lewdadj.

Brit.

/ljuːd/,

/luːd/, U.S.

/lud/

Forms: αOld English–Middle English lǽwede, lǽwde, (Middle English ilewede, ileawede), Middle English leawede, leawde, Middle English–1500s lewed(e, Middle English læwed, ( Orm. læwedd), leouwede, loȝede, Middle English leuid, Middle English–1600s leude, Middle English–1700s leud, Middle English lewet, (? lowed), Middle English lewid(e, lewyd, leewid, ( louwed(e), ? lood, Middle English–1600s leaud(e, 1500s leawde, Scottish lewit, 1500s–1600s lude, Middle English–1600s lewde, Middle English– lewd. β(chiefly northern and Scottish) Middle English lawed, Middle English laued, laud, Middle English–1500s lawid(e, Middle English lawyt, Middle English–1500s lawd(e, Middle English–1500s (1800s archaic) lawit.

Etymology: Old English lǽwede, of difficult etymology. The sense suggests formation on Romance *laigo < ecclesiastical Latin lāicus (see lay adj. with suffix -ede-ed suffix²; but it is not easy to see the phonological possibility of this. The attempt to trace the word to a late Latin type *lāicātus (u stem) is still more open to objection. It has been proposed to obviate the phonetic difficulties by assuming influence from the verb lǽwan to betray; but the sense is too remote, and lǽwede is not participial in form.

†1.

a. Lay, not in holy orders, not clerical. Also absol. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > laity > [adjective]

lewdc890

worldlyOE

of the world?c1225

secularc1290

layc1330

temporalc1340

borel1377

common?c1400

profane1474

laic1562

layit1563

laical1570

non-ecclesiastical1630

mundane1848

c890 tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (1890) v. xii[i]. 428 Þara manna sum wæs..bescoren preost, sum wes læwde [v.r. læwede], sum wæs wifmon.

c890 tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (1890) v. xiii[i]. 436 Sum wær inn læwdum hade [L. vir in laico habitu].

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 131 Ihadede men he muneȝeð wel to lerene ilewede men. Ihadede and lewede feier lif and clene to leden.

c1290 Beket 574 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 123 Ȝif bi-twene tweie lewede men were ani striuingue, Oþur bi-tuene a lewed man and a clerk.

a1300 Cursor Mundi 26143 If þou mai no preist to wine, þus scau a leud [Fairf. lawed] man þi sine.

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 1 Sam. xxi. 4 I haue not leeuyd loouys [L. laicos panes] at hoond, but oonli hooli breed.

a1400 Minor Poems from Vernon MS 269 Hit wol a-vayle boþe lewed and clerk.

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xiii, 60 Þai hafe þaire crownes schauen, þe clerkes rownde and þe lawed men foure cornerd.

c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 504 For if a preest be foul, in whom we truste No wonder is a lewed man to ruste.

1553 T. Becon Relikes of Rome (1563) 246* Al thoe bene accursed that purchasen writtes or letters of any leude courte.

1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo l. 1002 in Wks. (1931) I Lawit men hes, now, religious men in curis.

1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd 212 The hail o' them, by lawit fists, Were haurl'd and howkit frae their kists.

†b. lewd frere n. Obsolete a lay-brother.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > laity > lay brother or sister > [noun] > lay brother

lewd frerec1380

lay brother?c1500

convert brother1640

c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 41 Late lewid freris seie four & twenti pater nostris for matynes.

c1450 (?c1425) St. Elizabeth of Spalbeck in Anglia (1885) 8 116 Wee..made hym a conuers, þat is to seye, a lewde frere.

1480 Table Prouffytable Lernynge (Caxton) (1964) 22 Lewd freris [Fr. Bogars].

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 239/1 Leude frere, bovrdican.

†2.

a. Unlearned, unlettered, untaught. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > [adjective]

unlearedeOE

untowenc1000

unwittyc1000

skillessc1175

uncouthc1220

lewda1225

lorelessa1300

simplea1325

layc1330

uncunning1340

untaughtc1340

unknowingc1350

rudea1382

roida1400

unquainta1400

ignorant?c1400

unlearnedc1400

misknowing?a1425

simple-hearted?c1425

unknownc1475

unkenningc1480

unweeting1483

nescienta1500

craftlessc1530

misliterate1532

sillya1547

ingram1553

gross1561

inscient1578

borowe1579

plain-headeda1586

empirical1588

rudeful1589

lack-learning1590

learnless?1593

wotless?1594

ingrant1597

untutored1597

small-knowing1598

uninstructed1598

unlearnt1609

unread1609

unware?1611

nescious1623

inscious1633

inscientifical1660

uninformed1702

unaware1704

unable1721

unsuspecting1776

inerudite1801

ill-informed1824

incognoscent1827

unminded1831

unknowledgeable1837

knowledgelessc1843

parviscient1862

clueless1943

a1225 Juliana 2 Alle lewede [v.r. leawede] men þat understonden ne mahen latines ledene.

c1325 Poem temp. Edw. II (Percy) xix Then is a lewed priest No better than a jay.

1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. i. 125 Lereþ hit þis lewed men for lettrede hit knoweþ.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 249 To laud and Inglis man i spell þat understandes þat i tell.

c1430 Art Nombryng (1922) 3 This boke is called þe boke of algorym, or Augrym after lewder vse.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. vii. 68 Both to lawd man and to clark.

