nitraten.
/ˈnʌɪtreɪt/, U.S. /ˈnaɪˌtreɪt/ Chemistry.
1.
a. A salt of nitric acid; the ion NO3−. Also: an ester of nitric acid, RONO2 (where R represents an organic group).
ΚΠ
1788 J. St. John tr. L. B. Guyton de Morveau et al. Method Chym. Nomencl. 140 Nitrats..Salts formed by the union of the nitric acid with different bases..Nitrat of alumine [etc.].
1789 W. Nicholson tr. A. F. de Fourcroy Suppl. to Elements Nat. Hist. & Chem. 355 Nitrates... Salts formed by the combination of the nitric acid with different bases.
1807 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 3) II. 215 Nitric acid combines with alkalies, earths, and the oxides of metals, and forms compounds which are called nitrates.
1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. 771 In..the carbonates, and the nitrates, but a single class has been recognized for each acid.
1872 C. B. Fox Ozone 29 Schonbein states that Nitrites can be changed into Nitrates by Ozone only.
1922 T. M. Lowry Inorg. Chem. xxxiv. 672 Praseodymium also resembles cerium in forming a dioxide, PrO2, when the nitrate is heated with potassium nitrate at 450°.
1954 J. F. Kirkaldy Gen. Princ. Geol. xiii. 191 These nitrates were possibly derived from the weathering of volcanic rocks in the Andes.
2000 Big Issue 20 Mar. 17/2 Preservatives are necessary... Organic meat, for example often has nitrates added to it.
b. With of. Forming the names of chemical compounds with the word specifying the combining element following, as nitrate of ammonia, mercury, potash, etc.Not now the usual style of nomenclature in Chemistry.
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the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [noun] > salts named by atomic number > nitrates or nitrites
nitrous salt1605
saltpetre salt1682
nitrate1788
nitre1788
nitrite1788
septite1795
nitrate1863
1788Nitrat of alumine [see sense 1a].
1794 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 84 396 Nitrate of mercury (solution of mercury in nitrous acid) produced a whitish turbid liquid.
1801 Encycl. Brit. Suppl. I. 367/1 Nitrat of soda. This salt was formerly called cubic nitre.
1822 J. Imison Elem. Sci. & Art II. 89 Nitrate of lime is a very soluble salt.
1844 G. Fownes Man. Elem. Chem. 244 Nitrate of ammonia dissolves in 2 parts of cold water.
1876 J. Harley Royle's Man. Materia Med. (ed. 6) 253 Nitrate of Bismuth appears to be insoluble in the animal juices.
1929 H. A. A. Nicholls & J. H. Holland Text-bk. Trop. Agric. (ed. 2) i. vii. 59 Nitre (or nitrate of potash), a very important fertilizing substance.
1955 F. G. Ashbrook Butchering xii. 200 Nitrate of soda (Chile saltpeter) is a little stronger.
c. Forming names of chemical compounds, with the word specifying the combining element preceding nitrate, as ammonium, mercuric, potassium nitrate, etc.amyl, cellulose, nickel, phenylmercuric, urea nitrate: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [noun] > salts named by atomic number > nitrates or nitrites
nitrous salt1605
saltpetre salt1682
nitrate1788
nitre1788
nitrite1788
septite1795
nitrate1863
1863 H. Watts Dict. Chem. I. 797 Uranyl, U2O2, is a diatomic radicle which may be supposed to exist in the uranic salts, e.g. uranic nitrate.
1869 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. (new ed.) xix. 198 On cooling, potassium nitrate separates out in crystals.
1906 E. F. Smith tr. V. von Richter Org. Chem. 17 The..process..consists in a treatment with a solution of mercuric nitrate in nitric acid.
1939 Fortune Oct. 142/1 The principal peacetime use for sodium nitrate is for top-dressing fertilizer; its principal industrial use is in the manufacture of explosives.
1971 G. D. Christian Analyt. Chem. i. 9 A one-molar solution of silver nitrate and a one-molar solution of sodium chloride will react on an equal-volume basis.
1987 New Yorker 27 Apr. 58/3 The blasting agent was ammonium nitrate, in BB-size prills coated with fuel oil.
1990 Brain 113 367 Lanthanum and gadolinium nitrates..were used as smaller molecular weight markers of blood–brain barrier breakdown.
