| 释义 |
infectionn. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French enfection; Latin infection-, infectio. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman enfection, infeccioun, Anglo-Norman and Middle French infection, Middle French infeccion (French infection ) putrid change of various substances (e.g. body tissue, air, liquids, food, etc.) due to a number of causes (e.g. a disequilibrium of humours, poisoning, a lack of hygiene, etc.) (13th cent. in Anglo-Norman; the precise sense is often difficult to determine in early use both for the French and the English words), moral contamination, moral corruption (end of the 13th cent., originally in a theological context with specific reference to the stain of sin; apparently unattested between the late 15th and late 18th centuries), infectious disease, plague (although this is first attested slightly later: 1426), noxious odour (a1457), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin infection-, infectio process of fulling (cloth), influence or impact of something (4th cent), process of dyeing, communication of disease, contamination, pollution, moral corruption (5th cent.), infectious disease (1363 in Chauliac) < classical Latin infect- , past participial stem of inficere infect v. + -iō -ion suffix1.The Latin word was also borrowed into other European languages, in some cases via French. Compare Catalan infecció (14th cent.), Spanish infección (late 14th cent., earliest in extended use), Portuguese infecção (1566 as †infeiçam ), Italian infezione (a1363, earliest in extended use); also Dutch infectie (1553), German Infektion (16th cent. as †Infection ), Swedish infektion (1656 as †infection ). In sense 10 humorously after affection n.1 In sense 13 after post-classical Latin infection-, infectio (1853 in this sense: J. K. Zeuss Grammatica Celtica I. 3). With the β. forms compare β. forms at infect v. and β. forms at infect adj.1 and n. I. In medical and biological senses. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > [noun] > morbid condition a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. iii. xv. 106 Also of infeccioun and corrupcioun of þe humours of þe brest and of þe brestplate and bon, as hit is iseye among mesels and leprous men. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. vii. xvi. 361 If it [sc. rheum in the eyes] is euel ikept þerof leueþ a litil mole and infeccioun [L. levis macula sive infectio]. a1400 tr. Lanfranc (Ashm.) (1894) 116 (MED) Þe ventriclis of þe brayn..ben of so greet nobilite, þouȝ þat þer be neuere so litil infeccioun..þei ben depriued of her heelþe. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 28 (MED) In þise corrupcionz [sc. gangrene] is euermore calefaccionz or chaufyng & coleric mouing & infeccioun of blode. 1587 L. Mascall 66 Which disease [sc. murren or plague] commeth of an infection of blood. 1621 R. Burton i. i. iii. i. 46 Galen, a privation or infection of the middle cell of the Head, &c. defining it [sc. Melancholy] from the part affected. 1669 J. Blagrave 100 This Disease proceeds from an infection of blood: it appears first commonly in the Head; for the beasts Head will swell, and his Eyes grow great, and run with water. the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > pollution or defilement > environmental pollution > [noun] a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. ix. xxv. 540 Of moist vapoures and exalaciouns [MS exaltaciouns] comeþ..infeccioun [L. infectio] of aier. c1425 J. Lydgate (Augustus A.iv) i. l. 3283 (MED) Thenfeccioun of hir troubled eyr He hath venquesched. 1548 f. ccxxxii What with sauor of burnynge of townes, and infeccion of the ayre, corrupted by the multitude of dead carcases. 1625 K. Long tr. J. Barclay iii. ii. 154 For the bodies of the enemies, lest by the Aires infection, they should after their death also proue hurtfull [etc.]. 1747 Oct. 480/1 I have long been of opinion, that the plague itself is caused by the air's being full of invisible animalcula, to which it owes its infection. 1801 5 146 Dr. Tissott..observes, that the Small-pox..does not propagate itself so much by contagion as by an infection of the air. 1899 5 Aug. 358/2 These numbers indicate sufficiently well the grave danger of infection of water by such urines. 1916 C. V. Chapin (ed. 2) i. 3 All the evidence pointed to the persistent infection of the soil. 1999 2 598/1 Biofilms formed in industrial settings can also be recalcitrant to antimicrobial agents, thereby leading to possible infection of food products. †3. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > production of disease > [noun] > agent or medium a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. xi. iv. 579 Þere comeþ of þe cloudes ful gret corrumpcioun and pestilence and infeccioun [L. corruptio maxima est pestilentia infectiva]. c1425 J. Lydgate (Augustus A.iv) i. l. 312 He was so ful of corrupcioun And so dredful of infeccioun. 1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart II. f. lxv/2 The kyng of Portyngale..commaunded euery thynge to be brente to the entent that it sholde brynge no infeccyon in to the cyte. 1542 A. Borde xxvii. sig. L.iiiv The syckenes is taken with ye sauour of a mans clothes the whiche hath vysyted the infectious howse, for the infection wyl lye and hange longe in clothes. 1603 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero 114 Euen the houses and their ruins are receptakles of infection, and matter of corruption. 1616 T. Adams ii. 61 A Physitian comming to cure, doth sometimes receiue some of his Patients infection. 1722 D. Defoe 145 The Infection may be in the very Air. 1794 A. Radcliffe I. i. 47 She had..taken the infection, during her attendance upon him. 1803 2nd Hexade 1 117 On the day I vaccinated Molly Allen I also vaccinated her daughter Betsy..with infection sent me from London. 1871 B. Taylor tr. J. W. von Goethe I. xix. 210 Seek protection, As from a corpse that breeds infection. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > production of disease > [noun] > morbific principles 1539 T. Elyot (new ed.) 24 In a tyme of pestilence, if one beinge fastynge, doo chewe some of the leaues [of sorrel]..it meruaylously preserueth from infections. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) ii. ii. 1 All the infections that the Sunne suckes vp From Bogs, Fens, Flats, on Prosper fall, and make him By ynch-meale a disease. View more context for this quotation 1706 (new ed.) Pestilence or Plague, a Disease arising from an Infection in the Air, accompany'd with Blotches, Boils, and..other dreadful Symptoms. 1885 S. Cox 1st Ser. ii. 26 That the air may be freed from poisonous infections. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > production of disease > [noun] > infection > infectious disease the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > damage > [noun] > damaging or injuring ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 44v (MED) In preseruacioun þer was no better þan to flee þe regioun bifore þe infeccioun. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 113 Gutta rosacea, scabiez, serpigo, impetigo, & lich þyngez beþ maculose spotty infeccions [L. infectiones] of þe skyn. 1563 W. Baldwin et al. (new ed.) Blacke Smyth sig. Cc.iv God him selfe will fyght with enfections and erthquakes. 1576 A. Fleming 238 (margin) Lecherie..loathsome for the foule infections which it breedeth: as the spanishe pocke [etc.]. 1593 T. Nashe 50 There would more gentle Readers die of a merrie mortality..than there haue done of this last infection. 1690 W. Temple Ess. Anc. & Mod. Learning in (1731) I. 169 As an Infection that rises in a Town, first falls upon Children or weak Constitutions. 1725 D. Defoe i. 27 We were..crowded together enough to bring an Infection among us. 1774 W. Buchan (ed. 3) xlvii. 336 Sometimes indeed a slight infection may be carried off in a few days by bathing the parts in warm milk and water. 1776 J. Trumbull Let. 4 July in G. Washington (1993) Revolutionary War Ser. V. 208 Our people in general have not had the Distemper; Fear of the Infection operates strongly to prevent Soldiers from engageing in the Service. 1803 9 556 A more recent case of a true elephantiasis, that followed a veneral infection, is added. 1847 D. Landreth 131/2 The ‘black spot’ on the leaves of carnations, is an infection propagating itself in the same manner as rust in corn. 1948 U. F. Richardson iv. 81 As a rule piroplasmoses occur as enzootic diseases in which young animals contract symptomless infections and recover. 1977 P. White 24 May (1994) xiii. 495 I have been in the grip of a chest infection for some weeks..; don't seem able to throw it off. 2011 Oct. 42/1 By 2004, more than 50 percent of staph infections were caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > production of disease > [noun] > infection 1548 f. lxiiij The kyng..kept no solempne Christmas, willyng to haue no resort for feare of infeccion. 1618 S. Latham xxviii. 129 The Rye, the Cramp, and the Craye..the best way will be for the keeper euermore to bee mindfull and carefull to preuent their infection, before any of them hath laid holde, or seazed on his Hawke. 1654 N. Culpeper tr. S. Partlitz i. 66 Others that think they are a little wiser say, it comes by Infection; and the next time you heare one say so, ask him Who infected the first man that dyed of it. 1702 R. Meade v. 168 When a Fever is communicated by way of Infection from one already Diseased, this most commonly happens in the latter End of the Distemper. 1795 4 121 The small-pox was, both by natural and artificial infection, propagated more extensively, than I ever recollect to have known. 1824 7 199 Is it proved by exact observation that there are fevers which can be communicated by infection, without being contagious? 1859 F. Nightingale ii. 20 True nursing ignores infection, except to prevent it. 1876 J. H. Ewing ii. 17 I will make you a camphor bag,..it is a charm against infection. 1904 W. S. Lazarus-Barlow (ed. 2) 333 Latterly, ‘contagion’ has to a large extent been used loosely as synonymous with ‘infection’, but..it can only be regarded as subdivision of infection. 1958 (St. John Ambulance Assoc.) vi. 77 Those attending the patient should be protected from infection by the wearing of suitable gowns to cover the ordinary clothing, and by wearing masks to prevent infection by inhalation. 2010 15 Oct. (Health & Wellbeing Suppl.) 4/4 The Princess Grace has eight operating theatres..equipped with a laminar flow system, changing the air at regular intervals and so reducing the chances of infection. II. In abstract and concrete uses outside medicine and biology. the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > [noun] > action a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvi. xlv. 850 And rust [of iron] haþ þis proprete, þat infeccioun [L. infectio] þerof comeþ aȝein by light occasioun to þe place in þe which it was ferst ymored and roted. ?1520 A. Barclay tr. Sallust xix. f. 27 Thyrdly the infectyon of Iustice whiche is no where here amonge us, but clene exyled from our cytye. 1563 W. Fulke v. f. 65v Gold neuer corrupteth by rust, because it is pure from poysonus infection. 1576 G. Baker tr. C. Gesner i. f. 29v They drawe forth a great yeelde and quantitie of waters, which are farre better than those purchased out of Leaden Instruments, in that they bring with them no infection of Mettals. 1678 R. Russel tr. Jabir ibn Haiyan i. iii. xii. 81 It [sc. Venus, or Copper] easily waxeth Livid, and receives Infection from sharp and acute things. 1778 W. Pryce 237 If the infection is Black-Jack, care must be taken in cobbing and picking to divide them. the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > corruption > [noun] society > morality > moral evil > moral or spiritual degeneration > degrading or impairing morally > [noun] > corrupting > infection a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. iii. xiii. 101 Þeiȝ þe soule be ful clene in his owne kinde hit takeþ vnklennes of þe fleische þat is þe original infectioun [L. originaliter est corrupta]. 1509 H. Watson tr. S. Brant (de Worde) xlvii. sig. M.iv Lecherye..is..full of enfeccyon and bytternesse, for it dystayneth the soule of man. 1567 G. Fenton tr. M. Bandello 476 An old matron..who he dandled with such peppered persuasions and infections of certain crowns. 1582 in H. Ellis (1843) (Camden) 67 Heathen Poets..from which the youth of the realme doth rather receive infection in manners than advancement in virtue. 1608 T. Draxe 47 Herevnto may be referred, (as a great rebater to faith, and a mighty infection, and corruption to good life, and manners,) the publishing, toleration, reading, and affecting of scurrile play bookes. 1693 W. Wotton tr. L. E. Du Pin II. 76 The Cares and Affairs of the World..corrupt Men by an Infection, that is almost unavoidable. 1709 J. Turner 208 So entirely without any infection from Sin, that such an Obedience in such Circumstances was easie as well as reasonable. 1791 W. Gifford 328 If yet there be One bosom from this vile infection free. 1828 W. Sewell 46 We dread the infection of mean and degraded objects. 1836 7 July 3/6 The general abhorrence of the parties here adverted to..was thought a preservation against infection from their society. 1921 28 870/2 No party of the Left will care to risk the infection of his company. 1955 W. Mitchell tr. J. Danielou v. 284 It is, perhaps, only fitting that the worse the infection of sin, the longer salvation should take to acquire. 2009 C. R. Bell & J. R. Patterson i. vi. 105 Service probably should always happen as a partnership except that the infection of power sometimes devitalizes the potential of the union. society > morality > moral evil > moral or spiritual degeneration > degrading or impairing morally > [noun] > corrupting > infection > of faith or loyalty 1529 T. More i. 29 b Bringynge vp of some newe fangell heresies to the infeccion of our olde faythe. 1548 f. xxxviv Contamynate wyth that sedicious infeccion. 1665 T. Manley tr. H. Grotius 465 This man, by the infection of the Earl of Leicesters party, was carryed so far [etc.]. 1719 E. Young ii. 17 Thou hast a Heart that swells with Loyalty, And throws off the Infection of these Times. 1796 J. Morse (new ed.) I. 444 A regard for the public peace, and for the preservation of the church of Christ from infection. 1850 13 Mar. 5/2 The infection of..‘Christian Socialism’ is spreading to Whitehall. 1894 Sept. 536/2 The argument is valid against the infection of Christianity with the ideas and methods of a foreign philosophy. 1920 Nov. 35 England will be left..with her Indian children exposed to the tropical infection of sedition and revolt. 1945 A. K. White iii. 42 But once get men to the point of discussing their differences and grievances and they lay themselves open to the social infection of ideas. 1994 J. B. Lightfoot (rev. ed.) 157 He warns them against..the infection of Judaism. the mind > emotion > aspects of emotion > effect produced on emotions > infectious quality of emotion > [noun] 1578 J. Banister iv. f. 49 v From these my simple labors I may clearely wipe the blotte of errour, least by such meanes or infection, they become odious to the hearers. c1616 R. C. (1871) iii. 1098 The infection Of thy high leveld thoughts lets thee not see The ougly face of thy deformity. 1645 J. Milton Passion viii, in 19 And I..Might think th'infection of my sorrows loud, Had got a race of mourners on some pregnant cloud. 1716 A. Pope tr. Homer II. vi. 645 There, while her Tears deplor'd the Godlike Man, Thro' all her Train the soft Infection ran. 1834 1 Feb. 105/1 Public journals on every side have caught the infection, and are now busy in coldly calculating the advantages and disadvantages of a disunion of the states. 1873 W. Black xiv. 235 The infection of his warm and poetic enthusiasm. 1920 A. D. Sedgwick 145 It could only be by the infection of his security and ardour that Tony could be won back from the darkness. 1962 K. Allott 181 Robert Graves and Empson were recommended as prophylactics against neo-romantic infection. 1997 D. L. Edwards viii. 493 It was a movement spread from person to person by the infection of enthusiasm. the mind > emotion > love > liking or favourable regard > [noun] the mind > emotion > love > affection > [noun] 1600 W. Shakespeare ii. ii. 119 He hath a great infection sir, as one would say to serue. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) ii. ii. 112 Her husband has a maruellous infection to the little Page. View more context for this quotation the world > matter > liquid > condition of being or making wet > [noun] > action or process > by immersion or infusion 1617 J. Woodall 344 Infection is the giuing of a tincture or colour to a medicament by immersion. 1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Physical Inst. ii, in sig. I2 Tincture or infection [L. infectio] is neere a kin to humectation. 1686 J. Goad i. ii. 7 I find Fire to spit at the infection of Salt or Water. society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > legal seizure or recovery of property > [noun] > seizing lands or goods > confiscation or sequestration by state > communication of liability to 1808 C. Robinson 6 409 The infection of contraband extends also to all interests included in the same claim. 1860 T. D. Woolsey 383 In 1744..a regulation freed neutral ships from the infection of the hostile cargo. 1921 15 613 Condemnation on the ground of infection by goods in the same bottom and in the same ownership with goods which are contraband. 1954 J. Stone xv. 458 She only freed the neutral ship from confiscability by infection in 1774. 1994 M. S. McDougal & F. P. Feliciano 484 The doctrine of ‘infection’..authorized the condemnation of innocuous goods because of concurrent carriage of contraband articles. the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > sound changes > [noun] > infection 1859 7 84 Zeuss..employs the term infection to express those changes which the Irish grammarians had expressed by caelughadh, and leathnughadh. 1883 J. P. M'Swiney tr. E. Windisch §17 Infection takes place most frequently by means of the slender vowels. 1918 17 174 French..exhibits a phenomenon which is physiologically identical with the consonant-infection and umlaut of Celtic, Germanic, and Slavic. 1971 F. R. Adrados in 2 114 The conversion of a semantically indifferent enlargement into a suffix with a well characterized meaning can take place already at the very beginning of the process by what we call infection. 1997 48 234 U-infection did not apply in the nominative singular. society > computing and information technology > programming language > program or code > [noun] > virus > action of 1984 J. H. Finch & E. G. Dougall 144 First we examine the infection property of a virus and show that the transitive closure of shared information could potentially become infected. 1989 30 May c1/5 Infections by viruses, programs that can secretly spread between computers and alter or destroy data, have increased dramatically. 1996 15 Aug. 19/2 Despite the brouhaha about macro viruses they account for only about 15% of current infections. 2005 9 Nov. 9/3 Often the only telltale sign of infection is a slow computer. Compounds1857 Jan. 20 The pain of being an infection-carrier. 1896 T. C. Allbutt et al. I. 215 Infection experiments carried out upon animals. 1921 11 122 Under soil conditions the infection period is prolonged several days due to lower temperature. 1935 Dec. 375/2 Very significant is the distinction between the various infection-chains of the different forms of Rickettsia disease. 1937 R. W. Fairbrother xxiii. 278 There is..a condition known as an infection-immunity. 2003 22 Nov. (Midlands ed.) 34/2 Sandfly bites..are the itchiest and most infection-prone. 2007 16 Nov. 14/2 Doctors working for an NHS trust which was condemned 18 months ago for its poor infection control are still ‘too posh to wash’, a report revealed yesterday. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.a1398 |