1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid Pref. 412 I say nocht this of Chaucer for offence Bot till excuse my lawit insuffitience.

c1540 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece Hyst. & Cron. Scotl. vi. xii. f. 73/2 I haue maid this translation mair for pleseir of lawit men than ony vane curius clerkis.

1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie i. i. 2 Making..the poore man rich, the lewd well learned, the coward couragious.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 31 Much adoe there is here, and great debate betweene learned men; and contrariwise those of the leaud and ignorant multitude.

†b. absol., esp. in the phrases learned (or lered) and lewed, lewed and clerks. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > [noun] > person > collectively

learned and lewedc1175

uncunning1338

rudea1350

unknowinga1400

unlearnedc1450

ignorant?a1513

simplec1535

ignorati1817

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 967 & mikell hellpe to þe follc To læredd. & to læwedd.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 15889 Quelen þa lareden quelen þa leouweden.

c1320 Sir Beues 4020 (MS. A.) Ȝong and elde, lewed and lered.

c1470 J. Hardyng Chron. ccxli. vi Thei bee as manly, learned and lewed, As any folke.

1529 T. More Dialogue Heresyes iii, in Wks. 224/2 The Jewes bee not letted to reade theyr law bothe learned & lewde.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 4424 And for the case is vnknowen be course to þe lewd, Here sumwhat I say.

a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) i. f. 11 This, lewde and learned, by common experience, know to be most trewe.

†c. Of speech and the like: Rude, artless.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > inelegance > [adjective]

wanmola1325

rudea1393

lewdc1425

rustyc1425

unpolisheda1450

roidc1485

inelegant1509

gross1513

rough?1520

barbarous1526

ineloquent1532

inconcinnate1534

crabby1550

crabbed1561

uneloquent1565

unelegant1570

unkempt1579

unfiled1590

illiterate1598

unconceived1599

aliterate1624

incompta1628

scabbed1630

uncombed1633

uncompt1633

uncouth1694

coarse1699

slatternly1783

crude1786

warty1822

stumbling1859

c1425 J. Lydgate Assembly of Gods 403 Othyr mynstrall had they none, safe Pan gan to carpe Of hys lewde bagpype.

1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid i. Prol. 21 With bad harsk speche and lewit barbour tong.

1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus Prol. sig. Avii For commoun folk will call the [sc. this book] lawit and lidder.

†3. Of low social status; common, vulgar, ‘base’. Obsolete.In quot. 1796 archaic (with allusion to sense 7).

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > low or vulgar person > [adjective]

carlisha1240

lewdc1380

carlc1450

villain1483

ruffian1528

shake-ragged1550

porterlike1568

popular1583

ungracious1584

ordinarya1586

tapsterly1589

mechanic1598

round-headed1598

base-like1600

strummell-patch1600

porterly1603

scrubbing1603

vernaculous1607

plebeian1615

reptile1653

proletarian1663

mobbish1695

low1725

terraefilial1745

low-lifed1747

Whitechapel1785

lowlife1794

boweryish1846

gutter1849

bowery1852

lowish1886

swab1914

lumpen1944

c1380 Eng. Wycliffite Serm. in Sel. Wks. I. 40 Sum tyme weren mounkes lewede men, as seintis in Jerusalem.

c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale (Harl.) ⁋408 Þe secounde is to chese þe lewedest [other MSS. lowest, loweste] place ouer al.

c1394 P. Pl. Crede 568 He loueþ..lowynge of lewed men in Lentenes tyme.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xii. l. 266 Rewid in his mynd at It was hapnyt sa, Sa lewd a deid to lat him wndyrta.

1548 W. Patten Exped. Scotl. H ij b Howbeit hereby I cannot count ony lost whear but a fewe leude souldiers ran rashely out of array without standard or Captayn.

1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour l. 5339 in Wks. (1931) I Rychtso the sterris thay do compare To the lawd common populare.

1598 R. Barret Theorike & Pract. Mod. Warres ii. 25 Many men..shall you see in a lewd Ale house.

1612 J. Davies Discouerie Causes Ireland 231 The March-Lawe, which in the Statutes of Kilkenny, is said to be no Law, but a leud Custome.

1640 J. Yorke Union of Honour 252 Robert Riddesdale, Captaine of the lewd people in Northamptonshire.

1796 E. Burke Two Lett. Peace Regicide Directory France i. 107 A lewd tavern for the revels and debauches of banditti, assassins, bravos, smugglers, and their more desperate paramours.]

†4. Ignorant (implying a reproach); foolish, unskilful, bungling; ill-bred, ill-mannered. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > foolishness, folly > [adjective]

dizzyc825

unwisec825

redelessOE

unwittyc1000

daftlikec1175

witlessc1175

canga1225

adoted?c1225

cangun?c1225

egedec1225

cangeda1250

foola1250

snepea1250

aerwittec1275

sotlyc1275

unslyc1275

unwitterc1275

unwilya1300

nicec1300

goosishc1374

unskilfulc1374

follyc1380

lewdc1380

mis-feelinga1382

dottlec1390

foltedc1390

peevishc1400

fona1425

fonnishc1425

foliousa1450

foolisha1450

daft?c1450

doitedc1450

dotyc1450

daffish1470

insapientc1470

gucked?a1500

wanwittya1500

furious1526

insipient1528

seelya1529

dawish?1529

foolage1545

momish1546

base-wittedc1547

stultitiousa1549

follifulc1550

senseless1565

mopish1568

fondish1579

unsensiblea1586

fondly1587

dizzardly1594

follial1596

featlessc1598

fopperly1599

gowkeda1605

inept1604

simple1604

anserine1607

foppish1608

silly ass1608

unsage1608

wisdomless1608

fool-beggeda1616

Gotham1621

noddy1645

badot1653

dosser-headed1655

infrunite1657

nonsensicalc1661

slight1663

sappy1670

datelessa1686

noddy-peaked1694

nizy1709

dottled1772

gypit1804

shay-brained1806

folly-stricken1807

fool-like1811

goosy1811

spoony1813

niddle-noddle1821

gumptionless1823

daftish1825

anserous1826

as crazy as a loon1830

spoonish1833

cheese-headed1836

dotty1860

fool-fool1868

noodly1870

dilly1873

gormless1883

daffy1884

monkey-doodle1886

mosy1887

jay1891

pithecanthropic1897

peanut-headed1906

dinlo1907

boob1911

goofy1921

ding-a-ling1935

jerky1944

jerk1947

jerkish1948

pointy-headed1950

doofus1967

twitty1967

twittish1969

nerkish1975

numpty1992

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [adjective] > ill-mannered > ill-bred

foul-itowenc1225

villain1340

villainous?a1366

lewdc1380

ungentle1398

low-bred1599

ill-bred1622

unbred1622

underbred1650

unjaunty1671

ungenteel1676

half-bred1694

ingenteel1694

cocktail1835

mal élevé1878

hairy at the heel1890

c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 409 Þis is þe lewiderste fendis skile þat euere cam out of his leesingis.

c1386 G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale 1031 Ye men shul been as lewed as gees.

a1420 T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum 3864 I am as lewed and dulle as is an asse.

c1440 Gesta Romanorum (Harl.) viii. 21 Þes too knyȝtis..þe wise knyȝt and þe lewde.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 488 A lewder and febler skile or argument can noman make.

1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. xxx Alas the Shepherd is lewder than the shepe.

1522 Worlde & Chylde (de Worde) (1909) sig. C.ii^v Ye I praye the leue thy lewde claterynge.

a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) Pref. to Rdr. The small discretion of many leude Scholemasters.

1570 Homilies (1859) ii. Agst. Wilful Rebell. iv. 581 Not those wounds which are printed in a clout by some lewd painter.

1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 961 Amurath..rated them all exceedingly, reprouing their lewd counsell.

1620 J. Wilkinson Treat. Statutes conc. Coroners & Sherifes (new ed.) 75 A lewd or an ignorant undersherif may both undoe his high Sherife and himselfe.

a1639 S. Marmion Antiquary (1641) ii. i. sig. D^v I might have..gone on In the lewd way of loving you.

1710 A. Philips Pastorals ii. 73 A lewd Desire strange Lands and Swains to know.

†5. Of persons, their actions, etc.: Bad, vile, evil, wicked, base; unprincipled, ill-conditioned; good-for-nothing, worthless, ‘naughty’. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > [adjective]

woughc888

litherc893

frakeda900

sinnyc950

unrighteouseOE

baleOE

manOE

unfeleOE

ungoodc1000

unwrasta1122

illc1175

nithec1175

wickc1175

hinderfulc1200

quedec1275

wickedc1275

wondlichc1275

unkindc1325

badc1330

divers1340

wrakefula1350

felonousc1374

flagitiousc1384

lewdc1386

noughta1387

ungoodly1390

unquertc1390

diverse1393

felona1400

imperfectc1400

unfairc1400

unfinec1400

unblesseda1425

meschant?c1450

naughtyc1460

feculent1471

sinister1474

noughty?1490

ill-deedya1500

pernicious?1533

scelerous1534

naught1536

goodlyc1560

nefarious1567

iron1574

felly1583

paganish1587

improbate1596

malefactious1607

villain1607

infand1608

scelestious1609

illful1613

scelestic1628

inimicitious1641

infandous1645

iniquous1655

improbous1657

malefactory1667

perta1704

iniquitous1726

unracy1782

unredeemed1799

demoralized1800

fetid1805

scarlet1820

gammy1832

nefast1849

disvaluable1942

badass1955

bad-assed1962

society > morality > moral evil > [adjective]

unfairc888

missOE

ungoodc1000

quedec1275

wondlichc1275

badc1330

divers1340

quedeful1340

shrewdc1384

lewdc1386

ungoodly1390

diverse1393

noughta1400

imperfectc1400

noughtyc1400

unblesseda1425

sinister1474

naughty?a1500

podea1522

naught1536

pelsy1785

c1386 G. Chaucer Manciple's Tale 80 The lewedeste wolf þat she may fynde Or leest of reputacion.

1413 Pilgr. Sowle (1483) iii. viii. 55 Al be hit that for somtyme theyr lewd lyf displesid to them seluen.

1481 E. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 640 Plese ȝow..to forgeue me and also my wyffe of owur leude offence þat we haue not don owur dute.

a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 93 Every lude felow nowadays & idul lubbur that can other rede or syng makyth hymselfe preste.

1569 A. Golding tr. N. Hemmingsen Postill Ep. Ded. sig. a.ii^v The scripture accounted him a leude seruaunt, that hid his Talent in the grounde.

1591 H. Savile tr. Tacitus Ende of Nero: Fower Bks. Hist. i. 46 A state gotten by lewde meanes [L. scelere quæsitum] cannot be retayned.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 415 If the Smith that driueth such a naile be so lewd, as he wil not looke vnto it before the horse depart.

1611 Bible (King James) Acts xvii. 5 Certaine lewd fellowes [Gk. ἄνδρας πονηρούς] of the baser sort.

1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia i. viii. 58 Dermond O'Conner hath played a lewd part amongst us heere.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 193 So since into his Church lewd Hirelings climbe.

1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 169 To desist from his lewd Courses of Robbing and Stealing.

1709 J. Johnson Clergy-man's Vade Mecum: Pt. II p. c So the lewd boy when he had set his mother's house on fire because she had corrected him..cried out [etc.].

1829 R. Southey Sir Thomas More (1831) I. 97 If not ashamed to beg, too lewd to work, and ready for any kind of mischief.]

†6. Of things: Bad, worthless, poor, sorry.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > [adjective] > worthless

naughteOE

unworthc960

nought worthOE

unworthya1240

vaina1300

lewd1362

base?1510

to be nothing toc1520

stark naught1528

nothing worth1535

worthilessa1542

draffish1543

baggage1548

dunghill?1555

valureless1563

toyish1572

worthless1573

out (forth) of door (also doors)1574

leaden1577

riff-raff1577

drafty1582

fecklessc1586

dudgeon?1589

nought-worth1589

tenpenny1592

wanwordy?a1595

shotten herring1598

nugatory1603

unvalued1604

priceless1614

unvaluable1615

valuelessa1616

waste1616

trashya1620

draffy1624

stramineous1624

invaluable1640

roly-poly?1645

nugatorious1646

perquisquilian1647

niffling1649

lazy1671

wanworth1724

little wortha1754

flimsy1756

waff1788

null1790

nothingy1801

nothingly1802

twopenny-halfpenny1809

not worth a flaw1810

garbage1817

peanut1836

duffing1839

trash1843

no-account1845

no-count1851

punky1859

rummagy1872

junky1880

skilligalee1883

footle1894

punk1896

wherry-go-nimble1901

junk1908

rinky-dink1913

schlock1916

tripe1927

duff1938

chickenshit1940

sheg-up1941

expendable1942

(strictly) for the birds1943

tripey1955

schlocky1960

naff1964

dipshit1968

cack1978

the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > wretchedness > wretched thing > [adjective]

litherc1000

unornlyOE

unwrasta1122

unornc1175

lewd1362

rascal1519

rascally1600

ratty1867

1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. i. 163 Chastite withouten Charite..Is as lewed as a Laumpe þat no liht is Inne.

c1430 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (Percy Soc.) 115 Hys merthys wer but lewed, He was so sore dred of dethe.

?1464 J. Russe in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 282 He hath here of Auereyes xxiiij tune wyn, wherof at the long wey he shal make the seyd Auerey a lewd rekenyng.

1575 T. Churchyard 1st Pt. Chippes f. 9 For this assault, lewde ladders, viele and nought The souldiours had, which were to shorte God wot.

1581 T. Howell His Deuises sig. L.j Ne lewde is he on whom lewde luck doth light.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) iv. iii. 65 A Veluet dish: Fie, fie, 'tis lewd and filthy.

a1625 J. Fletcher Loyal Subj. iii. iii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Eee3/1 Duk. I love thy face...Al. Yee cannot. 'Tis a lewd one, So truely ill Art cannot mend it.

1678 A. Behn Sir Patient Fancy i. i. 4 Then Madam I write the lewdest hand.

1702 R. L'Estrange tr. Josephus Jewish Antiq. i. xvi, in Wks. 21 His way lay through Mesopotamia..which..is a Lewd and an Incommodious Passage for Travellers.

7. [Developed from 5.] Lascivious, unchaste. (The surviving sense.)

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > moral or spiritual impurity > indecency > [adjective] > lewd, bawdy, or obscene

lewdc1386

filthy?c1400

knavishc1405

sensual?a1425

ribaldousc1440

dishonestc1450

bawdya1513

ribald?a1513

ribaldious?1518

slovenly?1518

ribaldry1519

priapish1531

ribaldish?1533

filthous1551

ribaldly1570

obscene1571

bawdisha1586

obscenous1591

greasy1598

dirty1599

fulsome1600

spurcitious1658

lasciviating1660

smutty1668

bawdry1764

ribaldric1796

un-Quakerlike1824

fat1836

ithyphallic1856

hot1892

rorty1898

rude1919

bitchy1928

feelthy1930

raunchy1943

ranchy1959

down and dirty1969

steamy1970

sleazo1972

c1386 G. Chaucer Miller's Prol. 37 Lat be thy lewed dronken harlotrye.

c1430 Freemasonry 620 In holy churche lef nyse wordes Of lewed speche, and fowle wordes.

1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia ii. sig. Lviii The peruerse and malicious flickering inticementes, of lewde and vnhoneste desyres.

1596 W. Warner Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) x. lix. 261 Lewde Ammon, thou did'st lust in deede, and then thy Rape reiect.

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III iii. vii. 72 He is not lulling on a lewd day bed.

1637 J. Milton Comus 16 When lust..By leud, and lavish act of sin Lets in defilement to the inward parts.

1682 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Rights Princes (new ed.) v. 176 Being a lewd and vicious Prince, who had delivered himself up to his pleasures.

1712 J. Arbuthnot App. to John Bull Still in Senses i. 5 He had been seen in the Company of Lewd Women.

1759 S. Johnson Idler 6 Jan. 1 The lewd inflame the lewd.

1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Leila i. iv. 32 Their harlot songs, and their dances of lewd delight.

1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Poems lxiv. 147 If once lewd pleasure attain unruly possession.

1883 ‘Ouida’ Wanda I. 296 A singer of lewd songs.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	lewd
释义	lewdadj. Brit. /ljuːd/, /luːd/, U.S. /lud/ Forms: αOld English–Middle English lǽwede, lǽwde, (Middle English ilewede, ileawede), Middle English leawede, leawde, Middle English–1500s lewed(e, Middle English læwed, ( Orm. læwedd), leouwede, loȝede, Middle English leuid, Middle English–1600s leude, Middle English–1700s leud, Middle English lewet, (? lowed), Middle English lewid(e, lewyd, leewid, ( louwed(e), ? lood, Middle English–1600s leaud(e, 1500s leawde, Scottish lewit, 1500s–1600s lude, Middle English–1600s lewde, Middle English– lewd. β(chiefly northern and Scottish) Middle English lawed, Middle English laued, laud, Middle English–1500s lawid(e, Middle English lawyt, Middle English–1500s lawd(e, Middle English–1500s (1800s archaic) lawit. Etymology: Old English lǽwede, of difficult etymology. The sense suggests formation on Romance laigo < ecclesiastical Latin lāicus* (see lay adj. with suffix -ede-ed suffix²; but it is not easy to see the phonological possibility of this. The attempt to trace the word to a late Latin type lāicātus (u stem) is still more open to objection. It has been proposed to obviate the phonetic difficulties by assuming influence from the verb lǽwan* to betray; but the sense is too remote, and lǽwede is not participial in form. †1. a. Lay, not in holy orders, not clerical. Also absol. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > laity > [adjective] lewdc890 worldlyOE of the world?c1225 secularc1290 layc1330 temporalc1340 borel1377 common?c1400 profane1474 laic1562 layit1563 laical1570 non-ecclesiastical1630 mundane1848 c890 tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (1890) v. xii[i]. 428 Þara manna sum wæs..bescoren preost, sum wes læwde [v.r. læwede], sum wæs wifmon. c890 tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (1890) v. xiii[i]. 436 Sum wær inn læwdum hade [L. vir in laico habitu]. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 131 Ihadede men he muneȝeð wel to lerene ilewede men. Ihadede and lewede feier lif and clene to leden. c1290 Beket 574 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 123 Ȝif bi-twene tweie lewede men were ani striuingue, Oþur bi-tuene a lewed man and a clerk. a1300 Cursor Mundi 26143 If þou mai no preist to wine, þus scau a leud [Fairf. lawed] man þi sine. 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 1 Sam. xxi. 4 I haue not leeuyd loouys [L. laicos panes] at hoond, but oonli hooli breed. a1400 Minor Poems from Vernon MS 269 Hit wol a-vayle boþe lewed and clerk. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xiii, 60 Þai hafe þaire crownes schauen, þe clerkes rownde and þe lawed men foure cornerd. c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 504 For if a preest be foul, in whom we truste No wonder is a lewed man to ruste. 1553 T. Becon Relikes of Rome (1563) 246* Al thoe bene accursed that purchasen writtes or letters of any leude courte. 1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo l. 1002 in Wks. (1931) I Lawit men hes, now, religious men in curis. 1827 W. Tennant Papistry Storm'd 212 The hail o' them, by lawit fists, Were haurl'd and howkit frae their kists. †b. lewd frere n. Obsolete a lay-brother. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > laity > lay brother or sister > [noun] > lay brother lewd frerec1380 lay brother?c1500 convert brother1640 c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 41 Late lewid freris seie four & twenti pater nostris for matynes. c1450 (?c1425) St. Elizabeth of Spalbeck in Anglia (1885) 8 116 Wee..made hym a conuers, þat is to seye, a lewde frere. 1480 Table Prouffytable Lernynge (Caxton) (1964) 22 Lewd freris [Fr. Bogars]. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 239/1 Leude frere, bovrdican. †2. a. Unlearned, unlettered, untaught. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > [adjective] unlearedeOE untowenc1000 unwittyc1000 skillessc1175 uncouthc1220 lewda1225 lorelessa1300 simplea1325 layc1330 uncunning1340 untaughtc1340 unknowingc1350 rudea1382 roida1400 unquainta1400 ignorant?c1400 unlearnedc1400 misknowing?a1425 simple-hearted?c1425 unknownc1475 unkenningc1480 unweeting1483 nescienta1500 craftlessc1530 misliterate1532 sillya1547 ingram1553 gross1561 inscient1578 borowe1579 plain-headeda1586 empirical1588 rudeful1589 lack-learning1590 learnless?1593 wotless?1594 ingrant1597 untutored1597 small-knowing1598 uninstructed1598 unlearnt1609 unread1609 unware?1611 nescious1623 inscious1633 inscientifical1660 uninformed1702 unaware1704 unable1721 unsuspecting1776 inerudite1801 ill-informed1824 incognoscent1827 unminded1831 unknowledgeable1837 knowledgelessc1843 parviscient1862 clueless1943 a1225 Juliana 2 Alle lewede [v.r. leawede] men þat understonden ne mahen latines ledene. c1325 Poem temp. Edw. II (Percy) xix Then is a lewed priest No better than a jay. 1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. i. 125 Lereþ hit þis lewed men for lettrede hit knoweþ. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 249 To laud and Inglis man i spell þat understandes þat i tell. c1430 Art Nombryng (1922) 3 This boke is called þe boke of algorym, or Augrym after lewder vse. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. vii. 68 Both to lawd man and to clark. 1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid Pref. 412 I say nocht this of Chaucer for offence Bot till excuse my lawit insuffitience. c1540 J. Bellenden tr. H. Boece Hyst. & Cron. Scotl. vi. xii. f. 73/2 I haue maid this translation mair for pleseir of lawit men than ony vane curius clerkis. 1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie i. i. 2 Making..the poore man rich, the lewd well learned, the coward couragious. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 31 Much adoe there is here, and great debate betweene learned men; and contrariwise those of the leaud and ignorant multitude. †b. absol., esp. in the phrases learned (or lered) and lewed, lewed and clerks. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > [noun] > person > collectively learned and lewedc1175 uncunning1338 rudea1350 unknowinga1400 unlearnedc1450 ignorant?a1513 simplec1535 ignorati1817 c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 967 & mikell hellpe to þe follc To læredd. & to læwedd. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 15889 Quelen þa lareden quelen þa leouweden. c1320 Sir Beues 4020 (MS. A.) Ȝong and elde, lewed and lered. c1470 J. Hardyng Chron. ccxli. vi Thei bee as manly, learned and lewed, As any folke. 1529 T. More Dialogue Heresyes iii, in Wks. 224/2 The Jewes bee not letted to reade theyr law bothe learned & lewde. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 4424 And for the case is vnknowen be course to þe lewd, Here sumwhat I say. a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) i. f. 11 This, lewde and learned, by common experience, know to be most trewe. †c. Of speech and the like: Rude, artless. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > inelegance > [adjective] wanmola1325 rudea1393 lewdc1425 rustyc1425 unpolisheda1450 roidc1485 inelegant1509 gross1513 rough?1520 barbarous1526 ineloquent1532 inconcinnate1534 crabby1550 crabbed1561 uneloquent1565 unelegant1570 unkempt1579 unfiled1590 illiterate1598 unconceived1599 aliterate1624 incompta1628 scabbed1630 uncombed1633 uncompt1633 uncouth1694 coarse1699 slatternly1783 crude1786 warty1822 stumbling1859 c1425 J. Lydgate Assembly of Gods 403 Othyr mynstrall had they none, safe Pan gan to carpe Of hys lewde bagpype. 1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid i. Prol. 21 With bad harsk speche and lewit barbour tong. 1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus Prol. sig. Avii For commoun folk will call the [sc. this book] lawit and lidder. †3. Of low social status; common, vulgar, ‘base’. Obsolete.In quot. 1796 archaic (with allusion to sense 7). ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > low or vulgar person > [adjective] carlisha1240 lewdc1380 carlc1450 villain1483 ruffian1528 shake-ragged1550 porterlike1568 popular1583 ungracious1584 ordinarya1586 tapsterly1589 mechanic1598 round-headed1598 base-like1600 strummell-patch1600 porterly1603 scrubbing1603 vernaculous1607 plebeian1615 reptile1653 proletarian1663 mobbish1695 low1725 terraefilial1745 low-lifed1747 Whitechapel1785 lowlife1794 boweryish1846 gutter1849 bowery1852 lowish1886 swab1914 lumpen1944 c1380 Eng. Wycliffite Serm. in Sel. Wks. I. 40 Sum tyme weren mounkes lewede men, as seintis in Jerusalem. c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale (Harl.) ⁋408 Þe secounde is to chese þe lewedest [other MSS. lowest, loweste] place ouer al. c1394 P. Pl. Crede 568 He loueþ..lowynge of lewed men in Lentenes tyme. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xii. l. 266 Rewid in his mynd at It was hapnyt sa, Sa lewd a deid to lat him wndyrta. 1548 W. Patten Exped. Scotl. H ij b Howbeit hereby I cannot count ony lost whear but a fewe leude souldiers ran rashely out of array without standard or Captayn. 1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour l. 5339 in Wks. (1931) I Rychtso the sterris thay do compare To the lawd common populare. 1598 R. Barret Theorike & Pract. Mod. Warres ii. 25 Many men..shall you see in a lewd Ale house. 1612 J. Davies Discouerie Causes Ireland 231 The March-Lawe, which in the Statutes of Kilkenny, is said to be no Law, but a leud Custome. 1640 J. Yorke Union of Honour 252 Robert Riddesdale, Captaine of the lewd people in Northamptonshire. 1796 E. Burke Two Lett. Peace Regicide Directory France i. 107 A lewd tavern for the revels and debauches of banditti, assassins, bravos, smugglers, and their more desperate paramours.] †4. Ignorant (implying a reproach); foolish, unskilful, bungling; ill-bred, ill-mannered. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > lack of understanding > foolishness, folly > [adjective] dizzyc825 unwisec825 redelessOE unwittyc1000 daftlikec1175 witlessc1175 canga1225 adoted?c1225 cangun?c1225 egedec1225 cangeda1250 foola1250 snepea1250 aerwittec1275 sotlyc1275 unslyc1275 unwitterc1275 unwilya1300 nicec1300 goosishc1374 unskilfulc1374 follyc1380 lewdc1380 mis-feelinga1382 dottlec1390 foltedc1390 peevishc1400 fona1425 fonnishc1425 foliousa1450 foolisha1450 daft?c1450 doitedc1450 dotyc1450 daffish1470 insapientc1470 gucked?a1500 wanwittya1500 furious1526 insipient1528 seelya1529 dawish?1529 foolage1545 momish1546 base-wittedc1547 stultitiousa1549 follifulc1550 senseless1565 mopish1568 fondish1579 unsensiblea1586 fondly1587 dizzardly1594 follial1596 featlessc1598 fopperly1599 gowkeda1605 inept1604 simple1604 anserine1607 foppish1608 silly ass1608 unsage1608 wisdomless1608 fool-beggeda1616 Gotham1621 noddy1645 badot1653 dosser-headed1655 infrunite1657 nonsensicalc1661 slight1663 sappy1670 datelessa1686 noddy-peaked1694 nizy1709 dottled1772 gypit1804 shay-brained1806 folly-stricken1807 fool-like1811 goosy1811 spoony1813 niddle-noddle1821 gumptionless1823 daftish1825 anserous1826 as crazy as a loon1830 spoonish1833 cheese-headed1836 dotty1860 fool-fool1868 noodly1870 dilly1873 gormless1883 daffy1884 monkey-doodle1886 mosy1887 jay1891 pithecanthropic1897 peanut-headed1906 dinlo1907 boob1911 goofy1921 ding-a-ling1935 jerky1944 jerk1947 jerkish1948 pointy-headed1950 doofus1967 twitty1967 twittish1969 nerkish1975 numpty1992 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > [adjective] > ill-mannered > ill-bred foul-itowenc1225 villain1340 villainous?a1366 lewdc1380 ungentle1398 low-bred1599 ill-bred1622 unbred1622 underbred1650 unjaunty1671 ungenteel1676 half-bred1694 ingenteel1694 cocktail1835 mal élevé1878 hairy at the heel1890 c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 409 Þis is þe lewiderste fendis skile þat euere cam out of his leesingis. c1386 G. Chaucer Merchant's Tale 1031 Ye men shul been as lewed as gees. a1420 T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum 3864 I am as lewed and dulle as is an asse. c1440 Gesta Romanorum (Harl.) viii. 21 Þes too knyȝtis..þe wise knyȝt and þe lewde. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 488 A lewder and febler skile or argument can noman make. 1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. xxx Alas the Shepherd is lewder than the shepe. 1522 Worlde & Chylde (de Worde) (1909) sig. C.ii^v Ye I praye the leue thy lewde claterynge. a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) Pref. to Rdr. The small discretion of many leude Scholemasters. 1570 Homilies (1859) ii. Agst. Wilful Rebell. iv. 581 Not those wounds which are printed in a clout by some lewd painter. 1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 961 Amurath..rated them all exceedingly, reprouing their lewd counsell. 1620 J. Wilkinson Treat. Statutes conc. Coroners & Sherifes (new ed.) 75 A lewd or an ignorant undersherif may both undoe his high Sherife and himselfe. a1639 S. Marmion Antiquary (1641) ii. i. sig. D^v I might have..gone on In the lewd way of loving you. 1710 A. Philips Pastorals ii. 73 A lewd Desire strange Lands and Swains to know. †5. Of persons, their actions, etc.: Bad, vile, evil, wicked, base; unprincipled, ill-conditioned; good-for-nothing, worthless, ‘naughty’. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > [adjective] woughc888 litherc893 frakeda900 sinnyc950 unrighteouseOE baleOE manOE unfeleOE ungoodc1000 unwrasta1122 illc1175 nithec1175 wickc1175 hinderfulc1200 quedec1275 wickedc1275 wondlichc1275 unkindc1325 badc1330 divers1340 wrakefula1350 felonousc1374 flagitiousc1384 lewdc1386 noughta1387 ungoodly1390 unquertc1390 diverse1393 felona1400 imperfectc1400 unfairc1400 unfinec1400 unblesseda1425 meschant?c1450 naughtyc1460 feculent1471 sinister1474 noughty?1490 ill-deedya1500 pernicious?1533 scelerous1534 naught1536 goodlyc1560 nefarious1567 iron1574 felly1583 paganish1587 improbate1596 malefactious1607 villain1607 infand1608 scelestious1609 illful1613 scelestic1628 inimicitious1641 infandous1645 iniquous1655 improbous1657 malefactory1667 perta1704 iniquitous1726 unracy1782 unredeemed1799 demoralized1800 fetid1805 scarlet1820 gammy1832 nefast1849 disvaluable1942 badass1955 bad-assed1962 society > morality > moral evil > [adjective] unfairc888 missOE ungoodc1000 quedec1275 wondlichc1275 badc1330 divers1340 quedeful1340 shrewdc1384 lewdc1386 ungoodly1390 diverse1393 noughta1400 imperfectc1400 noughtyc1400 unblesseda1425 sinister1474 naughty?a1500 podea1522 naught1536 pelsy1785 c1386 G. Chaucer Manciple's Tale 80 The lewedeste wolf þat she may fynde Or leest of reputacion. 1413 Pilgr. Sowle (1483) iii. viii. 55 Al be hit that for somtyme theyr lewd lyf displesid to them seluen. 1481 E. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 640 Plese ȝow..to forgeue me and also my wyffe of owur leude offence þat we haue not don owur dute. a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 93 Every lude felow nowadays & idul lubbur that can other rede or syng makyth hymselfe preste. 1569 A. Golding tr. N. Hemmingsen Postill Ep. Ded. sig. a.ii^v The scripture accounted him a leude seruaunt, that hid his Talent in the grounde. 1591 H. Savile tr. Tacitus Ende of Nero: Fower Bks. Hist. i. 46 A state gotten by lewde meanes [L. scelere quæsitum] cannot be retayned. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 415 If the Smith that driueth such a naile be so lewd, as he wil not looke vnto it before the horse depart. 1611 Bible (King James) Acts xvii. 5 Certaine lewd fellowes [Gk. ἄνδρας πονηρούς] of the baser sort. View more context for this quotation 1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia i. viii. 58 Dermond O'Conner hath played a lewd part amongst us heere. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 193 So since into his Church lewd Hirelings climbe. View more context for this quotation 1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 169 To desist from his lewd Courses of Robbing and Stealing. 1709 J. Johnson Clergy-man's Vade Mecum: Pt. II p. c So the lewd boy when he had set his mother's house on fire because she had corrected him..cried out [etc.]. 1829 R. Southey Sir Thomas More (1831) I. 97 If not ashamed to beg, too lewd to work, and ready for any kind of mischief.] †6. Of things: Bad, worthless, poor, sorry. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > [adjective] > worthless naughteOE unworthc960 nought worthOE unworthya1240 vaina1300 lewd1362 base?1510 to be nothing toc1520 stark naught1528 nothing worth1535 worthilessa1542 draffish1543 baggage1548 dunghill?1555 valureless1563 toyish1572 worthless1573 out (forth) of door (also doors)1574 leaden1577 riff-raff1577 drafty1582 fecklessc1586 dudgeon?1589 nought-worth1589 tenpenny1592 wanwordy?a1595 shotten herring1598 nugatory1603 unvalued1604 priceless1614 unvaluable1615 valuelessa1616 waste1616 trashya1620 draffy1624 stramineous1624 invaluable1640 roly-poly?1645 nugatorious1646 perquisquilian1647 niffling1649 lazy1671 wanworth1724 little wortha1754 flimsy1756 waff1788 null1790 nothingy1801 nothingly1802 twopenny-halfpenny1809 not worth a flaw1810 garbage1817 peanut1836 duffing1839 trash1843 no-account1845 no-count1851 punky1859 rummagy1872 junky1880 skilligalee1883 footle1894 punk1896 wherry-go-nimble1901 junk1908 rinky-dink1913 schlock1916 tripe1927 duff1938 chickenshit1940 sheg-up1941 expendable1942 (strictly) for the birds1943 tripey1955 schlocky1960 naff1964 dipshit1968 cack1978 the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > wretchedness > wretched thing > [adjective] litherc1000 unornlyOE unwrasta1122 unornc1175 lewd1362 rascal1519 rascally1600 ratty1867 1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. i. 163 Chastite withouten Charite..Is as lewed as a Laumpe þat no liht is Inne. c1430 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (Percy Soc.) 115 Hys merthys wer but lewed, He was so sore dred of dethe. ?1464 J. Russe in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 282 He hath here of Auereyes xxiiij tune wyn, wherof at the long wey he shal make the seyd Auerey a lewd rekenyng. 1575 T. Churchyard 1st Pt. Chippes f. 9 For this assault, lewde ladders, viele and nought The souldiours had, which were to shorte God wot. 1581 T. Howell His Deuises sig. L.j Ne lewde is he on whom lewde luck doth light. a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) iv. iii. 65 A Veluet dish: Fie, fie, 'tis lewd and filthy. View more context for this quotation a1625 J. Fletcher Loyal Subj. iii. iii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Eee3/1 Duk. I love thy face...Al. Yee cannot. 'Tis a lewd one, So truely ill Art cannot mend it. 1678 A. Behn Sir Patient Fancy i. i. 4 Then Madam I write the lewdest hand. 1702 R. L'Estrange tr. Josephus Jewish Antiq. i. xvi, in Wks. 21 His way lay through Mesopotamia..which..is a Lewd and an Incommodious Passage for Travellers. 7. [Developed from 5.] Lascivious, unchaste. (The surviving sense.) ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > moral or spiritual impurity > indecency > [adjective] > lewd, bawdy, or obscene lewdc1386 filthy?c1400 knavishc1405 sensual?a1425 ribaldousc1440 dishonestc1450 bawdya1513 ribald?a1513 ribaldious?1518 slovenly?1518 ribaldry1519 priapish1531 ribaldish?1533 filthous1551 ribaldly1570 obscene1571 bawdisha1586 obscenous1591 greasy1598 dirty1599 fulsome1600 spurcitious1658 lasciviating1660 smutty1668 bawdry1764 ribaldric1796 un-Quakerlike1824 fat1836 ithyphallic1856 hot1892 rorty1898 rude1919 bitchy1928 feelthy1930 raunchy1943 ranchy1959 down and dirty1969 steamy1970 sleazo1972 c1386 G. Chaucer Miller's Prol. 37 Lat be thy lewed dronken harlotrye. c1430 Freemasonry 620 In holy churche lef nyse wordes Of lewed speche, and fowle wordes. 1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia ii. sig. Lviii The peruerse and malicious flickering inticementes, of lewde and vnhoneste desyres. 1596 W. Warner Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) x. lix. 261 Lewde Ammon, thou did'st lust in deede, and then thy Rape reiect. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III iii. vii. 72 He is not lulling on a lewd day bed. View more context for this quotation 1637 J. Milton Comus 16 When lust..By leud, and lavish act of sin Lets in defilement to the inward parts. 1682 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Rights Princes (new ed.) v. 176 Being a lewd and vicious Prince, who had delivered himself up to his pleasures. 1712 J. Arbuthnot App. to John Bull Still in Senses i. 5 He had been seen in the Company of Lewd Women. 1759 S. Johnson Idler 6 Jan. 1 The lewd inflame the lewd. 1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Leila i. iv. 32 Their harlot songs, and their dances of lewd delight. 1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Poems lxiv. 147 If once lewd pleasure attain unruly possession. 1883 ‘Ouida’ Wanda I. 296 A singer of lewd songs. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.c890
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