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单词 para-
释义

para-prefix1

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.
Forms: before a vowel or h, also par-.
Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymon: Greek παρα-.
Etymology: < ancient Greek παρα- (before a vowel παρ- ), combining form (in e.g. παράδειγμα paradigm n., παράνοια paranoia n.) of παρά ‘by the side of, beside’, hence ‘alongside of, by, past, beyond’, etc., cognate with fore adv. and prep.In compounds ancient Greek παρά has the same senses as the preposition, along with such cognate adverbial ones as ‘to one side, aside, amiss, faulty, irregular, disordered, improper, wrong’; it also expresses subsidiary relation, alteration, comparison, etc. English words containing the prefix are attested from the Old English period onwards (compare paralysis n.) as loanwords from Latin or Greek, borrowed either directly or through the intermediary of French. English formations with a Greek second element first appear in the late 16th and early 17th cent. (compare parergastical adj., parachronism n.) From the mid 17th cent. formations occur in which both elements are English (parafront n., parapoint n.), though in many cases these are ultimately of Greek origin (compare paronomastical adj.). English formations become common from the mid 19th cent. In French, compounds borrowed from Latin and ultimately from Greek are present from the Old French period onwards (e.g. parabole parable n., paragraphe paragraph n.). Internal formations in French are first seen in the late 16th cent. (paramètre parameter n., parachronisme parachronism n.). Loanwords from Latin (and ultimately Greek) also appear occasionally in Old High German (parabola parable n.) and Middle High German (e.g. paragraf paragraph n., paralis paralysis n.) as well as in more recent stages of the language; some are transmitted via French (e.g. German Parasit parasite n., 16th cent.). Since the early 19th cent., the combining form has also been used to form words within German, usually with a second element ultimately of Greek origin (e.g. paratom : see paratomous adj.1).
1. Forming miscellaneous terms in the sense ‘analogous or parallel to, but separate from or going beyond, what is denoted by the root word’.
para-church n.
Brit. /ˈparətʃəːtʃ/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌtʃərtʃ/
Christian Church a church independent of traditional denominations; a house church.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > religion > a religion or church > [noun] > original
mother church1574
para-church1970
superchurch1970
1970 Guardian Weekly 12 Dec. 14 Groups that don't attract or seek publicity, that meet in upper rooms... This is sometimes called the para-church, the church of the future which is beginning to take shape.
1990 Christianity Today 14 May 18/3 The linking of First Baptist with mission societies and parachurch groups has also been beneficial.
parafiscal adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈfɪskl/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈfɪsk(ə)l/
[compare French parafiscalité (1949)] ancillary to what is fiscal; containing elements not usually regarded as fiscal.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > [adjective] > relating to money matters > ancillary
parafiscal1953
1953 Internat. Affairs 29 503 The proportion of the price actually received by producers was in most cases smaller in 1951 than in 1938, partly owing to ‘parafiscal’ devices.
1983 European Competition Law Rev. 4 iii. 222 The Commission has already begun proceedings against France under the same Article in respect of parafiscal taxes for the benefit of the same sector.
paragnosis n.
Brit. /ˌparəɡˈnəʊsɪs/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəɡˈnoʊsəs/
[compare French paragnosie (1914)] knowledge which is beyond that which can be obtained by normal means.
ΚΠ
1933 ‘W. Carington’ Death of Materialism viii. 193 I shall..use the words ‘paragnosis’, ‘paragnostic’ and the like; the point being that all the phenomena I have in mind..show signs of the possession or acquisition of knowledge (gnosis) which is, prima facie, beyond (para) what can be ascribed to the operation of classical law.
1996 Uri Geller's Encounters Dec. 18/2 Fortune telling, prophecy, scrying, divination, tele- or para-gnosis, second sight, anomalous cognition, anomalous information transfer.
paragnost n.
Brit. /ˈparəɡnɒst/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəɡˌnɑst/
a person credited with paranormal powers of obtaining knowledge.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > the paranormal > [noun] > clairvoyance > clairvoyant
seer1583
second seer1826
clairvoyant1851
medium1851
second-sighter1897
paragnost1964
1964 J. H. Pollack Croiset (1965) i. 14 His mentor, Professor W. H. C. Tenhaeff, calls him a ‘paragnost’, a word which he coined in 1932.
1985 P. Kurtz Skeptic's Handbk. Parapsychol. 639 Perhaps the most amusing psychic failure on record involves the well-known Dutch paragnost Cor Heilijgers.
paragnostic adj.
Brit. /ˌparaɡˈnɒstɪk/
,
/ˌparəɡˈnɒstɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrˌæɡˈnɑstɪk/
,
/ˌpɛrəɡˈnɑstɪk/
of or relating to paragnosis.
ΚΠ
1933 ‘W. Carington’ Death of Materialism viii. 193 I shall..use the words ‘paragnosis’, ‘paragnostic’ and the like; the point being that all the phenomena I have in mind..show signs of the possession or acquisition of knowledge (gnosis) which is, prima facie, beyond (para) what can be ascribed to the operation of classical law.
1964 J. A. M. Meerloo Hidden Communion iii. 59 Why does everyone want to have an immediate, clear conception of the network of paragnostic communications?
paraliturgical adj.
Brit. /ˌparəlᵻˈtəːdʒᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrələˈtərdʒək(ə)l/
Christian Church parallel or ancillary to the normal liturgy.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > worship > observance, ritual > [adjective] > relating to liturgy > parallel
paraliturgical1954
1954 Renaissance News 7 90 What was the place of such para-liturgical activities as the singing of laude and carols in the liturgy of the church itself?
1991 J. Caldwell Oxf. Hist. Eng. Music I. ii. 92 It is the new liturgical music and the paraliturgical cantilena that seem to have roused them to opposition.
paraphysical adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈfɪzᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈfɪzək(ə)l/
not part of the physical world as it is currently understood; of, relating to, or designating physical phenomena for which no adequate scientific explanation exists.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [adjective] > subsidiary to what is physical or material
paraphysical1826
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > systematic knowledge, science > [adjective] > relating to parascience
paraphysical1826
parascientific1961
1826 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 20 853 Physical or paraphysical; logical or paralogical; nay, even metaphysical or parametaphysical; nothing comes amiss to a German romancer.
1961 Ann. Reg. 1960 420 A lady had bought an instrument which was claimed by its maker to be capable of diagnosis and treatment on a para-physical plane.
1985 Listener 28 Feb. 9/1 It interprets physical symptoms as merely the outward and visible sign of paraphysical dysfunction.
parapolitical adj.
Brit. /ˌparəpəˈlɪtᵻkl/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəpəˈlɪdᵻk(ə)l/
existing parallel to, or outside, the sphere of mainstream (esp. national) politics.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > party politics > [adjective]
political1623
party-spirited1742
party political1791
parapolitical1935
1935 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 29 776 One must bear in mind that fascism not only is a political device but displays far more the qualities of a para-political creed.
1971 P. A. Allum Politics & Society Post-War Naples (1973) vi. 166 Party and para-political organisation membership is a sine qua non of a successful candidature.
2002 U.S. News & World Rep. 21 Jan. 8/3 Both the Kennedy and Daschle speeches set off a certain disproportionate frenzy among Washington's parapolitical class.
parareligious adj.
Brit. /ˌparərᵻˈlɪdʒəs/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrərəˈlɪdʒəs/
,
/ˌpɛrəriˈlɪdʒəs/
existing parallel to, or outside, the sphere of mainstream religion.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > religion > [adjective]
religious?1504
religionary1635
parareligious1948
1948 Yale French Stud. No. 2. 46 It must be linked, willy-nilly, with other significant movements of our age, religious (Kierkegaard) or para-religious (Kafka, Malraux, Camus).
1993 R. Walser Running with Devil 153 But biblical references rub up against the parareligious objects of astrology, alchemy, and witchcraft.
2.
a. Anatomy, Biology, and Medicine. Denoting location beside or proximity to something, esp. a part of the body.
parabronchial adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈbrɒŋkɪəl/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈbrɑŋkiəl/
(a) Ornithology of, relating to, or designating the parabronchi; (b) Anatomy and Medicine, located beside a bronchus.
ΚΠ
1882 T. H. Huxley in Proc. Zool. Soc. 567 In the Duck,..the parenchyma around each parabronchial canal is defined by linear interspaces.
1952 Jrnl. Thoracic Surg. 23 97 (title) The surgical significance of calcified parabronchial and paratracheal lymph glands.
1954 P. D. Sturkie Avian Physiol. vi. 100 (heading) Diffusion of air in parabronchial capillaries.
2004 Jrnl. Immunol. 172 310 Transferred T cells were..present in much greater numbers in the parabronchial lymph nodes.
parabronchium n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈbrɒŋkɪəm/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈbrɑŋkiəm/
Ornithology disused a parabronchus.
ΚΠ
1882 T. H. Huxley in Proc. Zool. Soc. 564 These lead into canals which are directed, at first, more or less at right angles to the surfaces of the bronchia upon which they open, and pass, side by side,..to some other bronchium than that from which they start. They may be termed parabronchia.
1893 A. Newton et al. Dict. Birds: Pt. II ii. 522 Secondary Bronchi.., besides opening into Air-sacs, send off a number of radially-arranged parabronchia, all of which extend to and end blindly near the surface of the Lungs.
1916 Amer. Jrnl. Anat. 19 450 Huxley..bringing the terms mesobronchium, ecto, ento, and parabronchia into common use.
parabronchus n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈbrɒŋkəs/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈbrɑŋkəs/
Ornithology any of the smallest branches of the bronchi of a bird's lung.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > birds > parts of or bird defined by > [noun] > parts of lung
pneumatocyst1859
tracheobronchial1896
parabronchus1916
1916 Amer. Jrnl. Anat. 19 451 Its most significant feature is the description of recurrent bronchi..growing from the air-sacs into the lungs and anastomosing with the parabronchi.
1954 P. D. Sturkie Avian Physiol. vi. 90 The parabronchi are continuous, forming a network of air capillaries.
1971 Sci. Amer. Dec. 75/1 The bird lung is perforated by the finest branches of the bronchial system, which are called parabronchi.
1988 Anat. Rec. 222 145 The crosscurrent system enhances the duration of interaction between the parabronchial air and the blood, the oxygen being extracted from a parabronchus along its whole length.
paracellular adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈsɛljᵿlə/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈsɛljələr/
located or occurring between or beside cells.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > substance > cell > [adjective]
cellular1785
subcellular1828
intercellular1835
intercell1849
intercellulary1874
intracellular1876
pericellular1877
paracellular1900
1900 G. Eisen in Jrnl. Morphol. 17 16 I designate as paracellular bodies numerous non-cellular bodies situated between the regular cells of the testes.
1977 Lancet 15 Jan. 139/2 During intestinal secretion considerable ion movement occurs by a paracellular route via lateral intercellular spaces and the so-called tight junctions rather than through the cells.
2000 Microvascular Res. 59 149 The mathematical model allows simultaneous drug transport through the cellular network (transcellular pathway), through the intercellular interstitium (paracellular pathway), and across the boundary between the two networks.
parachromatin n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈkrəʊmətɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈkroʊmədən/
[ < para- prefix1 + chromatin n., after German Parachromatin (W. Pfitzner 1883, in Arch. f. mikroskop. Anat. 22 619)] (a) Cell Biology an achromatic substance of a nucleus (now rare); (b) Genetics (R. A. Brink's name for) the regulatory, as opposed to the structural, components of a chromosome.
ΚΠ
1887 Amer. Naturalist 21 151 The substance of the spindle, hitherto called achromatic, he [sc. Pfitzner] terms parachromatin.
1900 E. B. Wilson Cell (ed. 2) i. 41 The following classification of the nuclear substances, proposed by Schwarz in 1887, has been widely accepted, though open to criticism on various grounds. 1. Chromatin... 2. Linin... 3. Paralinin... 4. Pyrenin or Parachromatin. The inner mass of true nucleoli. 5. Amphipyrenin.
1960 R. A. Brink in Q. Rev. Biol. 35 133/2 The chromosome comprises two substances, orthochromatin and parachromatin, that pervade the genome, in intimate association.
1986 Internat. Jrnl. Cancer 38 361 Irregular parachromatin clearing (increase in the clarity of the clear spaces between chromatin threads, granules and clumps).
1995 Science 5 May 690/3 Brink's concept of parachromatin can be seen as a further elaboration on the Jacob-Monod hypothesis, one that recongnizes the dynamic, promoter-based regulatory complexity of active chromatin states.
paracolic adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈkɒlɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈkɑlɪk/
Anatomy located beside the colon.
ΚΠ
1913 Cunningham's Text-bk. Anat. (ed. 4) 1021 The paracolic glands lie along the medial borders of the ascending and descending colon.
1932 Gray's Anat. (ed. 25) 815 The paracolic lymph nodes lie along the medial borders of the ascending and descending colon.
1976 Lancet 13 Nov. 1056/2 A 23-year-old man with an abscess in the right paracolic gutter after an ileocolic resection for Crohn's disease.
1993 Brit. Jrnl. Surg. 80 337/2 Three patients with an abscess in the paracolic gutter developed an enterocutaneous fistula that recovered spontaneously in 8–15 days.
† paracolpitis n. Medicine Obsolete inflammation beside or around the vagina.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > reproductive organ disorders > [noun] > of female > disorders of vagina
vaginitis1815
rectocele1844
hymenitis1855
colpocele1860
vaginismus1861
colpitis1876
paracolpitis1883
thrush1967
1883 J. M. Duncan Clin. Lect. Dis. Women (ed. 2) xv. 154 Para-colpitis.
1887 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. V. 537/2 Simple paracolpitis, frequently observed as as the result of fistulous wounds of the vagina.
paracondyloid adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈkɒndᵻlɔɪd/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈkɑndəˌlɔɪd/
Anatomy and Zoology rare = paroccipital adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > skull > parts of skull > [adjective] > back of skull
basioccipital1853
parieto-occipital1855
tribasilar1878
paracondyloid1890
1890 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) The paracondyloid processes of a mammal's skull.
1969 Plains Anthropologist 14 103 (title) The paraoccipital (paracondyloid) process: an anatomic and radiological appraisal.
paracorolla n.
Brit. /ˌparəkəˈrɒlə/
,
/ˌparəkəˈrəʊlə/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəkəˈroʊlə/
,
/ˌpɛrəkəˈrɑlə/
[ < para- prefix1 + corolla n., after German Paracorolla (H. F. Link Grundlehren der Anat. und Physiol. der Pflanzen (1807) 214).] Botany an appendage of a corolla; spec. a corona.
ΚΠ
1832 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. i. ii. 122 Link calls every appendage which is referable to the corolla a paracorolla.
1926 Amer. Naturalist 60 337 These and other somatic variations have led to some new viewpoints concerning the morphological meaning of the paracorolla of the Amaryllidaceae in general.
1984 Scientia Horticulturae 23 269 No floral defects (e.g., split paracorolla) were noted in any treatment.
† paracystitis n. [after German Paracystitis (1862 or earlier)] Medicine Obsolete rare inflammation beside or around the bladder.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > urinary disorders > [noun] > inflammation of bladder
cystitis1778
pericystitis1857
paracystitis1876
1876 J. Van Duyn & E. C. Seguin tr. E. L. Wagner Man. Gen. Pathol. 243 Inflammation of..the loose adipose and connective tissue of the lower and lateral parts of the urinary bladder..known as..paracystitis.
1888 J. B. Hurry tr. O. Spiegelberg Text Bk. Midwifery II. 392 There are then usually other sequelæ..in the pelvis, especially peri- and para-cystitis.
† paradenitis n. Medicine Obsolete rare inflammation beside or around a lymph node.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Paradenitis, in pathol., inflammation of areolar tissue around lymphatic glands.
paraduodenal adj.
Brit. /ˌparədjuːəˈdiːnl/
,
/ˌparədʒuːəˈdiːnl/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˌd(j)uəˈdin(ə)l/
,
/ˌpɛrəˌd(j)uˈɑdn̩(ə)l/
[after French para-duodénal (1895 or earlier)] Anatomy and Medicine located beside the duodenum; spec. designating a peritoneal recess located beside the duodenum; (also) designating or relating to an intestinal hernia within this recess.
ΚΠ
1899 B. G. A. Moynihan On Retroperitoneal Hernia ii. 45 The fold containing the vein is the plica venosa, and the fossa bounded by such a fold is the para-duodenal fossa.
1952 N.Y. State Jrnl. Med. 52 1171 (title) Paraduodenal hernias.
2004 Prenatal Diagnosis 24 312 At the time of surgery, it proved to be a completely duplicated large bowel with a paraduodenal cyst.
† paragerminal adj. Embryology Obsolete rare located beside the blastoderm.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [adjective] > having or relating to parts > relating to or having ovule > of or having an ovary
gymnotetraspermous1736
ovarian1759
germinal1811
monocephalous1845
tetrathecal1849
basal1870
paragerminal1876
1876 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 16 114 Besides the blastoderm proper..the subgerminal and paragerminal substance deserves equally close attention.
† paraglenal adj. and n. [ < para- prefix1 + glen- (in glenoid adj.) + -al suffix1] Zoology Obsolete (a) adj. designating part of the vertebrate shoulder girdle, spec. the coracoid bone or cartilage of a fish; (b) n. the coracoid bone or cartilage of a fish.
ΚΠ
1872 T. Gill Arrangem. Families Fishes p. ix The shoulder girdle of the Elasmobranchiates appears to be homologous with the paraglenal or coracoid elements (vide postes) of the specialized fishes, the proscapula.
1873 Amer. Naturalist 7 79 A wholly differentiated element (answering to the paraglenal or coracoid region of Batrachians), or elements, support the pectoral member.
1890 Cent. Dict. Paraglenal. I. n. The coracoid of a fish... II. a. Having the character of or pertaining to the paraglenal; as, a paraglenal cartilage or bone.
parahippocampal adj.
Brit. /ˌparəhɪpə(ʊ)ˈkampl/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˌhɪpəˈkæmp(ə)l/
Anatomy designating a gyrus on the medial surface of the temporal lobe, lying beside the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and ending anteriorly in the uncus.
ΚΠ
1958 Gray's Anat. (ed. 32) 1031 The parahippocampal gyrus..commences at the isthmus, where it is directly continuous with the gyrus cinguli, and passes forwards bounded on its lateral side by the collateral and rhinal Sulci.
1969 R. C. Truex & M. B. Carpenter Human Neuroanat. (ed. 6) xxi. 522/2 The lateral olfactory stria, the uncus, and the anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus constitute the..pyriform lobe.
1988 Nature 23 June 773/2 Patients with lesions in the medial temporal lobe..of the brain, which includes the hippocampus, amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus, are severely impaired in their ability to remember and recognize words or faces which they saw only a short time ago.
† parahyal adj. Zoology Obsolete rare designating a lateral process of the basihyal bone in psittacine birds.
ΚΠ
1895 Athenæum 16 Mar. 348/3 Dr. Mivart..represented two lateral processes of the basihyal (for which he proposed the name parahyal processes) as probably distinctive of the whole of the Psittaci.
paramesonephric adj.
Brit. /ˌparəmɛsə(ʊ)ˈnɛfrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˌmɛzəˈnɛfrɪk/
Embryology designating, relating to, or derived from the Müllerian duct, which runs beside the mesonephric duct.
ΚΠ
1945 W. J. Hamilton et al. Human Embryol. vi. 80 Parts of the peritoneal mesothelium become specialized to form the germinal epithelium, the paramesonephric ducts..and the cortex of the suprarenal gland.
1994 D. Tulchinsky & A. B. Little Maternal–Fetal Endocrinol. (ed. 2) xv. 308/2 The paramesonephric duct is a derivative of the coelomic splanchnopleure adjacent and lateral to the mesonephric duct.
2000 Histopathology 37 64 The study showed some commonality in reaction between endometriosis and the Fallopian tube which indicates that they may share a common (paramesonephric) origin.
paramitome n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈmʌɪtəʊm/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈmaɪˌtoʊm/
(also paramitom) [ < para- prefix1 + mitome n., after German Paramitom (W. Flemming Zellsubstanz, Kern, u. Zelltheilung (1882) 372)] Cell Biology (now historical) the cytoplasmic matrix of a cell; cf. earlier paraplasm n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > substance > cell > cell substance > [noun] > protoplasm or cytoplasm > types or forms of
cytoblastema1840
cell sap1842
hyaline1864
metaplasm1875
plasson1879
nucleoplasm1882
reticulum1883
hyaloplasm1886
mitome1886
paramitome1886
spongioplasm1886
paraplasm1887
paraplasma1891
trophoplasm1892
kinoplasm1894
blepharoplast1897
plasmagel1923
plasmasol1923
1886 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 26 482 This enchylema is the same thing exactly as the paramitome or interfilar mass of Fleming.
1887 Amer. Naturalist 21 151 The appearance may be due to the optical effect of a closely wound filament or mitom, the sap is the paramitom.
1928 E. B. Wilson Cell (ed. 3) i. 64 The fibrillar threadwork was variously designated as the protoplasm (Kupffer),..mitome (Flemming)..; the clear intermediate substance as the paraplasm (Kupffer), hyaloplasm (Leydig), cell-sap or euchylema (Carnoy), interfilar substance or paramitome (Flemming).
paranasal adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈneɪzl/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈneɪz(ə)l/
Anatomy and Medicine located beside the nose; spec. designating, relating to, or involving the sinuses situated beside the nose.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > face > nose > [adjective]
nasal?a1425
rhinal1857
prenasal1859
intranasal1886
paranasal1909
1909 J. P. Schaeffer in Univ. Pennsylvania Med. Bull. 22 235/1 While making a study of the sinus maxillaris..my attention was called to some anatomical conditions which to my mind are of great importance in arriving at the etiology, diagnosis, and proper treatment of some affections of this paranasal chamber.
1954 L. B. Arey Developmental Anat. (ed. 6) xxvi. 528 Lodged within the adjoining bones, and in communication with the nasal cavity, are several irregular chambers known collectively as the paranasal sinuses.
2000 Amer. Jrnl. Rhinol. 14 227 During the last four years we experienced 11 cases of chronic paranasal sinusitis in which pathologic examination failed to confirm fungal hyphae.
paranephric adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈnɛfrɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈnɛfrɪk/
Medicine located beside the kidney; pararenal.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > secretory organs > gland > specific glands > [adjective] > kidney
nephritic1580
nephritical1638
renal1656
suprarenal1791
suprarenal1791
cardiorenal1854
paranephritic1857
adrenal1863
perirenal1867
renovesical1868
perinephritic1877
renopericardial1883
lieno-renal1887
nephric1887
perinephric1890
interrenal1893
paranephric1897
1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. IV. 454 Paranephric cysts.
1976 Radiology 118 405 When there is uncertainty as to the nature of a paranephric mass, ultrasonically guided percutaneous aspiration is definitive.
2001 European Jrnl. Med. Res. 6 112 One patient developed a progressive paranephric pseudotumor.
paranephritic adj.
Brit. /ˌparənᵻˈfrɪtɪk/
,
/ˌparənɛˈfrɪtɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrənəˈfrɪdɪk/
Medicine = paranephric adj.
ΚΠ
1857 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) Paranephriticus,..paranephritic.
1993 Acta Dermatologica et Venereologica 73 433 An endomyocarditis, a paranephritic abscess and recurrent lymph node abscesses.
parapetalous adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈpɛtələs/
,
/ˌparəˈpɛtl̩əs/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈpɛdl̩əs/
[compare scientific Latin parapetalum noun (1813 or earlier)] Botany rare located beside or between petals.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [adjective] > having or relating to parts > of or having petals > situated around
peripetalous1856
parapetalous1880
1880 A. Gray Struct. Bot. vi. §2 178 (note) Parapetalous, those stamens which stand at each side of a petal, yet not necessarily before a sepal.
1984 Brittonia 36 229 The parapetalous ones [sc. stamens] of intermediate length with filaments 2–2.5 mm long, arising from the top of the hypanthium ring.
paraphyllium n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈfɪlɪəm/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈfɪliəm/
(also †paraphyllum) [ < scientific Latin paraphyllium (1824 or earlier) < para- para- prefix1 + ancient Greek ϕύλλον leaf (see phyllo- comb. form) + classical Latin -ium (see -y suffix4)] Botany †(a) a stipule (obsolete); (b) (in certain mosses and liverworts) a small, finely-divided, leaf-like structure on the stem between leaves.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > moss > [noun] > parts of
moutha1398
fimbria1752
calyptra1753
veil1760
lid1776
apophysis1785
operculum1788
peristoma1792
peristome1799
peristomium1806
hair-point1818
vaginula1818
perigynium1821
vaginule1821
gemma1830
paraphyllium1832
tympanum1832
perigon1857
pseudopodium1861
commissure1863
ocrea1863
cap1864
chaeta1866
struma1866
membranulet1891
pyxis1900
pseudopod1914
annulus-
the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > petiole or leaf-stalk > [noun] > stipule
mantle1672
stipula1763
stipule1793
stipe1821
stipel1821
ocrea1830
paraphyllium1832
stipella1832
1832 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. i. ii. 99 By Link they [sc. stipulae] have been called Paraphyllia; an unnecessary term.
1863 M. J. Berkeley Handbk. Brit. Mosses Gloss. 312 Paraphylla, variously shaped foliaceous or filamentous bodies produced near the leaves, but not at definite points like stipules.
1969 F. E. Round Introd. Lower Plants ix. 115 The only other structures borne on the stems are small leaf-like objects often much divided and termed paraphyllia, e.g. in Hylocomium and Thuidium.
1992 M. Ingrouille Diversity & Evol. Land Plants 230 Various structures act as wicks, including hairs, divided leaves (paraphyllia), turfs of rhizoids and tufts of branches.
parapolar adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈpəʊlə/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈpoʊlər/
[after French parapolaire (E. van Beneden 1876, in Bull. de l'Acad. Royale de Belgique 42 56)] Zoology located next to the polar cells of a dicyemid.
ΚΠ
1877 T. H. Huxley Man. Anat. Invertebrated Animals xi. 653 Cells of the adjacent part of the body (parapolar cells).
1992 Zool. Sci. 9 423 The disc-shaped calotte and parapolar cells form the cephalic enlargement.
pararectal adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈrɛktl/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈrɛkt(ə)l/
Anatomy located beside the rectum.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > intestines > [adjective] > rectum
haemorrhoidal?1541
haemorrhoid1601
rectual1716
rectal1826
pararectal1890
rectosigmoid1893
rectosigmoidal1902
1890 Cent. Dict. Pararectal, beside the rectum.
1893 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Pararectal pouch, a name sometimes given to the peritoneal pouch on either side of the upper part of the rectum.
1913 Cunningham's Text-bk. Anat. (ed. 4) 1227 (caption) The urinary bladder and rectum are both empty and contracted; the paravesical and pararectal fossæ, as a result, are very well marked.
2001 Cancer 92 896 Radiotherapy was given..to the rectum and pararectal tissues.
pararenal adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈriːnl/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈrin(ə)l/
Medicine located beside or near the kidney.
ΚΠ
1950 Brit. Jrnl. Urol. 22 217 (title) Pararenal teratoma in a boy aged nine years.
1979 Urology 13 572 Sonography showed the urographic findings to be due in each case to a mass in the posterior pararenal space.
2001 Jrnl. Vascular Surg. 35 1087 This minimally invasive approach for pararenal aortic aneurysms appears to be a viable therapeutic option for patients who are at high risk for open surgery.
† parasalpingitis n. Medicine Obsolete rare inflammation beside or around the Fallopian tube.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Parasalpingitis, inflammation about the Fallopian tubes.
† parasinoidal adj. Anatomy Obsolete rare located beside a sinus.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > nervous system > cerebrospinal axis > brain > parts of brain > [adjective] > sinus
parasinoidal1890
1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II. 291/1 Parasinoidal spaces, hollow spaces in the dura mater near the superior longitudinal sinus, into which the cerebral veins discharge before reaching the sinus.
paraspinal adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈspʌɪnl/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈspaɪn(ə)l/
Anatomy and Medicine of, relating to, or designating tissue beside the spine.
ΚΠ
1955 New Eng. Jrnl. Med. 7 July 15 (title) Successful excision of an aortic aneurysm explored as a paraspinal tumor.
1968 Jrnl. Pediatrics 73 206 (caption) Widening of paraspinal line on the left suggests mediastinal extension of tumor.
1997 R. E. Kappler in R. C. Ward Found. Osteopathic Med. xlv. 543/1 The suboccipital region contains muscles that are more lateral than the mid and lower cervical region, so paraspinal palpation must involve a more lateral placement of the fingers.
† parasynovitis n. Medicine Obsolete rare inflammation around a joint.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II. 291/2 Parasynovitis, inflammation of the tissue around a joint.
† paratarsial adj. Ornithology Obsolete rare of or relating to the side of the tarsus.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Paratarsial, of or pertaining to the paratarsium.
paraterminal adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈtəːmᵻnl/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈtərmən(ə)l/
Anatomy designating a strip of white matter adjacent to the lamina terminalis.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > nervous system > cerebrospinal axis > brain > parts of brain > [adjective] > cortex > part of
paraterminal1901
1901 G. E. Smith in Jrnl. Anat. & Physiol. 35 434 The..‘paraterminal body’ is a structure of great morphological interest and importance, the essential unity of which has not hitherto been recognised.
1935 Gray's Anat. (ed.26) 964 Immediately in front of the lamina terminalis and almost co-extensive with it, there is a narrow, triangular field of grey matter, which is termed the paraterminal gyrus (paraterminal body).
1951 O. Larsell Anat. Nerv. Syst. (ed. 2) xvii. 428 The septal or paraterminal area..includes the gray substance of the basal portion of the cerebral hemisphere extending from the region of the anterior commissure to the caudal end of the anterior olfactory nucleus.
1984 J. Joseph Aids to Anat. (ed. 13) vi. 233 The lamina terminalis..; laterally it is connected with the grey matter of the anterior perforated substance..and anteriorly with the paraterminal gyrus.
† paratyphlitis n. Medicine Obsolete rare inflammation beside the caecum.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of bowels or intestines > [noun] > inflammation
hivesc1500
enteritis1772
proctitis1782
colonitis1834
perityphlitis1840
typhlo-enteritis1842
typhlitis1844
perienteritis1846
colitis1860
caecitis1866
periproctitis1876
appendicitis1886
paratyphlitis1890
colo-enteritis1897
diverticulitis1900
sigmoiditis1906
typhlenteritis1913
typhlodicliditis1913
diverticulosis1917
Crohn's disease1935
1890 Cent. Dict. Paratyphlitis, inflammation of the connective tissue behind the caecum.
1895 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. IX. (Suppl.) 147/2 The term appendicitis has replaced the various other terms applied to inflammations in that region–typhlitis, perityphlitis, paratyphlitis.
1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. III. 879 ‘Paratyphlitis’ conveyed the same view of the position of the inflammatory changes.
† parauchenium n. [ < post-classical Latin parauchenium (J. K. W. Illiger Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium (1811) 32) < para- para- prefix1 + ancient Greek αὐχήν neck + classical Latin -ium] Ornithology Obsolete rare the lateral region of the neck of a bird.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1857 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. 882/1 Parauchenium, applied by Illiger to the lateral region of the neck, between the gorge and the cervical region.]
1890 Cent. Dict. Parauchenium, in ornith., the side of the neck; the lateral cervical region.
† paravaginitis n. Medicine Obsolete rare inflammation beside or around the vagina.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II. 291/2 Paravaginitis, paracolpitis.
paraventricular adj.
Brit. /ˌparəvɛnˈtrɪkjᵿlə/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˌvɛnˈtrɪkjələr/
Anatomy located beside a ventricle; spec. designating a group of large neurons located in the anterior hypothalamus near the third ventricle.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > nervous system > cerebrospinal axis > brain > parts of brain > [adjective] > nuclei
rubral1910
paraventricular1930
1930 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 106 262 The anterior or supra-optic complex differs markedly from the posterior or paraventricular portion.
1935 J. C. White Autonomic Nerv. Syst. iii. 19 There is a good deal of evidence that the paraventricular nuclei preside over the sympathetic system.
1942 F. A. Mettler Neuroanat. xiv. 321 More diffuse cells scattered about in the ventricular wall are collectively called the paraventricular nuclei..and represent what is left of a system which, in lower forms, interrelates the two thalami.
1945 Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. 83 11 Ventrally and dorsally the posterior paraventricular nucleus fades into the surrounding periventricular gray.
1967 Brain 90 709 In the paraventricular area..both large and small-to-medium sized neurons are normally present.
1992 Discover May 10/1 The immediate signal to be born, they say, is a burst of hormone issued by a pea-size chunk of the fetal lamb's brain called the paraventricular nucleus.
paravesical adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈvɛsᵻkl/
,
/ˌparəˈviːsᵻkl/
,
/ˌparəvᵻˈsʌɪkl/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈvɛsək(ə)l/
Anatomy located beside the urinary bladder.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > secretory organs > organ receiving secretion > [adjective] > bladder
vesical1797
hysterocystic1833
intestino-vesical1867
renovesical1868
pericystic1876
cystic1881
paravesical1893
vesico-ureteral1906
transvesical1926
vesico-ureteric1965
1893 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Paravesical pouch, the peritoneal pouch on either side of the bladder.
1950 Amer. Jrnl. Surg. 80 902 Paravesical extraperitoneal cesarean section technic.
1999 Radiology 210 633 Omental and paravesical tumors were each present in six patients.
b. Medicine. Denoting dysfunction or disorder; spec. in Neurology, denoting neurological dysfunction affecting the lower half of the body. Also: denoting or relating to a condition thought to be associated with or to follow another disease.
para-anaesthesia n.
Brit. /ˌparə(r)anᵻsˈθiːzɪə/
,
/ˌparə(r)anᵻsˈθiːʒə/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˌænəsˈθiʒə/
(also paranaesthesia) Medicine rare absence of sensation on both sides of the body.
ΚΠ
1885 J. Ross Handbk. Dis. Nerv. Syst. iv. 128 When it is distributed over the lower half of the body and the lower extremities it is termed paranæsthesia.
1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II. 285/2 Para-anæsthesia, anæsthesia on both sides of the body.
1910 Allbutt's Syst. Med. (ed. 2) VII. 786 A paranaesthesia and a ‘stocking and glove’ anaesthesia combined.
† paracanthosis n. (also parakanthosis; plural paracanthoses) Pathology Obsolete rare abnormality of the prickle-cell layer of the skin; any disorder characterized by this.
ΚΠ
1885 tr. H. W. von Ziemssen et al. Handbk. Dis. Skin 106 Paratypical growth (parakanthosis) being those forms to which I have applied the term akanthomata.
1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II. 285/2 Paracanthoses, diseases characterized by anomalies of growth of prickle-layer of skin.
† paracarp n. [ < para- prefix1 + -carp comb. form, after scientific Latin paracarpium (see paracarpium n.)] Botany Obsolete rare = paracarpium n.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1857 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) Paracarpium,..a paracarp.
† paracarpium n. [ < scientific Latin paracarpium (1807) < classical Latin para- para- prefix1 + ancient Greek καρπός fruit (see carpo- comb. form2) + classical Latin -ium (see -y suffix4)] Botany Obsolete rare an imperfect or abortive ovary.
ΚΠ
1856 J. S. Henslow Dict. Bot. Terms 125 Paracarpium, an abortive ovary. Also a persistent portion of some styles or stigmas.
parachromatism n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈkrəʊmətɪz(ə)m/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈkroʊməˌtɪzəm/
Medicine rare colour blindness.
ΚΠ
1846 R. Taylor in Sci. Mem. IV. 158 (note) It is with reluctance that the Editor becomes accessary to the retention of this objectionable denomination [sc. Daltonism], for which he would have much preferred to substitute Parachromatism.
1859 Eclectic Mag. Dec. 515/2 Boys have more than once become acquainted with their parachromatism—not certainly under that title—by finding that their companions could make easy havoc amongst the cherries whilst they, from inability to discriminate between the hues of the fruit and leaves, were compelled to explore the trees laboriously.
1993 G. Nagy tr. A. Nemcsics Colour Dynamics ii. 27 A more serious deficiency of vision (dyschromatopsia) is..red and green parachromatism (daltonism).
† paracyesis n. [ < scientific Latin paracyesis (see quot. 1817) < para- para- prefix1 + ancient Greek κύησις conception (see cyesiology n.)] Medicine Obsolete rare abnormal pregnancy.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of pregnancy or birth > [noun] > extra-uterine pregnancy
paracyesis1848
1817 J. M. Good Physiol. Syst. Nosol. 407 Paracyesis. The progress of pregnancy disturbed or endangered by the supervention of general or local disorder.]
1848 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 7) 624/1 Paracyesis, pregnancy, morbid.
parahypnosis n.
Brit. /ˌparəhɪpˈnəʊsɪs/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˌhɪpˈnoʊsəs/
Medicine rare abnormal or artificially induced sleep.
ΚΠ
1888 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. VI. 471/2 States of perverted or artificial sleep. Parahypnosis.
1969 Jrnl. National Med. Assoc. 69 246 (title) Parahypnosis: unconscious perception under chemoanesthesia.
parakinesis n.
Brit. /ˌparəkᵻˈniːsɪs/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəkəˈnisᵻs/
(also paracinesis, parakinesia) [ < para- prefix1 + -kinesis comb. form] Medicine disordered motor function; dyskinesia.
ΚΠ
1848 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 7) 624/2 Paracineses,..diseases of the motor nerves; morbid movements of voluntary muscles.
1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II. 287/2 Parakinesia, irregular movement.
1953 M. Critchley Parietal Lobes v. 160 The patient, requested to make a particular movement, may do something quite different (parapraxia or parakinesis).
paralalia n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈleɪlɪə/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈleɪliə/
,
/ˌpɛrəˈleɪljə/
Medicine rare defective articulation of speech.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > defective or inarticulate speech > [noun] > specific disorders or faults
tongue-tiedness1598
plateasm1656
tongue-tying1762
paraphonia1772
lullaby-speech1822
cleft palate1847
paralalia1848
logoneurosis1857
zetacism1860
alogia1864
lallation1864
lambdacism1864
semi-mute1864
heterophemy1875
agrammatism1877
bradyphrasia1877
heterophasia1877
logopathy1877
paragraphia1877
paralexia1877
paraphasia1877
paraphrasia1877
verbigeration1877
recurring utterance1878
word blindness1878
word deafness1878
scanning1887
sigmatism1888
idioglossia1891
staccato utterance1898
word salad1904
palilalia1908
paragrammatism1924
idiolalia1930
dysprosody1947
Broca's aphasia1959
1848 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 7) 625/2 Paralalia, mogilalia.
1878 tr. H. W. von Ziemssen et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. XIV. 845 Paralalia is that affection in which the patient..brings forth a different sound from the one he wishes to utter.
1948 S. D. Robbins in E. Froeschels Twentieth Cent. Speech & Voice Recognition x. 121 Paralalia, mispronunciation or substitution of one speech sound for another.
† paralgesia n. Medicine Obsolete rare paraesthesia accompanied by pain; (also) disordered or diminished sensitivity to pain.
ΚΠ
1888 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. VI. 396/1 When they [sc. paræsthesiæ] are accompanied by pain, the term paralgesiæ is sometimes employed.
1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. 288/1 Paralgesia, lessened sensibility to pain.
† paralgia n. Medicine Obsolete rare an abnormal or unpleasant sensation in the skin.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > [noun] > sensation like
all-overs1829
paralgia1885
1885 W. Stirling tr. L. Landois Text-bk. Human Physiol. II. 1097 The term cutaneous paralgia is applied to certain anomalous, disagreeable, or painful sensations which are frequently referred to the skin–itching, creeping, formication, cold, and burning.
1893 A. S. Eccles Sciatica 60 Hyperæsthesia, paralgia, and anæsthesia are also greatly modified.
paramenia n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈmiːnɪə/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈminiə/
[ < scientific Latin paramenia (see quot. 18171) < para- para- prefix1 + ancient Greek μῆνες menses, plural of μήν month (see month n.1) + -ia -ia suffix1] Medicine rare abnormal menstruation.
ΚΠ
1817 J. M. Good Physiol. Syst. Nosol. 376 Paramenia. Morbid evacuation, or deficiency of the catamenial flux.]
1817 J. M. Good Physiol. Syst. Nosol. 378 (note) Many of the diseases arranged under paramenia have placed under a genus named metrorrhagia.
1848 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 7) 625/2 Paramenia,..difficult menstruation. Disordered menstruation.
1995 Jrnl. Trad. Chinese Med. 15 252 Lipid lowering and fat restraining tablets (LLFR tablets), or tablets of alcoholic extract of rheum, were found to have good curative effect in 64 cases of obesity complicated with hypertension, lipemia and paramenia.
parapathy n.
Brit. /pəˈrapəθi/
,
U.S. /pəˈræpəθi/
(also parapathia) Psychiatry †(a) moral insanity, psychopathy (obsolete); (b) (esp. in the terminology of W. Stekel) neurosis (now rare).
ΚΠ
1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II. 290/1 Parapathia, moral insanity.
1923 R. Gabler tr. W. Stekel Conditions Nerv. Anxiety xxxiii. 374 Who knows whether the future may not astonish us by showing that melancholy is only a variety of a parapathia.
1929 Med. Jrnl. & Rec. 129 264/2 From these various childhood attachments parapathies result which prevent a complete transference of the love life to a suitable love object.
1960 L. E. Hinsie & R. J. Campbell Psychiatric Dict. (ed. 3) 530/2 Parapathy, Stekel's term for neurosis; he objects to the word neurosis because connotatively it indicates a functional nervous disorder.
† paraphia n. [ < para- prefix1 + ancient Greek ἁϕή sense of touch (see oxyaphia n. at oxy- comb. form1 1) + -ia suffix1] Medicine Obsolete rare disorder of the sense of touch.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1833 R. Dunglison New Dict. Med. Sci. II. 127/1 Paraphia, parapsis.
† parapoplexy n. (also parapoplexia) [ < post-classical Latin parapoplexia (1709 in the source translated in quot. 1715)] Medicine Obsolete a mild form of apoplexy (stroke); (also) a state resembling apoplexy.
ΚΠ
1715 J. Delacoste tr. H. Boerhaave Aphorisms 281 So that an apoplexy; a slighter Parapoplexy.
1746 R. James Mod. Pract. Physic II. 39 Its being consequent to a former slight parapoplexia, or a violent epilepsy, or any other vehement cause.
1848 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 7) 626/1 Parapoplexy, false apoplexy; a soporous state, resembling apoplexy; and especially that which occurs in the paroxysms of pernicious intermittents.
pararthria n.
Brit. /pəˈrɑːθrɪə/
,
U.S. /pəˈrɑrθriə/
[ < para- prefix1 + ancient Greek ἄρθρον joint (see arthro- comb. form; compare ἀρθροῦν to articulate) + -ia suffix1] Medicine rare disorder of speech, dysarthria.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Pararthria.
† parasecretion n. Medicine Obsolete rare (an) abnormal or excessive secretion.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1890 Cent. Dict. Parasecretion, 1. In pathol., the production of a secretion of abnormal quality. 2. The substance thus secreted.
parastemon n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈstiːmən/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈstimən/
[ < scientific Latin parastemon (1824 or earlier) < para- para- prefix1 + ancient Greek στήμων thread (but used as though Byzantine Greek στῆμα stamen: see stamen n.)] Botany (now rare) an abortive stamen; a staminode.
ΚΠ
1832 J. Lindley Introd. Bot. i. ii. 122 Link calls..every appendage which is referable to the stamens a parastemon.
1849 J. H. Balfour Man. Bot. i. ii. 185 Some have attempted to give names according to the parts of which they are modifications,..speaking of paracorolla and parastemones.
1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 845/2 Parastamen, Parastemon, any kind of abortive stamen.
† parastremma n. [ < ancient Greek παράστρεμμα distortion, twisting ( < παρα- + στρέμμα ( < στρέϕειν to twist, turn (see strophe n.) + -μα : see -oma comb. form)] Medicine Obsolete rare twisting or distortion of a part of the body; esp. paralysis of facial muscles.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1749 J. Barrow Dict. Medicum Universale Parastremma,..a convulsive distortion of the mouth, or any other part.
3. Chemistry.
a. Forming names of substances that are (or have been supposed to be) modifications of those denoted by the root word, or that have been produced along with or instead of these, or, sometimes, that merely occur with them.This nomenclature was introduced in German by Berzelius in 1830 ( Ann. der Physik u. Chem. 19 327), and broadened in French by A. Laurent in 1835 ( Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. des Sci. 1 439): see the following quot. 1962:
1962 M. P. Crosland Hist. Stud. Lang. Chem. v. iii. 328 It now became necessary to consider an appropriate nomenclature for isomers. Berzelius made the first attempt in 1830 when he suggested the use of the prefix para- to suggest a variation from the original. Berzelius admitted, however, that in practice it would be difficult to decide which of two isomers should be considered as normal and which as the variation, so that there was necessarily a certain arbitrariness in this nomenclature. He suggested that racemic acid should be called paratartaric acid to indicate that it was related to, though not identical with, tartaric acid. Berzelius extended the use of the term para- to compounds which, though related were not isomers. Thus it could be applied to describe one of the two phosphoric acids which differed by a small proportion of water. The prefix para- came to be used to denote those modifications of organic acids which had previously been called pyro-acids. Another application was in Laurent's ‘paranaphthalene’, a term which he later changed for the shorter word anthracène.
† parabenzene n. Obsolete = parabenzole n.
ΚΠ
1866–72 H. Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 340 Parabenzene..has a faint alliaceous odour, less pleasant than that of pure benzene.
† parabenzole n. (also parabenzol) Obsolete a hydrocarbon supposedly isomeric with benzene and occurring with it in light coal oil.
ΚΠ
1857 A. H. Church in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 13 416 Parabenzole, for so I provisionally name this new hydrocarbon, yields two nitrosubstitution products.
1873 F. W. Clarke Constants of Nature I. 124 (table) 4th Benzol Series..Parabenzol.
parabuxine n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈbʌksiːn/
,
/ˌparəˈbʌksʌɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈbəks(ə)n/
,
/ˌpɛrəˈbəkˌsin/
(also parabuxin) [ < para- prefix1 + buxine n., after Italian parabussina (A. Pavesi & E. Rotondi 1874, in Gazetta chimica Italia 4 193)] now rare an alkaloid, C24H48N2O, obtained from the bark of the box tree, Buxus sempervirens.
ΚΠ
1879 H. Watts Dict. Chem. (Suppl. 3) i. 365 Parabuxine, C26H48N2O.—This alkaloïd, discovered by Pavia, exists in Buxus sempervirens, together with buxine, and is distinguished therefrom by its lesser solubility in alcohol.
1913 T. A. Henry Plant Alkaloids ix. 372 It is impossible to assign any formula to..parabuxine.
1944 J. Grant Hackh's Chem. Dict. (ed. 3) 615/1 Parabuxin, C24H48ON2... An alkaloid in common garden box.
† paracamphoric adj. Obsolete paracamphoric acid, a racemic form of camphoric acid.
ΚΠ
1860 H. Watts tr. L. Gmelin Hand-bk. Chem. XIV. 463 Paracamphoric acid... By evaporating an aqueous mixture of equal quantities of ordinary camphoric and lævo-camphoric acid, crystals are obtained, destitute of rotatory power, but agreeing in other respects with camphoric acid.
† paracarthamin n. [ < para- prefix1 + carthamin n. at carthamus n. Derivatives, after German Paracarthamin (W. Stein 1862, in Jrnl. f. prakt. Chem. 85 368)] Obsolete a red compound related to carthamin and contained in the bark of dogwood, Cornus sanguinea.
ΚΠ
1877 H. Watts Dict. Chem. (new ed.) IV. 341 Paracarthamin appears also to be contained in the red bark of dog-wood.
paracellulose n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈsɛljᵿləʊs/
,
/ˌparəˈsɛljᵿləʊz/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈsɛljəˌloʊs/
,
/ˌpɛrəˈsɛljəˌloʊz/
[ < para- prefix1 + cellulose n., after French paracellulose (E. Fremy 1859, in Comptes Rendus de l'Acad. des Sci. 48 669)] now historical the form of cellulose occurring in the cellular tissue and pith of plants.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > carbohydrates > sugars > polysaccharides > [noun] > cellulose > modification of
paracellulose1862
1862 H. Watts tr. L. Gmelin Hand-bk. Chem. XV. 126 He distinguishes:..2. The part which is insoluble in aqueous cuprammonia, but which is rendered soluble with certain chemical re-agents: Paracellulose.
1866–72 H. Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 341 The utricular tissue forming the medullary rays of wood consists of paracellulose.
1926 A. W. Schorger Chem. Cellulose & Wood ii. 27 The cellulose bodies, cellulose, paracellulose, and metacellulose, are distinguished from one another by their reaction to cuprammonium solution;..paracellulose [dissolves] only after the action of acids.
† paracitric adj. Obsolete rare paracitric acid, aconitic acid.
ΚΠ
a1863 L. Gall in G. Husmann Cultivation Native Grape (1866) 156 Chemists distinguish the acid contained in the grape as the vinous, malic, grape, citric, tannic, gelatinous and para-citric acids.
paraconiine n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈkəʊnɪiːn/
,
/ˌparəˈkəʊnɪʌɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈkoʊniˌin/
,
/ˌpɛrəˈkoʊniᵻn/
(also paraconine) [ < para- prefix1 + conine n., after German Paraconiin (H. Schiff 1872, in Berichte der Deutsch. Chem. Ges. 5 44)] now rare an alkaloid, C8H15N, related to coniine.
ΚΠ
1872 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 25 417 Dibutyraldine, C8H17NO, is therefore not identical with conhydrin. The author [sc. Schiff] proposes to call the artificial base ‘paraconiine’.
1930 I. W. D. Hackh Chem. Dict. 530/2 Paraconiine, an alkaloid obtained by heating butyric aldehyde with ammonia. It is a colorless liquid with a stupefying odor.
1931 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 18 145 The chief ingredients of these plants, known to cause physiological disturbances when injected into animals, are..conydrine, paraconine [etc.].
† para-ellagic adj. (also parellagic) Obsolete para-ellagic acid, a tricyclic phenolic acid, C14H8O8, obtained from oak galls; now called rufigallic acid.
ΚΠ
1854 J. W. Draper Kane's Elements Chem. (Amer. ed.) xxiv. 602 If gallic acid be heated to 280° with oil of vitriol, it dissolves, and on cooling, brilliant crystals of a dark scarlet colour are deposited, which constitute Parellagic Acid.
1877 H. Watts Dict. Chem. (new ed.) IV. 342 Para-ellagic acid, syn. with Rufigallic acid.
† parafibrin n. (also parafibrine) [ < para- prefix1 + fibrin n., after Italian parafibrina (G. Polli 1845, in Annali universali di med. 113 361)] Medicine Obsolete rare a less dense form of fibrin (supposedly) occurring in inflammatory conditions.
ΚΠ
1846 Brit. & Foreign Med. Rev. 21 543 Fibrine modified in another manner, and peculiarly rarified, he [sc. Polli] calls parafibrine.
1892 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Parafibrin, Polli's term for a supposed modification of fibrin occurring in certain morbid conditions.
parafumaric adj.
Brit. /ˌparəfjuːˈmarɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˌfjuˈmɛrɪk/
rare parafumaric acid = maleic acid n. at maleic adj. 1.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΚΠ
1904 N.E.D. at Para-1 Parafumaric.., in p. acid.
† paramaleic adj. [ < para- prefix1 + maleic adj., after French para-maléique (T. J. Pelouze 1834, in Ann. de chim. et de physique 56 74)] Obsolete rare paramaleic acid = fumaric acid n. at fumarin n. Derivatives.
ΚΠ
1838 T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 54 When malic acid is distilled at the temperature of 349°, it is resolved into water, and two pyro-acids, which are isomeric. These acids have been distinguished by the names of equisetic or maleic, and fumaric or paramaleic acid.
paramalic adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈmeɪlɪk/
,
/ˌparəˈmalɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈmælɪk/
now historical paramalic acid = maleic acid n. at maleic adj. 1.
ΚΠ
1835 Rec. Gen. Sci. 1 127 Winkler described an acid under the name of fumaric acid..which M. Demarcay has shewn..to be paramalic acid.
1859 E. Parrish Introd. Pract. Pharmacy (ed. 2) iii. vii. 359 If heated in an oil bath to 300° F., until vapors cease to be emitted, it [sc. malic acid] has been converted into fumaric or paramalic acid.
1962 M. P. Crosland Hist. Stud. Lang. Chem. v. iii. 328 Pelouze suggested calling pyro-malic acid ‘para-malic acid’ (now called ‘maleic acid’).
† parameconic adj. Obsolete rare parameconic acid = comenic acid n. at comenic adj.
ΚΠ
1866 H. Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 350 Parameconic acid, syn. with Comenic acid.
† paramenispermine n. (also paramenispermin) [ < para- prefix1 + menispermine n., after French para-ménispermine (J. Pelletier and J. P. Couerbe 1833, in Ann. de chim. et de physique 54 199)] Obsolete an alkaloid isomeric with menispermine and left as an insoluble residue after its extraction.
ΚΠ
1849 Trans. Royal Soc. Edinb. 16 134 One of these cases [of isomerism] is that of the two bases discovered by Pelletier and Couerbe in the husks of the Cocculus Indicus, to which they have given the names of Menispermin and Paramenispermin.
1865–72 H. Watts Dict. Chem. III. 880 Paramenispermine has the same composition as menispermine.
† paramorphia n. Obsolete = paramorphine n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > alkaloids > [noun] > thebenine
thebaïne1835
paramorphine1836
paramorphia1852
thebaia1857
thebenine1875
1852 N.Y. Jrnl. Pharmacy 1 319 The residue of opium submitted to fermentation, affords us a substance which has a great analogy to paramorphia.
1868 J. B. Biddle Materia Medica (ed. 3) 45 Other principles found in opium are the alkaloids, narcotina, codeia, narceia, paramorphia,—papaverina, opiana [etc.].
paramorphine n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈmɔːfiːn/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈmɔrˌfin/
[ < para- prefix1 + morphine n., after German Paramorphin (J. Pelletier 1835, in Ann. der Pharm. 16 40)] = thebaïne n. at thebaic adj.2 Derivatives.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > alkaloids > [noun] > thebenine
thebaïne1835
paramorphine1836
paramorphia1852
thebaia1857
thebenine1875
1836 Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 30 179 M. Pelletier announces the discovery of two new substances in opium, which he terms Paramorphine and Pseudomorphine.
1954 Science 19 Feb. 235/2 Each [method of synthesizing morphine] builds up to a compound of Thebaine, or paramorphine.
paramyosin n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈmʌɪəsɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈmaɪəs(ə)n/
a protein which forms the thick filaments of the contractile units of unstriated muscle in molluscs and some other invertebrates.
ΚΠ
1946 C. E. Hall et al. in Biol. Bull. 90 44 Since this protein can be identified by electron microscope observation and x-ray diffraction it merits a distinguishing name and is therefore designated as paramyosin.
1963 Jrnl. Molecular Biol. 7 234 Light scattering, viscosity and sedimentation experiments on solutions of Venus mercenaria paramyosin show that the paramyosin molecule is a rod, 1330 Å long and 20 Å in diameter, and has a mass of 220,000 atomic mass units.
1995 C. Nielsen Animal Evol. xxxvi. 288 The muscles are very unusual, with a peripheral layer of very thick paramyosin filaments.
paramyosinogen n.
Brit. /ˌparəmʌɪə(ʊ)ˈsɪnədʒ(ə)n/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˌmaɪəˈsɪnədʒən/
disused a coagulable protein extracted from muscle and believed to be a precursor of myosin.
ΚΠ
1887 W. D. Halliburton in Jrnl. Physiol. 8 189 If one takes the muscle clot, and redissolves that, it is possible to obtain from it its two constituents—paramyosinogen and myosinogen.
1896 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 70 ii. 48 The proteïds in the muscle plasma are three in number, namely paramyosinogen 17 to 22 per cent. of the total proteïd, myosinogen or myogen 77 to 83 per cent..., and traces of serum albumin.
1933 S. W. Cole Pract. Physiol. Chem. (ed. 9) viii. 199 Filter off the coagulum of paramyosinogen and heat again.
† paraniline n. Obsolete a supposed crystalline polymer of aniline.
ΚΠ
1863 A. W. Hofmann in Proc. Royal Soc. 12 314 I propose for this new compound the name of paraniline. Paraniline forms a series of splendidly crystallized salts.
1867 C. L. Bloxam Chemistry 545 Paraniline (C24H14N2) is obtained as a secondary product in the manufacture of aniline, with which it is polymeric.
1895 Science 6 Sept. 292/1 Hoffmann [sic] received from the French color works the queues d'aniline, from which he was able to separate para toluidine and the two new bases paraniline and paramidophenol.
paranthracene n.
Brit. /pəˈranθrəsiːn/
,
U.S. /pəˈrænθrəˌsin/
[ < para- prefix1 + anthracene n., after German Paranthracen ( C. Graebe and C. Liebermann 1870, in Ann. der Chem. u. Pharm.: Suppl. 7 264)] a crystalline hydrocarbon, C28H20, which is a dimer of anthracene; usually called dianthracene.
ΚΠ
1873 I. Remsen tr. R. Fittig Wöhler's Outl. Organ. Chem. 405 Paranthracene, C14H10. When a cold saturated solution of anthracene in benzene is exposed to direct sunlight, tabular crystals of this compound..are deposited.
1922 J. J. Sudborough Bernthsen's Text-bk. Org. Chem. (new ed.) xxxii. 535 Anthracene is transformed by sunlight into the polymeric para-anthracene, (C14H10)2.
1967 I. L. Finar Org. Chem. (ed. 5) I. xxix. 775 A saturated solution of anthracene in xylene, on exposure to light, forms crystals of the dimer, dianthracene (paranthracene).
parapectic adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈpɛktɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈpɛktɪk/
: parapectic acid [ < para- prefix1 + pectic adj., after French acide parapectique (E. Frémy 1848, in Ann. de chim. et de physique 24 34)] now historical an uncrystallizable acid reported as formed from pectic acid by boiling in water.
ΚΠ
1852 T. F. Betton tr. V. Regnault Elements Chem. II. iv. 482 Parapectic acid, which is very soluble in water and uncrystallizable, exerts an acid reaction on coloured tinctures.
1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. 84 If this jelly [sc. pectic acid] be long boiled with water it is gradually dissolved, and a deliquescent insoluble acid is the result (parapectic acid).
1924 L. W. Tarr in R. H. Bogue Theory & Applic. Colloidal Behavior II. xxvi. 607 Continued boiling with acids gave parapectic acid.
parapectin n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈpɛktɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈpɛktn/
[ < para- prefix1 + pectin n., after French parapectin (E. Frémy 1848, in Ann. de chim. et de physique 24 14)] now historical a neutral substance reported as obtained as a translucent jelly by boiling pectin and precipitating with alcohol.
ΚΠ
1852 T. F. Betton tr. V. Regnault Elements Chem. II. iv. 480 An aqueous solution of pectin is converted, by boiling for several hours, into a new white substance, called parapectin.
1877 H. Watts Dict. Chem. (new ed.) IV. 365 Parapectin is an amorphous, neutral substance resembling pectin.
1916 Jrnl. Industr. & Engin. Chem. 8 85/1 Pectin is in reality parapectin, and forms a colloidal solution in water, from which it may be precipitated by ethyl alcohol.
parapeptone n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈpɛptəʊn/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈpɛpˌtoʊn/
[ < para- prefix1 + peptone n., after German Parapepton (G. Meissner 1859, in Zeitschr. f. rationelle Med. 7 2)] now rare an intermediate in the production of a peptone by the incomplete digestion of a protein.
ΚΠ
1862 Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 14 260 Parapeptone is obtained by neutralising with potash a solution containing hydrochloric acid and pepsine.
1873 C. H. Ralfe Outl. Physiol. Chem. 132 Parapeptone is now generally regarded as identical with syntonin, or acid-albumin.
1903 E. F. Willoughby Milk x. 163 The partial peptonisation of the casein and albumen, which are converted into parapeptone and peptone respectively.
† parapicoline n. Obsolete an oily base supposed to be a polymer of picoline, and to be formed from it by the action of sodium.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > organic bases > [noun]
creatine1835
cystine1843
ammeline1846
creatinine1847
thialdine1847
toluidine1850
pyrrole base1853
parapicoline1857
pinacoline1866
xanthinine1868
choline1869
xanthocreatinine1887
xanthocreatine1891
Schiff base1892
tar base1921
thiocholine1929
1857 T. Anderson in Proc. Royal Soc. Edinb. 21 580 There was left behind a thick oily base, requiring a high temperature for its distillation, and to which..I give the name of parapicoline.
1875 Proc. Royal Soc. 1874–5 23 291 Lastly the investigation was directed to the action of condensed bases, such as dipyridine, parapicoline, &c.
parasaccharose n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈsakərəʊz/
,
/ˌparəˈsakərəʊs/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈsækəˌroʊs/
,
/ˌpɛrəˈsækəˌroʊz/
[ < para- prefix1 + saccharose n. (although this is first attested later in this sense), after French para-saccharose (V. Jodin 1861, in Comptes rendus de l'Acad. des Sci. 53 1254)] now rare a disaccharide sugar formed by fermentation of cane sugar.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > carbohydrates > sugars > oligosaccharides > [noun] > disaccharides > saccharose
parasaccharose1866
sucrose1866
saccharose1876
1866 H. Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 354 Parasaccharose, a modification of cane-sugar,..said to be produced..when a solution of sugar-candy and phosphate of ammonium is exposed to the air..between June and September.
1912 C. A. Browne Handbk. Sugar Anal. xx. 729 Parasaccharose..forms fine crystals, is dextrorotatory.., reduces Fehling's solution and is hydrolyzed by heating with acids.
† parasalicyl n. (also parasalicyle) [ < para- prefix1 + salicyl n., after German Parasalicyl (R. Ettling 1845, in Ann. der Chem. u. Pharm. 53 78)] Obsolete benzoylbenzoic acid, (HOOC)C6H4C(O)C6H5.
ΚΠ
1847 W. Gregory Outl. Chem. (rev. ed. 2) ii. xiv. 371 Parasalicyle is a product of the action of heat on salicyluret (salicylite) of copper.
1857 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. III. 481 Although neither salicyl nor benzoyl has been isolated, yet a compound of the two, salicylide of benzoyl (C14H5O2, C14H5O4) is known... It is identical with the parasalicyl of Ettling, obtained by the distillation of salicylide of copper.
1877 H. Watts Dict. Chem. (new ed.) V. 170 Benzosalicylol, C14H10O3 = C7H5O2. C7H5O. Benzosalicylol, Parasalicyl.
parasorbic adj.
Brit. /ˌparəˈsɔːbɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈsɔrbɪk/
: parasorbic acid [ < para- prefix1 + sorbic adj., after German Parasorbinsäure (A. W. Hofmann 1859, in Ann. der Chem. u. Pharm. 110 133)] an oily, liquid, unsaturated lactone, (CH3)C5H5O2, isolated from rowan berries.
ΚΠ
1860 A. W. Hofmann in Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 12 46 The oily acid may then conveniently be called parasorbic acid; for although more directly related to the mountain ash, its character is less defined and salient than that of its derivative.
1949 H. W. Florey et al. Antibiotics I. xiv. 607 Parasorbic acid may be identical with the differential growth inhibitor obtained by Medawar, Robinson, and Robinson..from malt.
1988 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 326 635 Massoialactane and parasorbic acid are obtained upon exhaustive carbonylation of appropriate precursors at high temperature.
paratartaric adj.
Brit. /ˌparətɑːˈtarɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˌtɑrˈtɛrɪk/
: paratartaric acid [ < para- prefix1 + tartaric adj.1, after scientific Latin acidum paratartaricum (Berzelius 1830, in Ann. der Physik u. Chem. 19 328)] now historical= racemic acid n. at racemic adj. 1a.
ΚΠ
1847 W. Gregory Outl. Chem. (rev. ed. 2) ii. xxiii. 449 Racemic Acid... Syn. Paratartaric acid.
1876 tr. P. Schützenberger On Fermentation 6 Paratartaric acid easily splits up..into dextro-tartaric and lævo-tartaric acid.
2000 S. Garfield Mauve vii. 80 He [sc. William Perkin] was informed that the contents of a small glass phial he had supplied had been analysed as pure paratartaric acid, then regarded as a novel and important synthesis.
† paratartramide n. Obsolete the amide of racemic acid.
ΚΠ
1866 H. Watts Dict. Chem. IV. 354 Paratartramide, syn. with Racemamide.
† paratoluene n. Obsolete a supposed isomer of toluene occurring with it in light coal-tar oil.
ΚΠ
1877 H. Watts Dict. Chem. (new ed.) IV. 355 Paratoluene or paratoluol, a hydrocarbon, isomeric or polymeric with toluene.., supposed by Church..to exist in light coal-tar oil. It boils at 119·5°.
† paratoluol n. (also paratoluole) Obsolete = paratoluene n.
ΚΠ
1859 A. H. Church in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 18 524 I would hazard the conjecture that it stands to toluole in the same relation that parabenzole does to benzole... Paratoluole (?).
1873 F. W. Clarke Constants Nature I. 124 (table) 4th Benzol Series..Paratoluol.
paraxanthine n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈzanθiːn/
,
/ˌparəˈzanθʌɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈzænˌθin/
,
/ˌpɛrəˈzænθən/
(also paraxanthin) [ < para- prefix1 + xanthine n., after German Paraxanthin (G. Salomon 1882, in Arch. f. Anat. u. Physiol. 426)] dimethylxanthine, C7H8N4O2, which is a product of the metabolism of xanthines.
ΚΠ
1885 W. Stirling tr. L. Landois Text-bk. Human Physiol. II. 539 The crystalline body paraxanthin occurs in traces in the urine.
1897 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 19 384 (table) Paraxanthine.
1912 W. Tibbles Foods ii. 33 Heteroxanthin.., monomethyl-xanthin.., and dimethyl-xanthin, or paraxanthin.., are derived from the theobromin, caffein, and theophyllin, which occur in various foods.
2000 New Scientist 29 Jan. 31/3 The study found an increased risk of miscarriage only in women with the very highest levels of paraxanthine.
b. [After use in German by C. Graebe, 1869, in Ann. der Chem. u. Pharm. 149 27.] Forming terms and names of compounds in which para- denotes substitution in a benzene ring at opposite carbon atoms (e.g. at carbon atoms 1 and 4), or location at the carbon atom opposite to a given substituent. (Frequently italicized.) Cf. meta- prefix 4b; ortho- comb. form 2b; para adj.1 1. (Also symbolized in names of compounds by ‘p-’, e.g. p-xylene, and by ‘1,4-’, e.g. 1,4-xylene.)
para-aminosalicylic n.
Brit. /ˌparə(r)əˌmiːnə(ʊ)salᵻˈsɪlɪk/
,
/ˌparə(r)əˌmʌɪnə(ʊ)salᵻˈsɪlɪk/
,
/ˌparə(r)ˌamᵻnə(ʊ)salᵻˈsɪlɪk/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəəˌminoʊˌsæləˈsɪlɪk/
para-aminosalicylic acid, a crystalline compound, 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, (HOOC)C6H3(OH)(NH2), used as an antibiotic, esp. in the treatment of tuberculosis; abbreviated PAS.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > preparations treating or preventing specific ailments > [noun] > for tuberculosis
Koch's tuberculin1890
tuberculin1891
tuberculocidin1891
tuberculocide1892
Sanocrysin1924
promizole1944
streptomycin1944
para-aminosalicylic acid1946
pyrazinamide1947
viomycin1950
Marsilid1952
thiacetazone1952
iproniazid1953
isoniazid1953
isonicotinic hydrazide1956
ethionamide1959
strep1959
rifampicin1966
rifampin1968
1946 Lancet 5 Jan. 15/1 (title) Para-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of tuberculosis.
1954 S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 12) x. 120 For the common ophthalmological infections, however, the most important compounds are the sulphonamides, the sulphones and para-amino-salicylic acid.
2002 R. Porter Blood & Guts v. 106 Streptomycin..was found more effective against tuberculosis when used in combination with para-amino-salicylic acid.
paradichlorobenzene n.
Brit. /ˌparədʌɪˌklɔːrə(ʊ)ˈbɛnziːn/
,
/ˌparədʌɪˌklɒrə(ʊ)ˈbɛnziːn/
,
/ˌparədʌɪˌklɔːrə(ʊ)bɛnˈziːn/
,
/ˌparədʌɪˌklɒrə(ʊ)bɛnˈziːn/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˌdaɪˌklɔroʊˈbɛnˌzin/
,
/ˌpɛrəˌdaɪˌklɔroʊˌbɛnˈzin/
,
/ˌpɛrəˌdaɪˌklɔrəˈbɛnˌzin/
,
/ˌpɛrəˌdaɪˌklɔrəˌbɛnˈzin/
(also paradichlorbenzene) a volatile crystalline compound, C6H4Cl2, which has a penetrating odour and is used as a deodorizer and insecticidal fumigant, esp. in mothballs.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > hydrocarbons > [noun] > benzene derivatives > other benzene derivatives
iodoxybenzene1865
retene1866
trimethylbenzene1868
quinol1871
paradichlorobenzene1876
coumarone1883
thiophene1883
antipyrin1884
thiotoluene1885
thioxylene1885
phthalaldehyde1886
trimesic acid1889
iodosobenzene1892
benzodiazepine1934
1876 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 29 81 By heating equal molecules of chlorobenzenesulphonic chloride and phosphorus pentachloride to 200°–220°, paradichlorobenzene, melting at 53°, and boiling at 172°–174°, is formed.
1931 K. M. Smith Textbk. Agric. Entomol. viii. 97 Paradichlor-benzene is also worth trying; apply in holes about 1 foot apart, 1 gramme to each hole.
1965 C. Zigrosser & C. M. Gaehde Guide to Collecting Orig. Prints vii. 113 Preventative measures [against microbiological infection of prints]..can be taken by placing open containers of paradichlorobenzene crystals upon the storage shelves.
2001 Org. Style Nov. 83/1 Don't rely on mothballs, which contain paradichlorobenzene or naphthalene in concentrations high enough to be toxic to humans.
paranitraniline n.
Brit. /ˌparənʌɪˈtranᵻliːn/
,
/ˌparənʌɪˈtranl̩iːn/
,
/ˌparənʌɪˈtranᵻlʌɪn/
,
/ˌparənʌɪˈtranl̩ʌɪn/
,
/ˌparənʌɪˈtranᵻlɪn/
,
/ˌparənʌɪˈtranl̩ɪn/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˌnaɪˈtrænələn/
,
/ˌpɛrəˌnaɪˈtrænəˌlaɪn/
,
/ˌpɛrəˌnaɪˈtrænəˌlin/
a crystalline compound, (H2N)C6H4(NO2), used in making azo dyes.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > organic dyes > [noun] > colouring yellow
paranitraniline1872
auramine1884
primuline1887
primuline base1889
tartrazine1894
flemingin1898
flavanthrone1902
1872 H. Watts Dict. Chem. VI. 198 From this compound [sc. dinitrobenzene] is obtained para-nitraniline, which may be converted into para-diazonitrobenzene.
1918 C. M. Whittaker Applic. Coal Tar Dyestuffs vi. 87 The first stable form of diazotized paranitraniline manufactured commercially was nitrosamine red.
1982 Powder Technol. 33 187 (title) Solid state reaction of mixed powder compacts of succinic anhydride and paranitraniline.
paraphenylenediamine n.
Brit. /parəˌfɛnᵻliːnˈdʌɪəmiːn/
,
/parəˌfɛnᵻliːnˌdʌɪˈeɪmiːn/
,
/parəˌfɛnᵻliːnˌdʌɪˈamiːn/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˌfɛnəˌlinˈdaɪəˌmin/
,
/ˌpɛrəˌfɛnəˌlinˌdaɪˈeɪˌmin/
,
/ˌpɛrəˌfɛnəˌlinˌdaɪˈæˌmin/
a white or reddish crystalline compound, C6H4(NH2)2, used as a photographic developer, for dyeing hair and fur, and in the manufacture of dyes; (also) any substituted derivative of this.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > amines > [noun] > diamines
acediamine1858
paraphenylenediamine1873
pentamethylenediamine1883
the world > matter > colour > colouring > colouring matter > [noun] > dye > types of dyes
pallOE
sanders1329
raddlea1350
nutgallc1450
bark1565
logwood1581
sanders-wood1615
catechu1682
cate1698
cachou1708
valonia1722
India wood1742
cutch1759
alizari1769
standard1808
iron buff1836
colorine1838
acid dye1840
garancin1843
French tub1846
suranji1848
morindin1849
water blue1851
union dye1852
indigo-carmine1855
hernant1858
pigment colour1862
rosaniline1862
rose aniline1862
bezetta1863
bottom1863
acid colour1873
paraphenylenediamine1873
indigo-extract1874
tin-pulp1874
phthalein1875
sightening1875
chrome1876
rose bengal1878
azo-colours1879
azine1887
basic dye1892
chromotrope1893
garance1896
ice colour1896
xylochrome1898
cross-dye1901
indanthrene1901
Lithol1903
vat dye1903
thioindigo1906
para red1907
vat colour1912
vat dyestuff1914
indanthrone1920
ionamine1922
Soledon1924
Solochrome1924
Solacet1938
indigoid1939
thioindigoid1943
fluorol1956
Procion1956
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > chemicals > [noun] > developer
developer1855
paraphenylenediamine1873
rodinal1892
glycin1893
amidol1894
Adurol1898
soup1929
acutance developer1961
1873 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 26 167 Dinitrobenzene was reduced by means of tin and hydrochloric acid; the bromine was eliminated by the nascent hydrogen and paraphenylenediamine was formed.
1966 L. F. A. Mason Photogr. Processing Chem. i. 25 Although these para~phenylenediamine derivatives are stable in acid solution or as salts in the solid state, the free bases..readily oxidise and are not very soluble.
2003 Occasions Spring 130/1 Many dyes also contain paraphenylenediamines..which, when absorbed through the scalp, can trigger intense itching, headaches, disorders of the immune system and even arthritis.
paraxylene n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈzʌɪliːn/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈzaɪˌlin/
the para-isomer of xylene, C6H4(CH3)2, a low-melting solid present in petroleum naphtha and used esp. as an intermediate in chemical manufacture.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > hydrocarbons > [noun] > benzene derivatives > xylenes
xylene1851
xylol1851
paraxylene1873
1873 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 26 272 The author, by acting upon isoxylene and paraxylene with benzyl chloride, in presence of zinc, has obtained benzylisoxylene and benzylparaxylene.
1954 R. W. Moncrieff Artific. Fibres (ed. 2) xxi. 265 Development of a method for making large quantities of para-xylene proved to be difficult and delayed the manufacture of Terylene in the United Kingdom.
1998 Textile Horizons June 20/2 Koch is a major supplier of paraxylene, an important fibre raw material.
c. Forming names of minerals having a chemical composition the same as or similar to that denoted by the root word, but a different crystal structure.
parabutlerite n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈbʌtlərʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈbətləˌraɪt/
[ < butlerite (1928; < the name of Gordon Butler (1881–1961), U.S. geologist) + -ite suffix1] a rare, orange mineral of the orthorhombic crystal system, consisting of a hydrated basic sulphate of ferric iron.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > sulphates > [noun] > iron sulphate > hydrous or hydrated basic
hohmannite1888
castanite1892
slavikite1927
parabutlerite1938
1938 M. C. Bandy in Amer. Mineralogist 23 742 Parabutlerite Fe(SO4)(OH).2H2O. A basic hydrate of iron of this same composition has already been described as the mineral butlerite and as an artificial compound in the system Fe2O3SO3H2H2O.
1968 I. Kostov Mineral. 499 Metahohmannite, parabutlerite, and fibroferrite..occur as yellow crusts or reniform aggregates with fibrous texture, products of weathering of pyritic deposits.
parahopeite n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈhəʊpʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈhoʊˌpaɪt/
a rare, colourless mineral of the triclinic crystal system, consisting of a hydrated zinc phosphate.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > phosphates > [noun] > phosphates of zinc
hopeite1824
parahopeite1907
tarbuttite1907
spencerite1916
1907 Nature 12 Dec. 143/1 Another new species, named parahopeite, has the same chemical composition as hopeite, Zn3P2O8.4H2O, but is anorthic.
1908 L. J. Spencer in Mineral. Mag. 15 18 Parahopeite. This name I propose to give to a new species of hydrous zinc phosphate, identical with hopeite in chemical composition, but differing from both α-hopeite and β-hopeite in physical and crystallographic characters.
1974 Mineral. Mag. 39 684 Several uncommon phosphate minerals including tarbuttite, parahopeite, scholzite, and collinsite occur in near-surface gossans in the Reaphook Hill zinc prospect [in South Australia].
paralaurionite n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈlɔːrɪənʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈlɔriəˌnaɪt/
,
/ˌpɛrəˈlɑriəˌnaɪt/
a rare, colourless mineral of the monoclinic crystal system, consisting of a hydroxide and chloride of lead, Pb(OH)Cl.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > halides > [noun] > fluorite group > lead hydroxychloride
fiedlerite1892
penfieldite1892
pseudoboleite1897
paralaurionite1899
1899 G. F. H. