mlungun.adj.

Brit.

/(ə)mˈlʊnɡuː/, U.S.

/(ə)mˈlʊnɡu/, South African English

/(ə)mˈlʊnɡʊ/

Inflections: Plural mlungus, unchanged;

Forms: 1800s malongoes (plural), 1800s malunga, 1800s melonga, 1800s melonggoes (plural), 1800s molonga, 1800s moolonga, 1800s mooloonga, 1900s– malonga, 1900s– maloonga, 1900s– mlungu, 1900s– moloonga, 1900s– moolongo, 1900s– mulungu. Also with capital initial.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Xhosa. Partly a borrowing from Zulu. Etymons: Xhosa mlungu; Zulu mlungu, umlungu.

Etymology: < Xhosa mlungu and its cognate Zulu mlungu, vocative of umlungu (plural abelungu ), perhaps < lunga to get or be in order, to become or be correct or good, or perhaps related to the noun stem -lungu canoe, ship, found in some other Bantu languages. Compare Abelungu n., umlungu n. and adj.

South African (now frequently derogatory or ironic, esp. as used by black writers).

A. n.

Esp. in the context of interactions between black and white South Africans: a white person. Also in plural. With the. White people collectively. Also as a form of address (now somewhat offensive).

ΚΠ

1826 A. G. Bain Jrnls. (1949) 108 The next also chose the Malunga, or white man, and of course I took the hint to kiss the hand of my fair one.

1836 N. Isaacs Trav. (1937) II He conversed with me..on..the bravery of the Malongoes or white people.

1855 G. H. Mason Life with Zulus 121 A simultaneous exclamation of Molonga! Molonga! (white man! white man!) was succeeded by an universal beckon for me to come in.

1875 D. Leslie Among Zulus & Amatongas 9 I heard that a Moloonga, with a boy, had just passed the day before.

1973 Drum (Johannesburg) 18 Jan. 33 Then somebody decreed that I go to my bantustan and leave the mlungu in the towns.

1973 Sunday Times (Johannesburg) 22 July 16 Norman Mkwayane..has worked..for the past 18 years without leave. He said the mlungu ‘became angry’ when workers asked for leave—so he never asked.

1987 Sowetan (Johannesburg) 5 May 6 Black South Africans must be relieved that the all-white election is almost over. Whites themselves probably feel the same way... It's a wonder the mlungus haven't called for a general stayaway yesterday to get over it all.

1988 O. Musi in Frontline (Johannesburg) Oct. 32 The white guy singing lustily alongside would probably change his tune if he found me at the bar of the nearby Royal Hotel. That place had been a mlungu-only haven for ever.

B. adj.

Of or designating a white person or white people; (of a person) white.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > white person > [adjective]

European1666

white1726

whitey1798

Caucasian1807

paleface1830

blue-eyed1838

papalagi1844

Caucasic1890

Caucasoid1902

ofay1911

leucoderm1924

pinko-grey1924

pink1930

ladino1934

mzungu1961

honky1967

mlungu1973

umlungu1976

palagi1977

1973 Drum (Johannesburg) 22 Dec. 40 Those faces of the hurt Mlungu reporters also keep playing tricks with my imagination. Something's gotta be done.

1983 Drum (Johannesburg) Jan. 40 Citizenship in South Africa is mlungu copyright.

1985 Drum (Johannesburg) Jan. 32 Peter is mlungu. His football buddies are pluralstanians.

1990 O. Musi in City Press (Johannesburg) 17 June 9 What do I see the other day—and on a mlungu newspaper's front page, no less—but three uniformed white cops giving that old ANC sign.

This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	mlungu
释义	mlungun.adj. Brit. /(ə)mˈlʊnɡuː/, U.S. /(ə)mˈlʊnɡu/, South African English /(ə)mˈlʊnɡʊ/ Inflections: Plural mlungus, unchanged; Forms: 1800s malongoes (plural), 1800s malunga, 1800s melonga, 1800s melonggoes (plural), 1800s molonga, 1800s moolonga, 1800s mooloonga, 1900s– malonga, 1900s– maloonga, 1900s– mlungu, 1900s– moloonga, 1900s– moolongo, 1900s– mulungu. Also with capital initial. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Xhosa. Partly a borrowing from Zulu. Etymons: Xhosa mlungu; Zulu mlungu, umlungu. Etymology: < Xhosa mlungu and its cognate Zulu mlungu, vocative of umlungu (plural abelungu ), perhaps < lunga to get or be in order, to become or be correct or good, or perhaps related to the noun stem -lungu canoe, ship, found in some other Bantu languages. Compare Abelungu n., umlungu n. and adj. South African (now frequently derogatory or ironic, esp. as used by black writers). A. n. Esp. in the context of interactions between black and white South Africans: a white person. Also in plural. With the. White people collectively. Also as a form of address (now somewhat offensive). ΚΠ 1826 A. G. Bain Jrnls. (1949) 108 The next also chose the Malunga, or white man, and of course I took the hint to kiss the hand of my fair one. 1836 N. Isaacs Trav. (1937) II He conversed with me..on..the bravery of the Malongoes or white people. 1855 G. H. Mason Life with Zulus 121 A simultaneous exclamation of Molonga! Molonga! (white man! white man!) was succeeded by an universal beckon for me to come in. 1875 D. Leslie Among Zulus & Amatongas 9 I heard that a Moloonga, with a boy, had just passed the day before. 1973 Drum (Johannesburg) 18 Jan. 33 Then somebody decreed that I go to my bantustan and leave the mlungu in the towns. 1973 Sunday Times (Johannesburg) 22 July 16 Norman Mkwayane..has worked..for the past 18 years without leave. He said the mlungu ‘became angry’ when workers asked for leave—so he never asked. 1987 Sowetan (Johannesburg) 5 May 6 Black South Africans must be relieved that the all-white election is almost over. Whites themselves probably feel the same way... It's a wonder the mlungus haven't called for a general stayaway yesterday to get over it all. 1988 O. Musi in Frontline (Johannesburg) Oct. 32 The white guy singing lustily alongside would probably change his tune if he found me at the bar of the nearby Royal Hotel. That place had been a mlungu-only haven for ever. B. adj. Of or designating a white person or white people; (of a person) white. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > white person > [adjective] European1666 white1726 whitey1798 Caucasian1807 paleface1830 blue-eyed1838 papalagi1844 Caucasic1890 Caucasoid1902 ofay1911 leucoderm1924 pinko-grey1924 pink1930 ladino1934 mzungu1961 honky1967 mlungu1973 umlungu1976 palagi1977 1973 Drum (Johannesburg) 22 Dec. 40 Those faces of the hurt Mlungu reporters also keep playing tricks with my imagination. Something's gotta be done. 1983 Drum (Johannesburg) Jan. 40 Citizenship in South Africa is mlungu copyright. 1985 Drum (Johannesburg) Jan. 32 Peter is mlungu. His football buddies are pluralstanians. 1990 O. Musi in City Press (Johannesburg) 17 June 9 What do I see the other day—and on a mlungu newspaper's front page, no less—but three uniformed white cops giving that old ANC sign. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1826
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