officialn.¹

Brit.

/əˈfɪʃl/, U.S.

/əˈfɪʃ(ə)l/,

/oʊˈfɪʃ(ə)l/

Forms: Middle English offecialle, Middle English officiale, Middle English officyal, Middle English offycyal, Middle English–1500s offyciall, Middle English–1600s officiall, Middle English– official, 1500s offycyall; Scottish pre-1700 officell, pre-1700 officiale, pre-1700 officiall, pre-1700 offiissial, pre-1700 offyssial, pre-1700 1700s– official.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French official.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French official public officer (early 13th cent. in Old French as offichial ), ecclesiastical judge (mid 13th. cent.) < classical Latin officiālis official attending on a magistrate (2nd cent. a.d.), in post-classical Latin also bishop's official (mid 7th cent.), royal official, court dignitary (9th cent.), household servant (early 11th cent.), ecclesiastical judge (12th cent.), use as noun of officiālis official adj.Attested in surnames from the mid 13th cent., as Will. le Official (1252), Alice le Officiale (1276), Nicholas le Official (1284), William Official (1312), although it is uncertain whether these are to be interpreted as Middle English or Anglo-Norman.

1. Christian Church. Frequently with capital initial. The presiding officer or judge of an archbishop's, bishop's, or archdeacon's court. Now usually Official Principal. See also commissary n.¹In the Church of England, the Official Principal of the two Archbishops' courts is now the Dean of Arches or Judge of the Court of Arches; in the Bishops' courts, the office is united with that of Chancellor of the Diocese; in the Archdeacons' courts, the Official is usually known as the presiding officer. In Scotland the term was used only in the pre-Reformation Church.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > ecclesiastical discipline > court > archbishop's court > [noun] > presiding officer of

officialc1330

auditor1726

c1330 in T. Wright Polit. Songs Eng. (1839) 332 Officials and denes that chapitles scholden holde.

a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) 6420 There shalle no jugge imperial, Ne bisshop ne official, Don jugement on me.

?a1450 Miracles Our Lady in Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. (1923) 38 360 (MED) He tolde to þe Official Al þe grete hole tale As þai hade..Synned.

a1475 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 128 (MED) With offycyal nor den no fauour þer ys, But if ser symony shewe þem syluer rovnde.

a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (BL Add. 9066) (1879) 381 His offyciall sawe the soule of the byshope..be brought with ij deuyls be-fore the prince of deuyls.

1578 L. Chaderton Excellent Serm. Paules Crosse 26 Oct. (1580) sig. Ciiii As concerning discipline practized in our Churche by Chancelors, Commissaries, and Officials [etc.].

a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) III. 285 Of Glasgow officiall than wes he.

a1639 J. Spottiswood Hist. Church Scotl. (1677) ii. 105 [He] was preferred first to be Official of Glasgow, afterwards made Official of St. Andrews.

1707 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1885) 12 Nov. II. 71 Mr. Proast..was made official of Berks.

1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 192 The Judge of this Court..is distinguished by the title of Dean or Official of the Court of Arches.

1756 A. Butler Lives Saints I. 130 In 1219 Berengarius, bishop of Barcelona,..made him his archdeacon, grand vicar and official.

1840 J. R. Hope-Scott in R. Ornsby Mem. (1884) I. 230 The acts of his vicar-general and official are not revocable.

1883 Law Rep. 8 Probate Div. 194 A remission under the seal of Her Majesty's Court of Appeals..commanding the Official Principal..to resume the cause into his hands.

1899 Reg. J. de Grandisson III. Pref. 30 John B. Official of the Court of Canterbury, and lately his [sc. the Bishop of Exeter's] Official-Principal.

1900 Whitaker's Almanack 238 Province of York. Official Principal and Auditor of the Chancery Court, The Hon. Sir Arthur Charles.

1926 R. H. Tawney Relig. & Rise Capitalism i. 52 The towns did not look with favour on the interference of churchmen in matters of business. In London, collisions between the courts of the Official, the Mayor, and the King, were frequent in the early thirteenth century.

1993 G. H. Newsom & G. L. Newsom Faculty Jurisdiction Church Eng. (ed. 2) ii. 16 The chancellor of a diocese shall by virtue of his office be called the Official Principal of the bishop of that diocese.

†2. A person who holds office in a household. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > official of royal or great household > [noun]

official1340

officerc1375

pagec1385

servitor1527

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 37 Zuyche byeþ þe greate officials þet byeþ ine þe house of riche men.

c1450 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 16 (MED) He wolde make special officialles [Fr. officiaus] of his hous to helpe that oother official.

a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 1314 (MED) I calle shal Off your hous the offycyal..That he make..Of thys pylgrym the wasshyng.

3. A person holding public office or having official duties, esp. as a representative of a government or administration, or in connection with some public institution or officially-constituted body, organization, society, etc. Frequently with modifying word, as bank, government, immigration, municipal, railway, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > [noun]

man of officec1300

officerc1380

officec1440

office manc1459

officiate1500

officiary1505

official1555

gerent1576

officiary1587

office-bearer1593

stallera1627

incumbent1672

designator1683

corrector1690

office-holder1818

city manager1909

postholder1961

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 194^v I being then..thofficial of Iustice in that citie at yowre maiesties appoyntemente.

1598 R. Hakluyt tr. Vincent of Beauvais in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) I. 68 The sayde Emperour, hath..an Agent, and Secretary of estate, with Scribes and all other Officials, except aduocates.

1643 in D. Littlejohn Rec. Sheriff Court Aberdeenshire (1907) III. 18 [That the court would] caus our officials cum and cast thaime furthe.

1797 A. Radcliffe Italian II. v. 159 The official repeated the summons, without deigning to reply.

1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. v. 375 He regarded himself as an official of the state religion.

1874 W. P. Mackay Grace & Truth (new ed.) 73 I could travel thus, and the railway officials could find no fault.

1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 26 Nov. 11/2 The Irish Under-Secretaries..are supposed to be impartial administrative officials.

1915 Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide 137 The officials of the game shall be a Referee, an Umpire, a Linesman and a Field Judge.

1962 E. Roosevelt Autobiogr. III. xxxvi. 290 They had been granted visas by the French government but, at the last minute, the Moroccan officials raised various obstacles to their departure.

2002 U.S. News & World Rep. 29 Apr. 26/1 After Powell briefed the president, officials said that the administration is reassessing its options.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† officialn.²

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: official adj.

Etymology: < official adj. N.E.D. (1902) gives the pronunciation as (ǫ̆fi·ʃăl) /əˈfɪʃəl/.

Obsolete. rare.

1. In plural. Official performances, rites. Cf. office n. 9.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > observance, ritual > [noun] > instance or form of > plural or collective

orgiac1487

common prayer1493

sacre1542

obsequy?1550

orgy1597

ritual1611

holies1613

Dagonals1614

sacred1624

agenda1637

ephemeris1650

officials1659

religion1667

1659 H. Stubbe Light Shining out of Darknes 17 If out of Scripture it be proved that Mass-Priests should be Presbyters; out of their Officialls it is clear they are not so.

1769 J. Hall-Stevenson Yorick's Sentimental Journey Continued IV. 38 One must be almost a stone, not to raise a risible muscle at many of their officials.

2. An official letter.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > correspondence > letter > [noun] > official letter

missive letter1444

missive1590

state letter1603

state1880

official1884

1884 C. G. Gordon Jrnl. 5 Nov. in Jrnls. at Kartoum (1885) 197 I then wrote him an official; he wanted me to write him an order. I said ‘No.’

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online June 2018).

officialadj.

Brit.

/əˈfɪʃl/, U.S.

/əˈfɪʃ(ə)l/,

/oʊˈfɪʃ(ə)l/

Forms: Middle English officiale, Middle English– official, 1500s offycialle, 1500s–1600s officiall, 1600s offitiall.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin officiālis.

Etymology: < classical Latin officiālis connected with duty or obligation, concerned with function (2nd cent. a.d.), in post-classical Latin also spec. designating a bodily organ that serves the needs or purposes of a vital organ (from c1120 in British sources) < officium office n. + -ālis -al suffix¹. Compare Middle French official relating to an office, authoritative (c1390; 13th cent. in Old French as ofisial in sense ‘helpful, obliging’); compare French officiel emanating from a recognized authority (1778, < English).With official member (see sense 1) compare post-classical Latin membrum officiale (from 13th cent. in British sources), membra officialia, plural (1363 in Chauliac), Middle French membres officiaux, plural (late 15th cent.).

†1. Performing some office or service; subservient to something else or to some purpose; spec. designating a bodily organ that serves the needs or purposes of a vital organ (frequently in official member). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > system > [noun] > organ > serving needs of higher organ

official membera1400

society > authority > subjection > service > [adjective] > serving or performing a service

servingc1384

ministrant1558

inservient1646

officiala1682

ministering1764

a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 25 (MED) Official membris is to seie: a fyngir, a ioynt, an hand, eiþer a foot [or] oþere lymes of office.

c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 21^v The brayn..official it is seid, ffor it haþ þe office of felynge and stirynge.

1541 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) 12 Offycialle members [are] Synewes, whiche doo serve to the braine: Arteries, or pulses, whiche do serve to the harte.

1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. f. lxxxx Principal membres be .iiii. the hert, the brayne, the lyuer, and the stones... All other membres be official membres & doth office to the principal membres.

1614 W. B. in tr. Philosophers Banquet (ed. 2) Pref. 3 The braine, and Strings thervnto offitiall.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 198 The Oesophagus or gullet,..a part officiall unto nutrition.

a1682 Sir T. Browne Posthumous Wks. (1712) ii. 6 Inscriptions commonly signified the Name of the Person interr'd, the Names of Servants Official to such Provisions [etc.].

†2. Relating to duty. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > [adjective]

officiala1450

jural18..

obligational1822

a1450 (a1401) Chastising of God's Children (Bodl.) (1957) 193 (MED) Sum affeccion is goostli, sum resonable, sum is vnresonable, sum is official, sum is natural, and sum is carnel.

1588 A. King tr. P. Canisius Cathechisme or Schort Instr. 177 Quhilk [cardinal] vertues ar also called official or dewetifull, for that of thame proceids..al kynd of offices, and dewties.

