levellingn.

/ˈlɛvəlɪŋ/

Forms: Also 1700s–1800s (now U.S.) leveling.

Etymology: < level v.¹ + -ing suffix¹.

1. Aiming, aim.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > direction > [noun] > giving direction towards a mark > aim or aiming

aima1450

aiming1574

levelling1580

vizy1720

collineation1755

1580 C. Hollyband Treasurie French Tong Visée, leuelling.

1607 S. Hieron Remedie for Securitie in Wks. (1620) I. 429 A smooth stone, by which I may, if the Lord shall please so to blesse my leuelling, smite this Goliah in the forehead.

1638 W. Rawley tr. F. Bacon Hist. Nat. & Exper. Life & Death 335 Our Aiming and Levelling at the End.

1797 Instr. & Regulations Cavalry (rev. ed.) App. 280 In the firings, the loading is quick, the levelling is just.

a. The action of bringing to a uniform horizontal surface; the action of placing in an accurately horizontal position by means of a level.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > flatness or levelness > [noun] > making flat or level

planinga1398

evening?a1425

levelling1598

complanation1762

1598 [see levelling-rule n. at Compounds].

1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville Theory & Pract. Gardening 105 The Words Dressing, Leveling..signify the Action of harrowing or raking the Ground, to lay it every where smooth and eaven.

1786 in J. A. Picton City of Liverpool: Select. Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 260 The levelling of the streets.

1861 G. M. Musgrave By-roads in Picardy 289 The levelling of two or three hills, and the filling in of a few ravines.

b. figurative. (See level v.¹ 3.) Also with up, down, off, out.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social attitudes > [noun] > integration or egalitarianism

levellinga1641

levelism1659

Levelry1661

non-discrimination1793

liberation1798

diversity1859

equalitarianisma1866

equality of opportunity1891

egalitarianism1932

integration1940

the world > relative properties > relationship > uniformity > [noun] > making uniform

levellinga1641

uniforming1700

uniformalization1805

uniformation1895

uniformization1899

homogenization1908

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > inflection > [noun] > merging or levelling of inflections

levelling1871

syncretism1909

a1641 J. Smyth Berkeley MSS (1883) II. 417 I have, for 550 years, traced the waies wherein they severally walked, for the better levelling of the life of the present lord George.

1658 J. Harrington Prerogative Pop. Govt. i. xi. 84 By Levelling, they who use the word, seem to understand, when a People rising invades the Lands and Estates of the richer sort, and divides them equally among themselves.

1705 G. Stanhope Paraphr. III. 476 The Jews..disdained such a Levelling with People held by them in the utmost Contempt.

1831 C. Lamb in Englishman's Mag. Aug. 555 O ignoble levelling of Death.

1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. II. v. iv. 304 Levelling is comfortable,..yet only down to oneself.

1871 H. Sweet King Alfred's Version of Gregory's Pastoral Care p. xxxvii The change is not phonetic,..but is due to inflectional levelling, the nom. terminations being made uniform, regardless of gender.

1878 E. Dowden Stud. Lit. 353 Thus, by a process of levelling-up, Lamennais made the supernatural, in the ordinary sense of the word, disappear.

1888 H. Sweet Hist. Eng. Sounds (new ed.) Pref. p. vi To justify Rapp's and Ellis's levelling of Chaucer's long es under one sound.

1888 J. Wright Old High-German Primer 16 The regular operation of this law was often disturbed by new formations made by levelling.

1903 G. B. Shaw Revolutionist's Handbk. vii, in Man & Superman 201 To them the limit of progress is, at worst, the completion of all the suggested reforms and the levelling up of all men to the point attained already by the most highly nourished and cultivated in mind and body.

1932 F. R. Leavis in Scrutiny I. 137 Mass-production, standardization, levelling-down—these three terms convey succinctly, what has happened.

1953 Manch. Guardian Weekly 13 Aug. 7/2 Housewives..cheered the heavy drop in the price of beef and thankfully attributed it to..the ‘levelling-off’ of inflation.

1955 Times 17 Aug. 5/5 Efforts by the employers to make them [sc. piece rates] realistic have foundered on the insistence of the men that they shall be changed only by levelling up.

1962 J. H. Simpson & R. S. Richards Physical Princ. Junction Transistors vi. 112 The beginning of this levelling-off process can be seen in the figure.

1964 F. Bowers Bibliogr. & Textual Crit. i. ii. 13 This evidence also suggests that authors' papers and not a levelling-out scribal transcript formed the printer's copy.

1971 Cabinet Maker & Retail Furnisher 24 Sept. 518/1 Important social changes and a levelling-off of income groups are playing a strong part in the expanding consumer market.

