. M. Anderson Disabled Schoolchild 51 The inclusion, where appropriate, of fairly severely handicapped children in ordinary schools.

1982 Associated Press Newswire (Nexis) 18 Feb. Handicapped students who are able have been ‘mainstreamed’ into regular classrooms since federal legislation pushed the concept of inclusion instead of exclusion in the mid-1970s.

1993 N.Y. Times 19 Sept. e9 We are seeing a rush to inclusion for every disabled child, regardless of the disability.

2011 Independent 18 Oct. 37/2 Smith fights for inclusion.., something that Henry never experienced properly (mainstream school didn't work for him).

a. A person who or thing which is included within a group, category, etc.; a component, a constituent; an addition.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > constituent part or component

limbc1000

membera1382

elementc1386

parcelc1395

ingredientc1460

partc1530

ingredience1577

principle1594

simple1603

composer1610

partiment1641

component1644

constitutive1647

composite1657

integral1659

ingredient1674

aggregant1749

constituent1757

congredient1767

factor1816

integrant1825

inclusion1845

1845 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 2) 119 All the starry inclusions of all signs—Shall rise, and rule, and pass.

1894 Sunday School Times 3 Feb. 76/1 Some of the new inclusions are of doubtful value.

1959 I. Gershwin Lyrics on Several Occasions 181 This lyric is a late inclusion.

1993 B. D. Slife Time & Psychol. Explan. iii. 81 Jung might seem a surprising inclusion here given his psychoanalytic heritage.

2010 New Yorker 2 Aug. 10/2 Some inclusions work particularly well, like Patricia Esquivia's short video meditations on personal experiences.

b. Geology, Metallurgy, etc. A solid fragment, globule of liquid, or gas bubble enclosed within a mineral, rock, etc.; a discrete body or particle recognizably distinct from the substance in which it is embedded.Inclusions in some gemstones, such as diamonds, may affect the stone's clarity and diminish its value, while inclusions in other stones, such as star sapphires, cause the appearance of distinctive patterns in the stone and increase its value.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > mineral structure or appearance > [noun] > enclosure > enclosed liquid or gas

nebula1805

cryptoline1850

brewsterlinite1868

inclusion1869

the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > insertion or putting in > [noun] > into a surrounding mass > that which is

inclusion1869

insert1913

1869 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 121 Of Dr. Le Conte's twelve specimens, six had acicular crystals, and six presented no appearance of inclusions.

1888 N.Y. Times 29 June 2/4 These stones contain large spots of a rich aurelian red inclusion, perhaps red oxide of iron, and they also contain black carbon inclusions.

1913 Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. 87 655 The various kinds of slag inclusions occurring in steel..may be classified as follows: 1. Those..dispersed throughout the metal, but mostly near the surface. 2. Those..dispersed throughout the whole mass of the metal. 3. Small inclusions..occurring between the crystals of the metal.

1966 Nature 28 May 879/2 Ice specimens..prepared with inclusions of fine air bubbles.

1998 J. E. Shigley & T. Moses in Nature of Diamonds xii. 252 The effort to achieve a diamond free of inclusions, or containing as few inclusions as possible, requires considerable skill.

2011 Archaeology E. N. Amer. 39 124 The chert has a waxy texture and an off-white color with no mineral or fossil inclusions.

c. Cell Biology. A discrete area within the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell, typically having distinctive staining properties and often consisting of stored nutrient or waste material or of viral products. Occasionally also: a cellular organelle (rare). Cf. inclusion body n. at Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > cell > parts of cell > [noun] > regions

polar cap1887

inclusion1890

target1936

periplasm1961

1890 N. Amer. Practitioner Dec. 559 These granular masses..are living masses, and not inert inclusions.

1896 E. B. Wilson Cell i. 15 The lifeless inclusions in the protoplasm have been collectively designated as metaplasm (Hanstein) in contradistinction to the living protoplasm.

1960 F. C. Steward Plant Physiol. I. i. 11 The metabolically active inclusions are the mitochondria, the microsomes, and the chloroplasts.

1999 Cerebral Cortex 14 69 All three types of neuroglial cells accumulate cytoplasmic inclusions in normal aged rhesus monkeys.

2013 Amer. Naturalist 181 428/2 These vacuoles and inclusions are pockets of nonliving material within the living cell, leading to cells being like ‘Swiss cheese’.

3. Logic and Mathematics.

a. The relation between two classes or sets in which every element of one is an element of the other; the fact or condition of such a relation existing between two given classes or sets. Often attributive.Inclusion is most commonly denoted by the symbols ⊂ and ⊆. The former symbol is typically taken to indicate that the sets in question are not equal, while equality is allowed under the latter symbol.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > transformation > [noun] > correspondence > preserving relations or elements

inclusion1870

orthomorphosis1885

isomorphism1892

identity1910

homoeomorphism1918

homomorphism1935

topological mapping or transformation1939

isometry1941

Möbius transformation1941

injection map(ping)1950

monomorphism1954

bijection1963

surjection1964

1870 C. S. Peirce Descr. Notation for Logic of Relatives 2 Inclusion in or being as small as is a transitive relation.

1912 A. N. Whitehead & B. Russell Principia Mathematica II. v. 645 The converse inclusion does not always hold.

1938 Ann. Math. 39 113 We are also able to introduce a partial ordering of the vertices of K, which corresponds to the inclusion relation in S.

1969 W. O. Quine Set Theory & its Logic (rev. ed.) viii. 54 We may call β an upper bound of α, with respect to class inclusion, when each member of α is a subclass of β.

2012 D. Makinson Sets, Logic, & Maths for Computing ii. 49 For sets, the relation..of inclusion is a partial order. As we already know, it is reflexive and transitive.

b. Any function whose domain is a subset of its range and whose value at a given element of the domain is the element itself; usually attributive, as inclusion map, inclusion mapping, inclusion function, etc.

ΚΠ

1949 Ann. Math. 50 956 The symbolism f:(X′, A′) ⊂ (X, A) is read: f is the inclusion map of (X′, A′) into (X, A).

1956 E. M. Patterson Topol. ii. 20 If A ⊂ B, the transformation i:A → B defined by i(a) = a is a one–one transformation called an inclusion.

1979 Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 73 257 An embedding will be treated as an inclusion function.

2015 Jrnl. Math. Imaging & Vision 53 288/1 If i : Y ⟶ X is the inclusion mapping, then i o f = id_Y.

Compounds

inclusion body n. Cell Biology a cellular inclusion (see sense 2c); (in later use) esp. an aggregate of viral particles or proteins occurring in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a cell infected by any of certain viruses.

ΚΠ

1894 Jrnl. Pathol. & Bacteriol. 2 29 Here we have a cancer corpuscle containing two inclusion bodies.

1984 M. J. Taussig Processes in Pathol. & Microbiol. (ed. 2) iii. 243 The site, shape and staining properties of the inclusion body may be highly characteristic of a particular virus and in some diseases may be an important part of diagnosis.

2011 Porterville (Calif.) Recorder 7 June 9/2 Inclusion body myositis affects proximal and distal muscles, often resulting in weakness on one side of the body only.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	inclusion
释义	inclusionn. Brit. /ɪnˈkluːʒn/, /ɪŋˈkluːʒn/, U.S. /ᵻnˈkluʒ(ə)n/, /ɪŋˈkluʒ(ə)n/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin inclūsiōn-, inclūsiō. Etymology: < classical Latin inclūsiōn-, inclūsiō imprisonment, confinement, in post-classical Latin also (in philosophy) fact or condition of being included (13th cent. in a British source) < inclūs- , past participial stem of inclūdere include v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare French inclusion action of including (1605; c1200 in Old French in sense ‘reclusion (of a monk)’, and a1506 in Middle French in sense ‘incarceration’, both in apparently isolated attestations). 1. a. The action or an act of including something or someone (in various senses of include v.); the fact or condition of being included, an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > [noun] closurec1420 inclusiona1500 closing1530 circumference1602 enclosure1605 interception1665 enceinte1708 circumclusion1730 the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > incorporation or inclusion > [noun] incorporation1398 corporation1439 inclusiona1500 comprehension1541 incorporature1570 incorporating1579 including1598 incision1601 insition1601 comprising1603 assumption1617 inlaying1674 embodying1677 the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > condition or state of being inclusive > [noun] > inclusion inclusiona1500 a1500 (a1450) tr. Secreta Secret. (Ashm. 396) (1977) 54 Than descendith esely the mete vndecoct to the lower part of the stomak, and thereof is gendred inclusion of wyndes. 1551 T. Raynald tr. A. Vesalius Compend. Declar. Vertues Oile Imperial sig. H There is no hot disease but that it is engendrid by inclusion & emprisoning of sum humors. 1600 Abp. G. Abbot Expos. Prophet Ionah 33 St. Austen..doth by a secret inclusion compare this mind of man, to one who is to passe over a ditch. a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) 49 The inclusion and expansion of any natural inanimate particles of elementary Fire. 1706 H. Dodwell Def. Epistolary Disc. ii. 11 Why should they..be presumed to be included in general Terms, when..no inclusion was intended? 1759 J. Relly Union 21 This manifests such an Union to him; such an inclusion of the whole seed in him. 1851 H. L. Mansel Prolegomena Logica i. 47 To illustrate..the position of the terms in Barbara, by a diagram..tends to confuse the mental inclusion of one notion in the sphere of another, with the local inclusion of a smaller portion of a space in a larger. 1884 Manch. Guard. 24 Jan. 5/3 The questions involved in the inclusion of Ireland in the Bill. 1904 Ann. Royal Bot. Gardens, Peradeniya 2 ii. 341 De Vries further upholds..the inclusion of all the varieties of a species one within the other. 1987 A. Brookner Friend from Eng. iii. 48 The idea of being Heather's best friend seemed to guarantee my inclusion in any future festivities. 2012 Steam Days May 269 (caption) Many regular travellers would have preferred the inclusion of a proper Buffet Car. b. Originally U.S. The action, practice, or policy of including any person in an activity, system, organization, or process, irrespective of race, gender, religion, age, ability, etc. (Now frequently without complement specifying who is included.) ΚΠ 1955 J. D. Grambs Educ. in Transition Community iv. 116 American Nurses' Association... Promotes inclusion and participation of minority groups... Works for elimination of discrimination in job opportunities. 1965 Indian Educ. 15 Oct. 3/1 The next major legal stroke highlighting national policy of inclusion was the Act of June 2, 1924... This granted citizenship to all Indians within the..United States. 1983 Washington Post 23 June (Final ed.) a23 We are barely at the beginning of the last great inclusion in American life, the inclusion of the handicapped. 1996 R. Acuña Anything but Mexican xiii. 319 The future looks quite bleak for a politics of inclusion in which the voice of the working-class Chicano majority will be heard. 2007 N.Y. Times Mag. 9 Sept. 110/2 (advt.) What changes..minds is seeing the company living diversity and inclusion every day. c. spec. Education. The action, practice, or fact of enabling all students, especially those with disabilities or learning difficulties, to participate in mainstream education while having their special needs supported (sometimes opposed to exclusion). Cf. inclusive education n. at inclusive n. and adj. Compounds. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > school administration > [noun] > placing in mainstream education inclusion1973 mainstreaming1973 1973 E. M. Anderson Disabled Schoolchild 51 The inclusion, where appropriate, of fairly severely handicapped children in ordinary schools. 1982 Associated Press Newswire (Nexis) 18 Feb. Handicapped students who are able have been ‘mainstreamed’ into regular classrooms since federal legislation pushed the concept of inclusion instead of exclusion in the mid-1970s. 1993 N.Y. Times 19 Sept. e9 We are seeing a rush to inclusion for every disabled child, regardless of the disability. 2011 Independent 18 Oct. 37/2 Smith fights for inclusion.., something that Henry never experienced properly (mainstream school didn't work for him). 2. a. A person who or thing which is included within a group, category, etc.; a component, a constituent; an addition. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > constituent part or component limbc1000 membera1382 elementc1386 parcelc1395 ingredientc1460 partc1530 ingredience1577 principle1594 simple1603 composer1610 partiment1641 component1644 constitutive1647 composite1657 integral1659 ingredient1674 aggregant1749 constituent1757 congredient1767 factor1816 integrant1825 inclusion1845 1845 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 2) 119 All the starry inclusions of all signs—Shall rise, and rule, and pass. 1894 Sunday School Times 3 Feb. 76/1 Some of the new inclusions are of doubtful value. 1959 I. Gershwin Lyrics on Several Occasions 181 This lyric is a late inclusion. 1993 B. D. Slife Time & Psychol. Explan. iii. 81 Jung might seem a surprising inclusion here given his psychoanalytic heritage. 2010 New Yorker 2 Aug. 10/2 Some inclusions work particularly well, like Patricia Esquivia's short video meditations on personal experiences. b. Geology, Metallurgy, etc. A solid fragment, globule of liquid, or gas bubble enclosed within a mineral, rock, etc.; a discrete body or particle recognizably distinct from the substance in which it is embedded.Inclusions in some gemstones, such as diamonds, may affect the stone's clarity and diminish its value, while inclusions in other stones, such as star sapphires, cause the appearance of distinctive patterns in the stone and increase its value. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > mineral structure or appearance > [noun] > enclosure > enclosed liquid or gas nebula1805 cryptoline1850 brewsterlinite1868 inclusion1869 the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > insertion or putting in > [noun] > into a surrounding mass > that which is inclusion1869 insert1913 1869 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 121 Of Dr. Le Conte's twelve specimens, six had acicular crystals, and six presented no appearance of inclusions. 1888 N.Y. Times 29 June 2/4 These stones contain large spots of a rich aurelian red inclusion, perhaps red oxide of iron, and they also contain black carbon inclusions. 1913 Jrnl. Iron & Steel Inst. 87 655 The various kinds of slag inclusions occurring in steel..may be classified as follows: 1. Those..dispersed throughout the metal, but mostly near the surface. 2. Those..dispersed throughout the whole mass of the metal. 3. Small inclusions..occurring between the crystals of the metal. 1966 Nature 28 May 879/2 Ice specimens..prepared with inclusions of fine air bubbles. 1998 J. E. Shigley & T. Moses in Nature of Diamonds xii. 252 The effort to achieve a diamond free of inclusions, or containing as few inclusions as possible, requires considerable skill. 2011 Archaeology E. N. Amer. 39 124 The chert has a waxy texture and an off-white color with no mineral or fossil inclusions. c. Cell Biology. A discrete area within the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell, typically having distinctive staining properties and often consisting of stored nutrient or waste material or of viral products. Occasionally also: a cellular organelle (rare). Cf. inclusion body n. at Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > cell > parts of cell > [noun] > regions polar cap1887 inclusion1890 target1936 periplasm1961 1890 N. Amer. Practitioner Dec. 559 These granular masses..are living masses, and not inert inclusions. 1896 E. B. Wilson Cell i. 15 The lifeless inclusions in the protoplasm have been collectively designated as metaplasm (Hanstein) in contradistinction to the living protoplasm. 1960 F. C. Steward Plant Physiol. I. i. 11 The metabolically active inclusions are the mitochondria, the microsomes, and the chloroplasts. 1999 Cerebral Cortex 14 69 All three types of neuroglial cells accumulate cytoplasmic inclusions in normal aged rhesus monkeys. 2013 Amer. Naturalist 181 428/2 These vacuoles and inclusions are pockets of nonliving material within the living cell, leading to cells being like ‘Swiss cheese’. 3. Logic and Mathematics. a. The relation between two classes or sets in which every element of one is an element of the other; the fact or condition of such a relation existing between two given classes or sets. Often attributive.Inclusion is most commonly denoted by the symbols ⊂ and ⊆. The former symbol is typically taken to indicate that the sets in question are not equal, while equality is allowed under the latter symbol. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > arithmetic or algebraic operations > transformation > [noun] > correspondence > preserving relations or elements inclusion1870 orthomorphosis1885 isomorphism1892 identity1910 homoeomorphism1918 homomorphism1935 topological mapping or transformation1939 isometry1941 Möbius transformation1941 injection map(ping)1950 monomorphism1954 bijection1963 surjection1964 1870 C. S. Peirce Descr. Notation for Logic of Relatives 2 Inclusion in or being as small as is a transitive relation. 1912 A. N. Whitehead & B. Russell Principia Mathematica II. v. 645 The converse inclusion does not always hold. 1938 Ann. Math. 39 113 We are also able to introduce a partial ordering of the vertices of K, which corresponds to the inclusion relation in S. 1969 W. O. Quine Set Theory & its Logic (rev. ed.) viii. 54 We may call β an upper bound of α, with respect to class inclusion, when each member of α is a subclass of β. 2012 D. Makinson Sets, Logic, & Maths for Computing ii. 49 For sets, the relation..of inclusion is a partial order. As we already know, it is reflexive and transitive. b. Any function whose domain is a subset of its range and whose value at a given element of the domain is the element itself; usually attributive, as inclusion map, inclusion mapping, inclusion function, etc. ΚΠ 1949 Ann. Math. 50 956 The symbolism f:(X′, A′) ⊂ (X, A) is read: f is the inclusion map of (X′, A′) into (X, A). 1956 E. M. Patterson Topol. ii. 20 If A ⊂ B, the transformation i:A → B defined by i(a) = a is a one–one transformation called an inclusion. 1979 Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 73 257 An embedding will be treated as an inclusion function. 2015 Jrnl. Math. Imaging & Vision 53 288/1 If i : Y ⟶ X is the inclusion mapping, then i o f = id_Y. Compounds inclusion body n. Cell Biology a cellular inclusion (see sense 2c); (in later use) esp. an aggregate of viral particles or proteins occurring in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a cell infected by any of certain viruses. ΚΠ 1894 Jrnl. Pathol. & Bacteriol. 2 29 Here we have a cancer corpuscle containing two inclusion bodies. 1984 M. J. Taussig Processes in Pathol. & Microbiol. (ed. 2) iii. 243 The site, shape and staining properties of the inclusion body may be highly characteristic of a particular virus and in some diseases may be an important part of diagnosis. 2011 Porterville (Calif.) Recorder 7 June 9/2 Inclusion body myositis affects proximal and distal muscles, often resulting in weakness on one side of the body only. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1500
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