2.
a. A nitrate (sense 1a) used as a fertilizer; esp. potassium, sodium, or ammonium nitrate.
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the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > fertilizing or manuring > [noun] > chemical fertilizer > specific
manure1744
plaster of Paris1787
superphosphate1843
nitrate1846
super1891
Nitragin1896
complete fertilizer1904
nitrolime1908
Nitrochalk1927
Sequestrene1949
Krilium1952
1846 J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 35 The produce of the land treated with nitrate..did not fetch so high a price.
1856 Farmer's Mag. Jan. 7 Guano, nitrates, and other manuring deposits.
1910 Bot. Gaz. 50 16 So far as the influence of these fertilizer elements on growth is concerned..it is to be noticed that the nitrate has the greatest effect.
1982 W. L. Heat Moon Blue Highways viii. iii. 310 So the wineries started buying again from around here. Too late for me. Nitrate and potash for fertilizer got too expensive.
1998 BBC Vegetarian Good Food Sept. 48/1 Its roots are fed..in a bath of water pumped full of nitrates and other chemical fertilizers.
b. Cellulose nitrate (i.e. nitrocellulose), as formerly used as a base for cinematographic films. Also attributive, as nitrate base, nitrate film, etc.
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society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > filming equipment > [noun] > film > base
nitrate1925
1925 Chem. Abstr. 19 728 Addn. of 16·6% camphor to..the strongest nitrate films increased the tensile strength from 3·43 to 8·56 kg. per sq. mm.
1936 A. B. Klein Colour Cinematogr. I. iii. 172 Standard nitrate base for motion picture film is coated with three layers of emulsion containing dyes.
1949 W. H. Offenhauser 16-mm Sound Motion Pictures iii. 20 The weight of nitrate, however, is but a fraction of one per cent of the total weight of the film.
1971 L. B. Happé Basic Motion Pict. Technol. 348 Nitrate, cellulose nitrate, a highly inflammable material once used as film base.
1975 Oxf. Jrnl. 6 June 8 The old one [sc. projector room] was fireproof..because of the highly inflammable nitrate film that was used.
1990 20/20 July 67/3 A nitrate print..was found in the vaults of Britain's National Film Archive in Berkhamstead.
Compounds
C1.
a.
nitrate deposit n.
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the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > nitrogen > [noun] > compounds > deposits or beds
nitre bed1788
nitriary1839
nitrate deposit1853
nitre-heap1867
1853 A. Ure Dict. Arts (ed. 4) 273 The nitrate deposits commence about Tilineche, and extend south.
1881 Daily News 22 Jan. 2/6 The nitrate deposits, which are practically inexhaustible.
1952 A. M. Smith Manures & Fertilisers v. 106 Sodium nitrate is produced by chemical synthesis, but the bulk of it is obtained from the crude nitrate deposits in Chile.
nitrate field n.
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1884 Atlantic Monthly July 116 It is probable that at the outset Chile did not dream of appropriating the nitrate fields without a recognition of the foreign debt for which they had been mortgaged by Peru.
1993 Dict. National Biogr.: Missing Persons 499/2 Before the war, in 1875, Peru sought to ‘nationalize’ nitrate fields.
nitrate pollution n.
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1946 Jrnl. Iowa State Med. Soc. 36 5/2 We do not know how deep a well must be to escape nitrate pollution from a shallow source.
1989 J. Button How to be Green 72 The problems of soil pollution, pesticide residues and nitrate pollution are showing ever more dramatically that intensive farming is unhealthy for us and for the land.
nitrate reduction n.
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1907 Science 25 814 Streptococcus is characterized by..the absence of nitrate reduction, and the general absence of gelatin liquefaction.
1991 R. Goldring Fossils in Field iv. 71 (caption) Nitrate reduction and methanogenesis dominate in freshwater environments, sulphate reduction and methanogenesis dominate in marine environments.
nitrate solution n.
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the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [noun] > salts named by atomic number > nitrates or nitrites > solution containing
nitrate solution1796
1796 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 86 426 Manganese would have been seen on concentrating by evaporation the nitrate solution.
1893 Bot. Gaz. 18 412 The nitrate solution used as a nutrient medium had the following composition: [etc.].
1998 Pesticide Biochem. & Physiol. 61 15 Cowpea seedlings were grown in earthen pots in normal sunlight and irrigated daily with 10 mM nitrate solution.
nitrate trade n.
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society > trade and finance > specific types of trade > [noun] > trade in other specific articles
pig market1647
lumber-trade1689
oilery1830
whale-trade1840
shoe-trade1850
nitrate trade1871
cannabusiness1980
1871 Overland Monthly July 83 The nitrate trade seems to have absorbed nearly all the other [Bolivian] interests.
2000 Independent (Nexis) 19 Aug. She [sc. a ship] later belonged to the Laeisz German Line, employed in the Chilean nitrate trade.
b.
nitrate-reducing adj.
ΚΠ
1911 Bot. Gaz. 51 123 Abelous and Aloy found a nitrate-reducing enzyme in potato tubers.
1993 Brit. Jrnl. Surg. 80 57/1 Some possible causes are duodenogastric reflux hypochlorhydria and overgrowth of nitrate-reducing bacteria.
C2.
nitrate bath n. Photography = silver bath n. at silver n. and adj. Compounds 2a.
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society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > chemicals > [noun] > emulsion or sensitizer
emulsion1840
collodion1851
sensitizer1854
nitrate bath1858
collodio-bromide1864
organifier1873
silver bath1878
bromide emulsion1885
silver1891
sensibilizer1900
panchromatic1906
nuclear emulsion1949
1858 T. Sutton Dict. Photogr. 304 Many of the failures in photographic operations..may be traced to the nitrate bath being out of order.
1864 Q. Rev. Oct. 490 The solution of nitrate of silver into which he plunges his plate of iodised collodion, and which is known by the concise name of ‘the Nitrate bath’.
nitrate reductase n. an enzyme or group of enzymes which brings about (the second step in) the reduction of nitrate to nitrite.
ΚΠ
1939 Chem. Abstr. 33 2176 Reduction of —NO3 to —NO2 by this bacterium [sc. E. coli] involves 2 enzymes, an ordinary reductase and a special nitrate reductase... The special reductase transfers the H [from an intermediate acceptor] to the —NO3.
1964 Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. 2 216 Nitrate reductase is found in various green seaweeds.
1990 BioFactors 2 183/1 Nitrate reductase mutants at the chlD locus can be overcome by high levels of molybdate.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
nitratev.
/nʌɪˈtreɪt/, U.S. /ˈnaɪˌtreɪt/ Chemistry.
transitive. Originally: to treat, impregnate, or combine with nitric acid. Now: spec. to introduce one or more nitro groups into (a compound or molecule), often (but not necessarily) by reaction with nitric acid. Also intransitive: to undergo nitration (rare).
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the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > subject to chemical reactions or processes [verb (transitive)] > subject to named chemical reaction or process > subject to miscellaneous other processes
reduce?a1425
weaken1540
projecta1550
brown1570
spiritualize1593
colliquate1603
redisperse1621
imbibe1626
educe1651
to cant off1658
part1663
regalize1664
dint1669
roche1679
subtilizea1722
neutralize1744
develop1756
evolve1772
extricate1790
separate1805
unburn1815
leach1860
methylate1864
nitrate1872
nitre1880
sweeten1885
deflocculate1909
hybridize1959
1872 H. Watts Dict. Chem. Suppl. 661 The woody fibre thus purified is nitrated by maceration for some hours in a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid.
1881 Athenæum 12 Feb. 238/1 On the Position taken by the Nitro Group on nitrating the Dibromotoluenes.
1937 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) I. 391/1 Anthraquinone nitrates with great ease.
1955 B. C. L. Kemp Elem. Org. Chem. (new ed.) xix. 264 Aniline is best nitrated by converting it first of all into acetanilide, which is then nitrated in the usual way.
1980 F. A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 4) vi. 244 The ability of nitric acid..to nitrate many organic compounds is attributable to the formation of the nitronium ion, NO2+.
1992 W. H. Brock Fontana Hist. Chem. viii. 302 Maule decided to nitrate mesitylene and to reduce the nitrated product to form nitromesidine.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2003; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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