1972 Guardian 30 Mar. 14/3 Labour came to office with a strategy of levelling-up, of faster growth to finance greater equality.

3. Surveying. (See quot. 1887.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > surveying > [noun] > specific methods or processes

dialling1670

traverse1674

boning1718

levelling1812

triangulation1818

resection1855

plane-tabling1867

stepping1888

tacheometry1888

tachymetry1891

trilateration1948

1812 J. Playfair Outl. Nat. Philos. I. 162 Levelling is the art of drawing a line at the surface of the earth, to cut the directions of gravity every where at right angles.

1830 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 293 The levellings recently carried across that isthmus..to ascertain the relative height of the Pacific Ocean at Panama.

1831 D. Lardner Hydrostatics iv. 72 Instruments for levelling or determining the direction or position of horizontal lines.

1887 Gen. Walker in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 707 Levelling is the art of determining the relative heights of points on the surface of the ground as referred to a hypothetical surface which cuts the direction of gravity everywhere at right angles... The trigonometrical determination of the relative heights of points at known distances apart by the measurements of their mutual angles..is a method of levelling. But the method to which the term ‘levelling’ is always applied is that of the direct determination of the differences of height from the readings of the lines at which graduated staves, held vertically over the points, are cut by the horizontal plane which passes through the eye of the observer.

Compounds

levelling-instrument n. an instrument used in surveying and consisting essentially of a telescope fitted with a spirit-level.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > surveying > [noun] > surveying instruments > for levelling

levelling-instrument1690

dumpy level1838

1690 W. Leybourn Cursus mathematicus f. 456^v The Levelling Instrument to be used in this Work.

1851 Official Descriptive & Illustr. Catal. Great Exhib. IV. 1087 Theodolites,..sextants, levelling instruments.

levelling pole n. = levelling staff n.

levelling rod n. = levelling staff n.

† levelling-rule n. Obsolete = level n.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for marking out work > [noun] > plumb-line or chalk-line

poundereOE

righteOE

line1340

plummeta1398

plumba1400

perpendicle?c1400

plumb rulec1400

levelc1440

pendant1440

plumb linea1456

levelling-rule1598

perpendicular1604

plummet levelc1850

point-brass1850

1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Scandaglio, a plummet, or line to sounde with, a leuelling rule.

levelling-screw n. a screw used to adjust parts of a contrivance to an exact level.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > other parts > [noun] > adjusting parts

pinching screw1818

levelling-screw1849

needlea1884

1849 R. V. Dixon Treat. Heat i. 51 A strong T-shaped bar of iron, furnished with two levels, and placed on a board provided with levelling screws.

1866 R. M. Ferguson Electricity 19 Upon a tripod provided with levelling screws stands the pillar.

levelling staff n. an instrument, consisting essentially of a graduated pole with a vane sliding upon it, used in levelling.

ΚΠ

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Levelling Levelling Staffs are Instruments used in Levelling, serving to carry the Marks to be observ'd, and at the same time to measure the Height of those Marks from the Ground.

levelling-stand n. Photography an instrument used to support a glass plate in a horizontal position.

ΚΠ

1875 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Leveling-stand.

1890 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 220 The solution may be flowed on and off the plate or the plate placed on a levelling stand.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

levellingadj.

Forms: Also leveling.

Etymology: < level v.¹ + -ing suffix².Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: ˈlevelling.

That levels; esp. bringing all to the same social, moral, or intellectual level; also, of or pertaining to levellers and their principles.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social attitudes > [adjective] > integrationist or egalitarian

levellinga1635

equalitarian1799

egalitarian1885

non-discriminatory1893

integrationist1956

non-sexist1971

society > society and the community > social class > [adjective] > relating to reduction of social rank

levellinga1635

the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > [adjective] > making equal

levellinga1635

a1635 R. Sibbes Heavenly Conf. (1656) 63 If God be a Father, and we be brethren, it is a levelling word, it bringeth mountains down, and filleth up vallies.

1659 R. Boyle Some Motives & Incentives to Love of God 58 So familiar and levelling an affection as Love.

1704 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion III. x. 64 The barbarity of the Agitators, and the Levelling Party.

1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1763 I. 243 [Johnson:] I..shewed her the absurdity of the levelling doctrine.

1796 E. Burke Let. to Noble Lord in Wks. (1815) VIII. 39 A levelling tyrant, who oppressed all descriptions of his people.

1841 R. W. Emerson Compensation in Ess. 1st Ser. (London ed.) 99 There is always some levelling circumstance, that puts down the overbearing, the strong, the rich, the fortunate.

1847 B. Disraeli Tancred I. i. vi. 79 If anything can save the aristocracy in this levelling age, it is an appreciation of men of genius.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	levelling
释义	levellingn. /ˈlɛvəlɪŋ/ Forms: Also 1700s–1800s (now U.S.) leveling. Etymology: < level v.¹ + -ing suffix¹. 1. Aiming, aim. ΘΚΠ the world > space > direction > [noun] > giving direction towards a mark > aim or aiming aima1450 aiming1574 levelling1580 vizy1720 collineation1755 1580 C. Hollyband Treasurie French Tong Visée, leuelling. 1607 S. Hieron Remedie for Securitie in Wks. (1620) I. 429 A smooth stone, by which I may, if the Lord shall please so to blesse my leuelling, smite this Goliah in the forehead. 1638 W. Rawley tr. F. Bacon Hist. Nat. & Exper. Life & Death 335 Our Aiming and Levelling at the End. 1797 Instr. & Regulations Cavalry (rev. ed.) App. 280 In the firings, the loading is quick, the levelling is just. 2. a. The action of bringing to a uniform horizontal surface; the action of placing in an accurately horizontal position by means of a level. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > flatness or levelness > [noun] > making flat or level planinga1398 evening?a1425 levelling1598 complanation1762 1598 [see levelling-rule n. at Compounds]. 1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville Theory & Pract. Gardening 105 The Words Dressing, Leveling..signify the Action of harrowing or raking the Ground, to lay it every where smooth and eaven. 1786 in J. A. Picton City of Liverpool: Select. Munic. Rec. (1886) II. 260 The levelling of the streets. 1861 G. M. Musgrave By-roads in Picardy 289 The levelling of two or three hills, and the filling in of a few ravines. b. figurative. (See level v.¹ 3.) Also with up, down, off, out. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social attitudes > [noun] > integration or egalitarianism levellinga1641 levelism1659 Levelry1661 non-discrimination1793 liberation1798 diversity1859 equalitarianisma1866 equality of opportunity1891 egalitarianism1932 integration1940 the world > relative properties > relationship > uniformity > [noun] > making uniform levellinga1641 uniforming1700 uniformalization1805 uniformation1895 uniformization1899 homogenization1908 the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > inflection > [noun] > merging or levelling of inflections levelling1871 syncretism1909 a1641 J. Smyth Berkeley MSS (1883) II. 417 I have, for 550 years, traced the waies wherein they severally walked, for the better levelling of the life of the present lord George. 1658 J. Harrington Prerogative Pop. Govt. i. xi. 84 By Levelling, they who use the word, seem to understand, when a People rising invades the Lands and Estates of the richer sort, and divides them equally among themselves. 1705 G. Stanhope Paraphr. III. 476 The Jews..disdained such a Levelling with People held by them in the utmost Contempt. 1831 C. Lamb in Englishman's Mag. Aug. 555 O ignoble levelling of Death. 1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. II. v. iv. 304 Levelling is comfortable,..yet only down to oneself. 1871 H. Sweet King Alfred's Version of Gregory's Pastoral Care p. xxxvii The change is not phonetic,..but is due to inflectional levelling, the nom. terminations being made uniform, regardless of gender. 1878 E. Dowden Stud. Lit. 353 Thus, by a process of levelling-up, Lamennais made the supernatural, in the ordinary sense of the word, disappear. 1888 H. Sweet Hist. Eng. Sounds (new ed.) Pref. p. vi To justify Rapp's and Ellis's levelling of Chaucer's long es under one sound. 1888 J. Wright Old High-German Primer 16 The regular operation of this law was often disturbed by new formations made by levelling. 1903 G. B. Shaw Revolutionist's Handbk. vii, in Man & Superman 201 To them the limit of progress is, at worst, the completion of all the suggested reforms and the levelling up of all men to the point attained already by the most highly nourished and cultivated in mind and body. 1932 F. R. Leavis in Scrutiny I. 137 Mass-production, standardization, levelling-down—these three terms convey succinctly, what has happened. 1953 Manch. Guardian Weekly 13 Aug. 7/2 Housewives..cheered the heavy drop in the price of beef and thankfully attributed it to..the ‘levelling-off’ of inflation. 1955 Times 17 Aug. 5/5 Efforts by the employers to make them [sc. piece rates] realistic have foundered on the insistence of the men that they shall be changed only by levelling up. 1962 J. H. Simpson & R. S. Richards Physical Princ. Junction Transistors vi. 112 The beginning of this levelling-off process can be seen in the figure. 1964 F. Bowers Bibliogr. & Textual Crit. i. ii. 13 This evidence also suggests that authors' papers and not a levelling-out scribal transcript formed the printer's copy. 1971 Cabinet Maker & Retail Furnisher 24 Sept. 518/1 Important social changes and a levelling-off of income groups are playing a strong part in the expanding consumer market. 1972 Guardian 30 Mar. 14/3 Labour came to office with a strategy of levelling-up, of faster growth to finance greater equality. 3. Surveying. (See quot. 1887.) ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > surveying > [noun] > specific methods or processes dialling1670 traverse1674 boning1718 levelling1812 triangulation1818 resection1855 plane-tabling1867 stepping1888 tacheometry1888 tachymetry1891 trilateration1948 1812 J. Playfair Outl. Nat. Philos. I. 162 Levelling is the art of drawing a line at the surface of the earth, to cut the directions of gravity every where at right angles. 1830 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 293 The levellings recently carried across that isthmus..to ascertain the relative height of the Pacific Ocean at Panama. 1831 D. Lardner Hydrostatics iv. 72 Instruments for levelling or determining the direction or position of horizontal lines. 1887 Gen. Walker in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 707 Levelling is the art of determining the relative heights of points on the surface of the ground as referred to a hypothetical surface which cuts the direction of gravity everywhere at right angles... The trigonometrical determination of the relative heights of points at known distances apart by the measurements of their mutual angles..is a method of levelling. But the method to which the term ‘levelling’ is always applied is that of the direct determination of the differences of height from the readings of the lines at which graduated staves, held vertically over the points, are cut by the horizontal plane which passes through the eye of the observer. Compounds levelling-instrument n. an instrument used in surveying and consisting essentially of a telescope fitted with a spirit-level. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > surveying > [noun] > surveying instruments > for levelling levelling-instrument1690 dumpy level1838 1690 W. Leybourn Cursus mathematicus f. 456^v The Levelling Instrument to be used in this Work. 1851 Official Descriptive & Illustr. Catal. Great Exhib. IV. 1087 Theodolites,..sextants, levelling instruments. levelling pole n. = levelling staff n. levelling rod n. = levelling staff n. † levelling-rule n. Obsolete = level n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for marking out work > [noun] > plumb-line or chalk-line poundereOE righteOE line1340 plummeta1398 plumba1400 perpendicle?c1400 plumb rulec1400 levelc1440 pendant1440 plumb linea1456 levelling-rule1598 perpendicular1604 plummet levelc1850 point-brass1850 1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Scandaglio, a plummet, or line to sounde with, a leuelling rule. levelling-screw n. a screw used to adjust parts of a contrivance to an exact level. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > other parts > [noun] > adjusting parts pinching screw1818 levelling-screw1849 needlea1884 1849 R. V. Dixon Treat. Heat i. 51 A strong T-shaped bar of iron, furnished with two levels, and placed on a board provided with levelling screws. 1866 R. M. Ferguson Electricity 19 Upon a tripod provided with levelling screws stands the pillar. levelling staff n. an instrument, consisting essentially of a graduated pole with a vane sliding upon it, used in levelling. ΚΠ 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Levelling Levelling Staffs are Instruments used in Levelling, serving to carry the Marks to be observ'd, and at the same time to measure the Height of those Marks from the Ground. levelling-stand n. Photography an instrument used to support a glass plate in a horizontal position. ΚΠ 1875 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Leveling-stand. 1890 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 220 The solution may be flowed on and off the plate or the plate placed on a levelling stand. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online March 2022). levellingadj. Forms: Also leveling. Etymology: < level v.¹ + -ing suffix².Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: ˈlevelling. That levels; esp. bringing all to the same social, moral, or intellectual level; also, of or pertaining to levellers and their principles. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social attitudes > [adjective] > integrationist or egalitarian levellinga1635 equalitarian1799 egalitarian1885 non-discriminatory1893 integrationist1956 non-sexist1971 society > society and the community > social class > [adjective] > relating to reduction of social rank levellinga1635 the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > [adjective] > making equal levellinga1635 a1635 R. Sibbes Heavenly Conf. (1656) 63 If God be a Father, and we be brethren, it is a levelling word, it bringeth mountains down, and filleth up vallies. 1659 R. Boyle Some Motives & Incentives to Love of God 58 So familiar and levelling an affection as Love. 1704 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion III. x. 64 The barbarity of the Agitators, and the Levelling Party. 1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1763 I. 243 [Johnson:] I..shewed her the absurdity of the levelling doctrine. 1796 E. Burke Let. to Noble Lord in Wks. (1815) VIII. 39 A levelling tyrant, who oppressed all descriptions of his people. 1841 R. W. Emerson Compensation in Ess. 1st Ser. (London ed.) 99 There is always some levelling circumstance, that puts down the overbearing, the strong, the rich, the fortunate. 1847 B. Disraeli Tancred I. i. vi. 79 If anything can save the aristocracy in this levelling age, it is an appreciation of men of genius. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < n.1580adj.a1635
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