3. Of or relating to an office, post, position of trust, or service; belonging or relating to the discharge of duties; connected with the tenure of office.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > [adjective]

official1604

functionary1668

officiary1755

1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alphabet. Officiall, belonging to an office.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) ii. iii. 141 The Tribunes endue you with the Peoples Voyce, Remaines, that in th'Officiall Markes inuested, You anon doe meet the Senate.

1790 R. Morris in Deb. Congr. U.S. 8 Feb. (1834) II. 2116 No mode of inquiry into his official conduct has hitherto been put in operation.

1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) II. 583 The enormous accumulation of landed and official property.

1828 T. Carlyle Goethe in Foreign Rev. 2 84 Perorating in official garments from the rostrum.

1842 J. Bischoff Comprehensive Hist. Woollen Manuf. II. 26 The sub-joining official documents will render this obvious.

1865 D. Livingstone & C. Livingstone Narr. Exped. Zambesi Pref. 7 A series of papers in the Portuguese Official Journal.

1897 W. E. Gladstone E. Crisis 1 A trustworthy appeal from the official to the personal conscience.

1920 D. H. Lawrence Women in Love i. 18 She had spoken with him once or twice, but only in his official capacity as inspector.

1961 L. van der Post Heart of Hunter ii. viii. 126 The appropriate questions were asked in Parliament and the official machine set working on behalf of the Bushman.

2001 New Republic 23 Apr. 17/1 Hard-nosed stories on the war in Chechnya, official corruption,..and a calamitous energy crisis in the country's far east.

a. Derived from, or having the sanction of, persons in office; authorized or supported by a government, organization, etc.; hence (more widely) authoritative; formally accepted or agreed.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > [adjective] > proceeding from authority

authoritative1606

official1791

excathedral1880

society > authority > office > [adjective] > official or derived from persons in office

official1791

1791 T. Jefferson in Deb. Congr. U.S. 18 Jan. (1834) II. App. 2121 An official paper from the bureau of the balance of commerce of France.

1799 Times 1 June 2/2 It appears, that the information respecting the Brest fleet is no further official, than relates to its having been seen off Carthagena.

1813 P. Hawker Diary (1893) I. 69 Received official information that I was gazetted out.

1871 J. Morley Condorcet in Crit. Misc. (1878) 66 The official religion of the century..was lifeless and mechanical.

1895 United Service Mag. July 414 The Official History of the War of 1882.

1898 T. Mackay State & Charity vi. 92 The above cited preamble..still remains the official definition of a charity.

1908 Westm. Gaz. 30 Mar. 2/1 Anatole France has summed up the disadvantages of an official organisation of science.

1959 Chambers's Encycl. XII. 745 English and Afrikaans are treated on a footing of equality as official languages.

1997 J. Hatfield & G. Burt Unauthorized X-Cycl. 109 The official version of the crash was the ‘human error’ of military air traffic controllers, which resulted in a mid-air collusion.

b. Medicine. Authorized as standard by a pharmacopoeia or formulary. Cf. officinal adj. 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [adjective] > officinal or pharmacopoeial

officinal1721

pharmacopoeial1837

stock1863

official1871

pharmacopoeian1890

1871 J. Attfield Chemistry 328 It [sc. nicotia] is not official.

1884 Pharmaceut. Soc. Prosp. 9 The official preparations and active principles of each drug are enumerated.

1893 Pharmacopœia U.S. p. xxxvi The word ‘official’ has been used in this edition of the Pharmacopœia, in place of the word ‘officinal’. This change was made by a special vote of the Committee at one of its first meetings in 1890.

1898 Rev. Brit. Pharmacy 12 An official quinine-pill had become almost a necessity.

1926 Dispensatory U.S.A. (ed. 21) 695/2 Not only are there a large number of compounds of methenamine upon the market, but the official drug is sold under an almost innumerable number of trade names.

1951 A. Grollman Pharmacol. & Therapeutics i. 37 The official pharmacopeial preparations include: a. Aqueous Preparations [etc.].

1989 Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia (ed. 29) p. xv/1 Official preparations are included from current editions of the British Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary.

1991 Utne Reader July 119/2 (advt.) A clean, fresh gel with no locker room odor, Arniflora contains Mountain Arnica, an official homeopathic medicine used by athletic coaches for decades.

5. Having the manner or bearing appropriate to or expected of someone in office; designating relations which arise from one's office, as distinct from those which are personal; characteristic of an official; formal, ceremonious.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pride > ostentation > ceremony or formality > [adjective] > formal as opposed to personal or private

publica1538

officious1602

functional1631

official1816

perfunctionary1838

1816 M. Keating Trav. Eur. & Afr. II. 85 Neither official pomposity, threat, or cajolement, could blind him.

1859 ‘G. Eliot’ Adam Bede I. i. vi. 137 Remarkable for the facility with which she could relapse from her official objurgatory tone to one of fondness.

1882 M. E. Braddon Mt. Royal III. i. 5 Handing it with official solemnity to Mrs. Tregonell.

1896 ‘M. Field’ Attila i. 27 Be distant and official.

1941 W. Lewis Vulgar Streak iv. 25 Martin sat squarely, in frowning state, an expression of almost official reserve upon his Bellocian features.

1985 M. Schapiro Van Gogh 14 Roulin's official character cannot subdue his personal quality.

6. Holding office; employed in a public capacity; authorized to exercise a specific function.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > [adjective] > holding office

office-holding1827

official1833

incumbent1972

1833 H. Martineau Loom & Lugger ii. v. 96 It must be to some official person.

1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xxii. 203 The heavy footfall of the official watcher of the night.

1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xix. 308 The Bill..was strongly opposed by the official men, both Whigs and Tories.

1910 Daily Chron. 10 Feb. 6/1 Jonson..inclined to patronise Shakespeare from the superior heights of an official masque writer sure of steady patronage.

1959 Dict. National Biogr. 1941–50 215/1 As official artist to the Ministry of Information during the war of 1914–18, Dodd made portraits of the British naval and military commanders.

1990 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 14 Oct. 36/3 Christie became irritated by her Belgian Frankenstein toward the end and according to her official biographer..even grew jealous of his [sc. Poirot's] popularity with her readers.

Compounds

C1.

official-looking adj.

ΚΠ

1844 C. J. Lever Tom Burke I. xxiii. 162 Presenting a large official-looking letter to my companion, who threw it from him on the table.

1883 Cent. Mag. June 282/1 I entered the room on the right, which was a bleak and official-looking apartment.

1992 N. Barber Other Side of Paradise 42 A dozen or so keys dangled from hooks on a numbered board, together with a few dog-eared official-looking proclamations.

C2.

official arms n. Heraldry rare the coat of arms of the holder of a public office.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1902 N.E.D. at Official Official arms (Her.), arms representing those of an office or dignity, as those of a city, as used by the Mayor and officers of the corporation.

official birthday n. the date (since 1959 fixed as the second Saturday in June) on which the Sovereign's birthday is publicly observed.

ΚΠ

1953 Whitaker's Almanac 564/1 June 11. The Queen's official birthday, celebrated at home and oversea.

1988 J. Kincaid Small Place 30 In Antigua, the twenty-fourth of May was a holiday—Queen Victoria's official birthday.

official family n. originally U.S. a body of attendants or advisers to a person of high rank; spec. the cabinet of the U.S. President; cf. family n. 1b.

ΚΠ

1824 Amer. Monthly Mag. (Philadelphia) May 126 Two of the official family of the American Governor were then directed by him to repair with the alcade to Callava's dwelling.

1903 W. E. Curtis True Lincoln 193 It was perfectly natural for the President to select a member of his official family from a State of such importance.

2009 Guardian (Nexis) 11 Feb. 30 Obama has brought three Republicans into his official family.

Official I.R.A. n. an Irish Republican paramilitary organization, formed in December 1969 from a schism within the IRA, with the aim of creating a united socialist Ireland; cf. Provisional I.R.A. n. at provisional adj. and n. Compounds, Provo n.³

ΚΠ

1970 Guardian 19 Aug. 9/3 The official IRA went so far as to condemn some street rioting in Belfast.

1994 E. McNamee Resurrection Man (1998) xiii. 110 Each paramilitary unit had a separate cage. Provisional and official IRA, INLA, UVF, UDA. An officer in charge dealt with the prison authorities.

2016 Irish News (Nexis) 6 July 15 The British army found weapons belong to the Official IRA during a raid on a house in the area.

official secret n. (usually in plural) information the disclosure of which to anyone not entitled to it would constitute a breach of national security.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > secrecy, concealment > [noun] > something concealed, a secret > of the state

mysterya1618

state secret1656

official secret1891

1891 Dict. National Biogr. XXVIII. 324/1 An unfounded charge was made..that Huskisson made use of his knowledge of official secrets in stockjobbing operations.

1931 Economist 28 Nov. 1001/1 The editor of a German Radical newspaper has been sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment on the ground that..he revealed official secrets, whose disclosure endangered national security.

1994 New Yorker 10 Oct. 7/1 The lower house of Poland's parliament, passed a bill providing up to ten years in prison for anyone disclosing an official secret.

Official Secrets Act n. the Act of Parliament regulating the designation and disclosure of information having a bearing on national security.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > types of laws > [noun] > relating to national security

Official Secrets Act1889

1889 Act 52 & 53 Vict. c. 52 §10 This Act may be cited as the Official Secrets Act, 1889.

1931 ‘G. Trevor’ Murder at School vi. 127 ‘I think once again I must plead the Official Secrets' Acts,’ he answered, jocularly.

2000 Press Gaz. 14 Jan. 15/3 If you turn up on the doorstep of a senior civil servant and you're inviting him or her to..break the Official Secrets Act..you're involved in a really subtle interplay.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

n.¹c1330

n.²1659

adj.a1400

单词	official
释义	officialn.¹ Brit. /əˈfɪʃl/, U.S. /əˈfɪʃ(ə)l/, /oʊˈfɪʃ(ə)l/ Forms: Middle English offecialle, Middle English officiale, Middle English officyal, Middle English offycyal, Middle English–1500s offyciall, Middle English–1600s officiall, Middle English– official, 1500s offycyall; Scottish pre-1700 officell, pre-1700 officiale, pre-1700 officiall, pre-1700 offiissial, pre-1700 offyssial, pre-1700 1700s– official. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French official. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French official public officer (early 13th cent. in Old French as offichial ), ecclesiastical judge (mid 13th. cent.) < classical Latin officiālis official attending on a magistrate (2nd cent. a.d.), in post-classical Latin also bishop's official (mid 7th cent.), royal official, court dignitary (9th cent.), household servant (early 11th cent.), ecclesiastical judge (12th cent.), use as noun of officiālis official adj.Attested in surnames from the mid 13th cent., as Will. le Official (1252), Alice le Officiale (1276), Nicholas le Official (1284), William Official (1312), although it is uncertain whether these are to be interpreted as Middle English or Anglo-Norman. 1. Christian Church. Frequently with capital initial. The presiding officer or judge of an archbishop's, bishop's, or archdeacon's court. Now usually Official Principal. See also commissary n.¹In the Church of England, the Official Principal of the two Archbishops' courts is now the Dean of Arches or Judge of the Court of Arches; in the Bishops' courts, the office is united with that of Chancellor of the Diocese; in the Archdeacons' courts, the Official is usually known as the presiding officer. In Scotland the term was used only in the pre-Reformation Church. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > ecclesiastical discipline > court > archbishop's court > [noun] > presiding officer of officialc1330 auditor1726 c1330 in T. Wright Polit. Songs Eng. (1839) 332 Officials and denes that chapitles scholden holde. a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) 6420 There shalle no jugge imperial, Ne bisshop ne official, Don jugement on me. ?a1450 Miracles Our Lady in Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. (1923) 38 360 (MED) He tolde to þe Official Al þe grete hole tale As þai hade..Synned. a1475 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 128 (MED) With offycyal nor den no fauour þer ys, But if ser symony shewe þem syluer rovnde. a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (BL Add. 9066) (1879) 381 His offyciall sawe the soule of the byshope..be brought with ij deuyls be-fore the prince of deuyls. 1578 L. Chaderton Excellent Serm. Paules Crosse 26 Oct. (1580) sig. Ciiii As concerning discipline practized in our Churche by Chancelors, Commissaries, and Officials [etc.]. a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) III. 285 Of Glasgow officiall than wes he. a1639 J. Spottiswood Hist. Church Scotl. (1677) ii. 105 [He] was preferred first to be Official of Glasgow, afterwards made Official of St. Andrews. 1707 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1885) 12 Nov. II. 71 Mr. Proast..was made official of Berks. 1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 192 The Judge of this Court..is distinguished by the title of Dean or Official of the Court of Arches. 1756 A. Butler Lives Saints I. 130 In 1219 Berengarius, bishop of Barcelona,..made him his archdeacon, grand vicar and official. 1840 J. R. Hope-Scott in R. Ornsby Mem. (1884) I. 230 The acts of his vicar-general and official are not revocable. 1883 Law Rep. 8 Probate Div. 194 A remission under the seal of Her Majesty's Court of Appeals..commanding the Official Principal..to resume the cause into his hands. 1899 Reg. J. de Grandisson III. Pref. 30 John B. Official of the Court of Canterbury, and lately his [sc. the Bishop of Exeter's] Official-Principal. 1900 Whitaker's Almanack 238 Province of York. Official Principal and Auditor of the Chancery Court, The Hon. Sir Arthur Charles. 1926 R. H. Tawney Relig. & Rise Capitalism i. 52 The towns did not look with favour on the interference of churchmen in matters of business. In London, collisions between the courts of the Official, the Mayor, and the King, were frequent in the early thirteenth century. 1993 G. H. Newsom & G. L. Newsom Faculty Jurisdiction Church Eng. (ed. 2) ii. 16 The chancellor of a diocese shall by virtue of his office be called the Official Principal of the bishop of that diocese. †2. A person who holds office in a household. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > official of royal or great household > [noun] official1340 officerc1375 pagec1385 servitor1527 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 37 Zuyche byeþ þe greate officials þet byeþ ine þe house of riche men. c1450 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 16 (MED) He wolde make special officialles [Fr. officiaus] of his hous to helpe that oother official. a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 1314 (MED) I calle shal Off your hous the offycyal..That he make..Of thys pylgrym the wasshyng. 3. A person holding public office or having official duties, esp. as a representative of a government or administration, or in connection with some public institution or officially-constituted body, organization, society, etc. Frequently with modifying word, as bank, government, immigration, municipal, railway, etc. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > [noun] man of officec1300 officerc1380 officec1440 office manc1459 officiate1500 officiary1505 official1555 gerent1576 officiary1587 office-bearer1593 stallera1627 incumbent1672 designator1683 corrector1690 office-holder1818 city manager1909 postholder1961 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 194^v I being then..thofficial of Iustice in that citie at yowre maiesties appoyntemente. 1598 R. Hakluyt tr. Vincent of Beauvais in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) I. 68 The sayde Emperour, hath..an Agent, and Secretary of estate, with Scribes and all other Officials, except aduocates. 1643 in D. Littlejohn Rec. Sheriff Court Aberdeenshire (1907) III. 18 [That the court would] caus our officials cum and cast thaime furthe. 1797 A. Radcliffe Italian II. v. 159 The official repeated the summons, without deigning to reply. 1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. v. 375 He regarded himself as an official of the state religion. 1874 W. P. Mackay Grace & Truth (new ed.) 73 I could travel thus, and the railway officials could find no fault. 1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 26 Nov. 11/2 The Irish Under-Secretaries..are supposed to be impartial administrative officials. 1915 Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide 137 The officials of the game shall be a Referee, an Umpire, a Linesman and a Field Judge. 1962 E. Roosevelt Autobiogr. III. xxxvi. 290 They had been granted visas by the French government but, at the last minute, the Moroccan officials raised various obstacles to their departure. 2002 U.S. News & World Rep. 29 Apr. 26/1 After Powell briefed the president, officials said that the administration is reassessing its options. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † officialn.² Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: official adj. Etymology: < official adj. N.E.D. (1902) gives the pronunciation as (ǫ̆fi·ʃăl) /əˈfɪʃəl/. Obsolete. rare. 1. In plural. Official performances, rites. Cf. office n. 9. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > observance, ritual > [noun] > instance or form of > plural or collective orgiac1487 common prayer1493 sacre1542 obsequy?1550 orgy1597 ritual1611 holies1613 Dagonals1614 sacred1624 agenda1637 ephemeris1650 officials1659 religion1667 1659 H. Stubbe Light Shining out of Darknes 17 If out of Scripture it be proved that Mass-Priests should be Presbyters; out of their Officialls it is clear they are not so. 1769 J. Hall-Stevenson Yorick's Sentimental Journey Continued IV. 38 One must be almost a stone, not to raise a risible muscle at many of their officials. 2. An official letter. ΘΚΠ society > communication > correspondence > letter > [noun] > official letter missive letter1444 missive1590 state letter1603 state1880 official1884 1884 C. G. Gordon Jrnl. 5 Nov. in Jrnls. at Kartoum (1885) 197 I then wrote him an official; he wanted me to write him an order. I said ‘No.’ This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online June 2018). officialadj. Brit. /əˈfɪʃl/, U.S. /əˈfɪʃ(ə)l/, /oʊˈfɪʃ(ə)l/ Forms: Middle English officiale, Middle English– official, 1500s offycialle, 1500s–1600s officiall, 1600s offitiall. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin officiālis. Etymology: < classical Latin officiālis connected with duty or obligation, concerned with function (2nd cent. a.d.), in post-classical Latin also spec. designating a bodily organ that serves the needs or purposes of a vital organ (from c1120 in British sources) < officium office n. + -ālis -al suffix¹. Compare Middle French official relating to an office, authoritative (c1390; 13th cent. in Old French as ofisial in sense ‘helpful, obliging’); compare French officiel emanating from a recognized authority (1778, < English).With official member (see sense 1) compare post-classical Latin membrum officiale (from 13th cent. in British sources), membra officialia, plural (1363 in Chauliac), Middle French membres officiaux, plural (late 15th cent.). †1. Performing some office or service; subservient to something else or to some purpose; spec. designating a bodily organ that serves the needs or purposes of a vital organ (frequently in official member). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > system > [noun] > organ > serving needs of higher organ official membera1400 society > authority > subjection > service > [adjective] > serving or performing a service servingc1384 ministrant1558 inservient1646 officiala1682 ministering1764 a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 25 (MED) Official membris is to seie: a fyngir, a ioynt, an hand, eiþer a foot [or] oþere lymes of office. c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 21^v The brayn..official it is seid, ffor it haþ þe office of felynge and stirynge. 1541 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) 12 Offycialle members [are] Synewes, whiche doo serve to the braine: Arteries, or pulses, whiche do serve to the harte. 1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. f. lxxxx Principal membres be .iiii. the hert, the brayne, the lyuer, and the stones... All other membres be official membres & doth office to the principal membres. 1614 W. B. in tr. Philosophers Banquet (ed. 2) Pref. 3 The braine, and Strings thervnto offitiall. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 198 The Oesophagus or gullet,..a part officiall unto nutrition. View more context for this quotation a1682 Sir T. Browne Posthumous Wks. (1712) ii. 6 Inscriptions commonly signified the Name of the Person interr'd, the Names of Servants Official to such Provisions [etc.]. †2. Relating to duty. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > [adjective] officiala1450 jural18.. obligational1822 a1450 (a1401) Chastising of God's Children (Bodl.) (1957) 193 (MED) Sum affeccion is goostli, sum resonable, sum is vnresonable, sum is official, sum is natural, and sum is carnel. 1588 A. King tr. P. Canisius Cathechisme or Schort Instr. 177 Quhilk [cardinal] vertues ar also called official or dewetifull, for that of thame proceids..al kynd of offices, and dewties. 3. Of or relating to an office, post, position of trust, or service; belonging or relating to the discharge of duties; connected with the tenure of office. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > [adjective] official1604 functionary1668 officiary1755 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alphabet. Officiall, belonging to an office. a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) ii. iii. 141 The Tribunes endue you with the Peoples Voyce, Remaines, that in th'Officiall Markes inuested, You anon doe meet the Senate. View more context for this quotation 1790 R. Morris in Deb. Congr. U.S. 8 Feb. (1834) II. 2116 No mode of inquiry into his official conduct has hitherto been put in operation. 1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) II. 583 The enormous accumulation of landed and official property. 1828 T. Carlyle Goethe in Foreign Rev. 2 84 Perorating in official garments from the rostrum. 1842 J. Bischoff Comprehensive Hist. Woollen Manuf. II. 26 The sub-joining official documents will render this obvious. 1865 D. Livingstone & C. Livingstone Narr. Exped. Zambesi Pref. 7 A series of papers in the Portuguese Official Journal. 1897 W. E. Gladstone E. Crisis 1 A trustworthy appeal from the official to the personal conscience. 1920 D. H. Lawrence Women in Love i. 18 She had spoken with him once or twice, but only in his official capacity as inspector. 1961 L. van der Post Heart of Hunter ii. viii. 126 The appropriate questions were asked in Parliament and the official machine set working on behalf of the Bushman. 2001 New Republic 23 Apr. 17/1 Hard-nosed stories on the war in Chechnya, official corruption,..and a calamitous energy crisis in the country's far east. 4. a. Derived from, or having the sanction of, persons in office; authorized or supported by a government, organization, etc.; hence (more widely) authoritative; formally accepted or agreed. ΘΚΠ society > authority > [adjective] > proceeding from authority authoritative1606 official1791 excathedral1880 society > authority > office > [adjective] > official or derived from persons in office official1791 1791 T. Jefferson in Deb. Congr. U.S. 18 Jan. (1834) II. App. 2121 An official paper from the bureau of the balance of commerce of France. 1799 Times 1 June 2/2 It appears, that the information respecting the Brest fleet is no further official, than relates to its having been seen off Carthagena. 1813 P. Hawker Diary (1893) I. 69 Received official information that I was gazetted out. 1871 J. Morley Condorcet in Crit. Misc. (1878) 66 The official religion of the century..was lifeless and mechanical. 1895 United Service Mag. July 414 The Official History of the War of 1882. 1898 T. Mackay State & Charity vi. 92 The above cited preamble..still remains the official definition of a charity. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 30 Mar. 2/1 Anatole France has summed up the disadvantages of an official organisation of science. 1959 Chambers's Encycl. XII. 745 English and Afrikaans are treated on a footing of equality as official languages. 1997 J. Hatfield & G. Burt Unauthorized X-Cycl. 109 The official version of the crash was the ‘human error’ of military air traffic controllers, which resulted in a mid-air collusion. b. Medicine. Authorized as standard by a pharmacopoeia or formulary. Cf. officinal adj. 1. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [adjective] > officinal or pharmacopoeial officinal1721 pharmacopoeial1837 stock1863 official1871 pharmacopoeian1890 1871 J. Attfield Chemistry 328 It [sc. nicotia] is not official. 1884 Pharmaceut. Soc. Prosp. 9 The official preparations and active principles of each drug are enumerated. 1893 Pharmacopœia U.S. p. xxxvi The word ‘official’ has been used in this edition of the Pharmacopœia, in place of the word ‘officinal’. This change was made by a special vote of the Committee at one of its first meetings in 1890. 1898 Rev. Brit. Pharmacy 12 An official quinine-pill had become almost a necessity. 1926 Dispensatory U.S.A. (ed. 21) 695/2 Not only are there a large number of compounds of methenamine upon the market, but the official drug is sold under an almost innumerable number of trade names. 1951 A. Grollman Pharmacol. & Therapeutics i. 37 The official pharmacopeial preparations include: a. Aqueous Preparations [etc.]. 1989 Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia (ed. 29) p. xv/1 Official preparations are included from current editions of the British Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary. 1991 Utne Reader July 119/2 (advt.) A clean, fresh gel with no locker room odor, Arniflora contains Mountain Arnica, an official homeopathic medicine used by athletic coaches for decades. 5. Having the manner or bearing appropriate to or expected of someone in office; designating relations which arise from one's office, as distinct from those which are personal; characteristic of an official; formal, ceremonious. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pride > ostentation > ceremony or formality > [adjective] > formal as opposed to personal or private publica1538 officious1602 functional1631 official1816 perfunctionary1838 1816 M. Keating Trav. Eur. & Afr. II. 85 Neither official pomposity, threat, or cajolement, could blind him. 1859 ‘G. Eliot’ Adam Bede I. i. vi. 137 Remarkable for the facility with which she could relapse from her official objurgatory tone to one of fondness. 1882 M. E. Braddon Mt. Royal III. i. 5 Handing it with official solemnity to Mrs. Tregonell. 1896 ‘M. Field’ Attila i. 27 Be distant and official. 1941 W. Lewis Vulgar Streak iv. 25 Martin sat squarely, in frowning state, an expression of almost official reserve upon his Bellocian features. 1985 M. Schapiro Van Gogh 14 Roulin's official character cannot subdue his personal quality. 6. Holding office; employed in a public capacity; authorized to exercise a specific function. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > [adjective] > holding office office-holding1827 official1833 incumbent1972 1833 H. Martineau Loom & Lugger ii. v. 96 It must be to some official person. 1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xxii. 203 The heavy footfall of the official watcher of the night. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xix. 308 The Bill..was strongly opposed by the official men, both Whigs and Tories. 1910 Daily Chron. 10 Feb. 6/1 Jonson..inclined to patronise Shakespeare from the superior heights of an official masque writer sure of steady patronage. 1959 Dict. National Biogr. 1941–50 215/1 As official artist to the Ministry of Information during the war of 1914–18, Dodd made portraits of the British naval and military commanders. 1990 N.Y. Times Bk. Rev. 14 Oct. 36/3 Christie became irritated by her Belgian Frankenstein toward the end and according to her official biographer..even grew jealous of his [sc. Poirot's] popularity with her readers. Compounds C1. official-looking adj. ΚΠ 1844 C. J. Lever Tom Burke I. xxiii. 162 Presenting a large official-looking letter to my companion, who threw it from him on the table. 1883 Cent. Mag. June 282/1 I entered the room on the right, which was a bleak and official-looking apartment. 1992 N. Barber Other Side of Paradise 42 A dozen or so keys dangled from hooks on a numbered board, together with a few dog-eared official-looking proclamations. C2. official arms n. Heraldry rare the coat of arms of the holder of a public office.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1902 N.E.D. at Official Official arms (Her.), arms representing those of an office or dignity, as those of a city, as used by the Mayor and officers of the corporation. official birthday n. the date (since 1959 fixed as the second Saturday in June) on which the Sovereign's birthday is publicly observed. ΚΠ 1953 Whitaker's Almanac 564/1 June 11. The Queen's official birthday, celebrated at home and oversea. 1988 J. Kincaid Small Place 30 In Antigua, the twenty-fourth of May was a holiday—Queen Victoria's official birthday. official family n. originally U.S. a body of attendants or advisers to a person of high rank; spec. the cabinet of the U.S. President; cf. family n. 1b. ΚΠ 1824 Amer. Monthly Mag. (Philadelphia) May 126 Two of the official family of the American Governor were then directed by him to repair with the alcade to Callava's dwelling. 1903 W. E. Curtis True Lincoln 193 It was perfectly natural for the President to select a member of his official family from a State of such importance. 2009 Guardian (Nexis) 11 Feb. 30 Obama has brought three Republicans into his official family. Official I.R.A. n. an Irish Republican paramilitary organization, formed in December 1969 from a schism within the IRA, with the aim of creating a united socialist Ireland; cf. Provisional I.R.A. n. at provisional adj. and n. Compounds, Provo n.³ ΚΠ 1970 Guardian 19 Aug. 9/3 The official IRA went so far as to condemn some street rioting in Belfast. 1994 E. McNamee Resurrection Man (1998) xiii. 110 Each paramilitary unit had a separate cage. Provisional and official IRA, INLA, UVF, UDA. An officer in charge dealt with the prison authorities. 2016 Irish News (Nexis) 6 July 15 The British army found weapons belong to the Official IRA during a raid on a house in the area. official secret n. (usually in plural) information the disclosure of which to anyone not entitled to it would constitute a breach of national security. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > secrecy, concealment > [noun] > something concealed, a secret > of the state mysterya1618 state secret1656 official secret1891 1891 Dict. National Biogr. XXVIII. 324/1 An unfounded charge was made..that Huskisson made use of his knowledge of official secrets in stockjobbing operations. 1931 Economist 28 Nov. 1001/1 The editor of a German Radical newspaper has been sentenced to 18 months' imprisonment on the ground that..he revealed official secrets, whose disclosure endangered national security. 1994 New Yorker 10 Oct. 7/1 The lower house of Poland's parliament, passed a bill providing up to ten years in prison for anyone disclosing an official secret. Official Secrets Act n. the Act of Parliament regulating the designation and disclosure of information having a bearing on national security. ΘΚΠ society > law > types of laws > [noun] > relating to national security Official Secrets Act1889 1889 Act 52 & 53 Vict. c. 52 §10 This Act may be cited as the Official Secrets Act, 1889. 1931 ‘G. Trevor’ Murder at School vi. 127 ‘I think once again I must plead the Official Secrets' Acts,’ he answered, jocularly. 2000 Press Gaz. 14 Jan. 15/3 If you turn up on the doorstep of a senior civil servant and you're inviting him or her to..break the Official Secrets Act..you're involved in a really subtle interplay. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹c1330n.²1659adj.a1400
随便看	to do succour to do suffrage to do supprise to do surety to do teen to do that etc thing to do that small thing to do that thing to do the agreeable to do the amiable to do the best of one's power to do the block to do the book to do the business to do the business for a person to do the chicken to do the civil to do the civil thing to do the dirty to do the downy to do the dutch to do the dutch act to do the grand to do the handsome to do the handsome thing

officialn.1

† officialn.2

officialadj.

Compounds

officialn.¹

† officialn.²