inferencen.

/ˈɪnfərəns/

Etymology: < medieval Latin inferentia (Abelard Œuvr. inéd. ed. Cousin, 325, 328) (compare Italian inferenza ‘an inference, an implying’, Florio 1611), < inferent-em , present participle of inferre to infer v.: used instead of classical Latin illātio.

a. The action or process of inferring; the drawing of a conclusion from known or assumed facts or statements; esp. in Logic, the forming of a conclusion from data or premisses, either by inductive or deductive methods; reasoning from something known or assumed to something else which follows from it; = illation n. Also (with plural), a particular act of inferring; the logical form in which this is expressed.In English, the word appears first in the general sense, not as a term of formal Logic. In Logical treatises, it is found first applied to the deductive process of the syllogism, and its conclusion ( mediate inference); its application to the inferring of a conclusion from a single proposition by conversion, opposition, permutation, or the like ( immediate inference), and its use in the logic of induction ( inductive inference) appear later, and are not accepted by all logicians. On the other hand, some restrict the term to induction, and deny that either a syllogism or an immediate inference can properly be called an inference.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > process of reasoning, ratiocination > process of inferring, inference > [noun]

reasoning?c1400

collection1529

conclusion1532

induction1551

inferring1571

remotion1587

syllogism1588

deduction1593

inference1593

inferment1593

extraction1622

eduction1654

perduction1656

reducementa1750

deducing1826

vertical thinking1966

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical syllogism > [noun] > conclusion > inference or process of inferring

argumentationa1492

illation1533

inference1593

emanation1628

1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie iii. xi. 160 These are but weake and feeble disputes for the inference of that conclusion which is intended.

1605 London Prodigall iii. ii 'Tis merely unsound unprofitable idle inference.

1643 J. Milton Doctr. Divorce 27 Therefore shall a man cleave to his wife..which we see is no absolute command, but with an inference, Therefore.

1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. ii. vi. 222 Religion is..a Matter of Deduction and Inference.

1803 Ld. Eldon in Vesey's Rep. Cases High Court Chancery (1844) VIII. 436 That is too thin an evidence of intention to afford much inference.

1827 R. Whately Elem. Logic iv, The Province of Reasoning. iii. (heading) Of Inference and Proof.

1843 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic I. ii. i. §3 Cases of inference in the proper acceptation of the term, those in which we set out from known truths, to arrive at others really distinct from them.

1843 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic II. iv. i. §2 In almost every act of our perceiving faculties, observation and inference are intimately blended.

a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1860) III. xv. 279 Inference or illation..indicates the carrying out into the last proposition what was virtually contained in the antecedent judgements.

a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1860) IV. App. 257 There are various Immediate Inferences of one proposition from another..The first of these is Conversion.

1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic vi. 148 Inference or Reasoning is that act of Pure Thought whereby one Judgment is derived from another, or from two others.

1866 T. Fowler Elem. Deduct. Logic (1869) iii. i. 70 In any inference, we argue either to something already implied in the premisses or not: if the latter, the inference is inductive, if the former deductive. If the deductive inference contain only a single premiss, it is immediate; if it contain two premisses, and the conclusion be drawn from these jointly, it is mediate, and is called a syllogism.

1874 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. I. i. 2 This..is not a matter of inference. It is a recorded fact of history.

b. inference rule n. in a system of logic: any rule permitting inferences of a specified form.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > predicate or propositional logic > [noun] > logical inference > terms relating to

simplification1903

natural deduction1947

inference rule1962

1962 Clark & Welsh Introd. Logic ii. 93 We lay down the following cluster of inference rules.

1964 D. Kalish & R. Montague Logic 14 From the second and third lines of the derivation we may infer ‘Q’ by means of an inference rule.

1965 B. Mates Elem. Logic vi. 93 We need a reasonably small group of simple inference-rules.

2. That which is inferred, a conclusion drawn from data or premisses. Also, an implication; the conclusion that one is intended to draw. Cf. infer v. 4.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical syllogism > [noun] > conclusion

consequencec1400

conclusion1474

illation1533

inference1612

consequent1628

sequitur1836

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > process of reasoning, ratiocination > process of inferring, inference > [noun] > product of inferring, an inference

consequentc1374

corollaryc1374

conclusion1399

consequencec1400

inductionc1440

collection1529

sequel1565

consectary1588

inference1612

sequence1614

ratiocinationc1620

introduction1632

upshot1639

sequency1642

consequency1651

deducible1654

consequentiala1734

generalization1794

educt1816

sequitur1836

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > [noun] > conclusion

culorum1362

conclusionc1385

conjecturec1386

issuea1393

deduction1532

overplus1536

gatheringa1555

deducement1605

summation1608

therefore1641

offcome1655

deductivea1676

empiricism1724

wrap-up1960

inference1972

1612 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 123 Iudges must beware of hard constructions and strained inferences.

1692 R. South 12 Serm. I. 541 I shall draw some usefull Inferences, by way of Application, from the Premises.

1725 I. Watts Logick Introd. 8 These Inferences or Conclusions are the Effects of Reasoning, and the three Propositions taken all altogether are called a Syllogism, or Argument.

1788 T. Reid Aristotle's Logic vi. §1. 128 When a child first draws an inference, or perceives the force of an inference drawn by another, we may call this the birth of reason.

1828 T. B. Macaulay Hallam's Constit. Hist. in Edinb. Rev. Sept. 103 When it wishes to avoid a disagreeable inference from an admitted proposition.

1843 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic I. Introd. §5 To draw inferences has been said to be the great business of life.

1876 W. E. Gladstone Homeric Synchronism 69 The natural inference is that the wheel was just beginning to be known.

1933 D. L. Sayers Hangman's Holiday 147 ‘I don't know if you realise, Mr. Egg,’ observed the inspector, ‘the bearing, or, as I might say, the inference of what you said just now.’

1972 P. H. Kocher Master of Middle-Earth (1973) v. 82 These four are named ‘first’, with the inference that they deserve priority.

1973 Daily Tel. 5 Oct. (Colour Suppl.) 7/2 The main inference of the propaganda is that unless we adopt the metric system Britain will lose export orders.

†3. That which a thing leads to or brings in its train. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > [noun]

proofc1330

worka1382

workinga1382

consequentc1386

effectc1390

processa1400

consequencec1400

sequel1477

efficacea1492

operation1525

branch1526

efficacy1549

trial1559

ensuing1561

repercussion1603

success1606

productiona1610

salutation1609

succeedinga1616

pursuancea1626

spawna1631

income1635

result1638

importance1645

consequency1651

product1651

causal1652

causate1656

consectary1659

propter hoc1671

inference1673

corollary1674

resultment1683

produce1698

recussion1754

development1803

suitea1806

eventuation1813

sequent1838

sequence1853

causatum1879

sequela1883

ramification1925

1673 R. Allestree Ladies Calling i. i. §16 This is evident enough if we look only on the meer surface of the crime [Drunkenness]; but if we dive farther into its inferences and adherencies, the affirmation is yet more irrefragable.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	inference
释义	inferencen. /ˈɪnfərəns/ Etymology: < medieval Latin inferentia (Abelard Œuvr. inéd. ed. Cousin, 325, 328) (compare Italian inferenza ‘an inference, an implying’, Florio 1611), < inferent-em , present participle of inferre to infer v.: used instead of classical Latin illātio. 1. a. The action or process of inferring; the drawing of a conclusion from known or assumed facts or statements; esp. in Logic, the forming of a conclusion from data or premisses, either by inductive or deductive methods; reasoning from something known or assumed to something else which follows from it; = illation n. Also (with plural), a particular act of inferring; the logical form in which this is expressed.In English, the word appears first in the general sense, not as a term of formal Logic. In Logical treatises, it is found first applied to the deductive process of the syllogism, and its conclusion ( mediate inference); its application to the inferring of a conclusion from a single proposition by conversion, opposition, permutation, or the like ( immediate inference), and its use in the logic of induction ( inductive inference) appear later, and are not accepted by all logicians. On the other hand, some restrict the term to induction, and deny that either a syllogism or an immediate inference can properly be called an inference. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > process of reasoning, ratiocination > process of inferring, inference > [noun] reasoning?c1400 collection1529 conclusion1532 induction1551 inferring1571 remotion1587 syllogism1588 deduction1593 inference1593 inferment1593 extraction1622 eduction1654 perduction1656 reducementa1750 deducing1826 vertical thinking1966 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical syllogism > [noun] > conclusion > inference or process of inferring argumentationa1492 illation1533 inference1593 emanation1628 1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie iii. xi. 160 These are but weake and feeble disputes for the inference of that conclusion which is intended. 1605 London Prodigall iii. ii 'Tis merely unsound unprofitable idle inference. 1643 J. Milton Doctr. Divorce 27 Therefore shall a man cleave to his wife..which we see is no absolute command, but with an inference, Therefore. 1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. ii. vi. 222 Religion is..a Matter of Deduction and Inference. 1803 Ld. Eldon in Vesey's Rep. Cases High Court Chancery (1844) VIII. 436 That is too thin an evidence of intention to afford much inference. 1827 R. Whately Elem. Logic iv, The Province of Reasoning. iii. (heading) Of Inference and Proof. 1843 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic I. ii. i. §3 Cases of inference in the proper acceptation of the term, those in which we set out from known truths, to arrive at others really distinct from them. 1843 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic II. iv. i. §2 In almost every act of our perceiving faculties, observation and inference are intimately blended. a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1860) III. xv. 279 Inference or illation..indicates the carrying out into the last proposition what was virtually contained in the antecedent judgements. a1856 W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics (1860) IV. App. 257 There are various Immediate Inferences of one proposition from another..The first of these is Conversion. 1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic vi. 148 Inference or Reasoning is that act of Pure Thought whereby one Judgment is derived from another, or from two others. 1866 T. Fowler Elem. Deduct. Logic (1869) iii. i. 70 In any inference, we argue either to something already implied in the premisses or not: if the latter, the inference is inductive, if the former deductive. If the deductive inference contain only a single premiss, it is immediate; if it contain two premisses, and the conclusion be drawn from these jointly, it is mediate, and is called a syllogism. 1874 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. I. i. 2 This..is not a matter of inference. It is a recorded fact of history. b. inference rule n. in a system of logic: any rule permitting inferences of a specified form. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > predicate or propositional logic > [noun] > logical inference > terms relating to simplification1903 natural deduction1947 inference rule1962 1962 Clark & Welsh Introd. Logic ii. 93 We lay down the following cluster of inference rules. 1964 D. Kalish & R. Montague Logic 14 From the second and third lines of the derivation we may infer ‘Q’ by means of an inference rule. 1965 B. Mates Elem. Logic vi. 93 We need a reasonably small group of simple inference-rules. 2. That which is inferred, a conclusion drawn from data or premisses. Also, an implication; the conclusion that one is intended to draw. Cf. infer v. 4. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical syllogism > [noun] > conclusion consequencec1400 conclusion1474 illation1533 inference1612 consequent1628 sequitur1836 the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > process of reasoning, ratiocination > process of inferring, inference > [noun] > product of inferring, an inference consequentc1374 corollaryc1374 conclusion1399 consequencec1400 inductionc1440 collection1529 sequel1565 consectary1588 inference1612 sequence1614 ratiocinationc1620 introduction1632 upshot1639 sequency1642 consequency1651 deducible1654 consequentiala1734 generalization1794 educt1816 sequitur1836 the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > [noun] > conclusion culorum1362 conclusionc1385 conjecturec1386 issuea1393 deduction1532 overplus1536 gatheringa1555 deducement1605 summation1608 therefore1641 offcome1655 deductivea1676 empiricism1724 wrap-up1960 inference1972 1612 F. Bacon Ess. (new ed.) 123 Iudges must beware of hard constructions and strained inferences. 1692 R. South 12 Serm. I. 541 I shall draw some usefull Inferences, by way of Application, from the Premises. 1725 I. Watts Logick Introd. 8 These Inferences or Conclusions are the Effects of Reasoning, and the three Propositions taken all altogether are called a Syllogism, or Argument. 1788 T. Reid Aristotle's Logic vi. §1. 128 When a child first draws an inference, or perceives the force of an inference drawn by another, we may call this the birth of reason. 1828 T. B. Macaulay Hallam's Constit. Hist. in Edinb. Rev. Sept. 103 When it wishes to avoid a disagreeable inference from an admitted proposition. 1843 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic I. Introd. §5 To draw inferences has been said to be the great business of life. 1876 W. E. Gladstone Homeric Synchronism 69 The natural inference is that the wheel was just beginning to be known. 1933 D. L. Sayers Hangman's Holiday 147 ‘I don't know if you realise, Mr. Egg,’ observed the inspector, ‘the bearing, or, as I might say, the inference of what you said just now.’ 1972 P. H. Kocher Master of Middle-Earth (1973) v. 82 These four are named ‘first’, with the inference that they deserve priority. 1973 Daily Tel. 5 Oct. (Colour Suppl.) 7/2 The main inference of the propaganda is that unless we adopt the metric system Britain will lose export orders. †3. That which a thing leads to or brings in its train. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > [noun] proofc1330 worka1382 workinga1382 consequentc1386 effectc1390 processa1400 consequencec1400 sequel1477 efficacea1492 operation1525 branch1526 efficacy1549 trial1559 ensuing1561 repercussion1603 success1606 productiona1610 salutation1609 succeedinga1616 pursuancea1626 spawna1631 income1635 result1638 importance1645 consequency1651 product1651 causal1652 causate1656 consectary1659 propter hoc1671 inference1673 corollary1674 resultment1683 produce1698 recussion1754 development1803 suitea1806 eventuation1813 sequent1838 sequence1853 causatum1879 sequela1883 ramification1925 1673 R. Allestree Ladies Calling i. i. §16 This is evident enough if we look only on the meer surface of the crime [Drunkenness]; but if we dive farther into its inferences and adherencies, the affirmation is yet more irrefragable. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1593
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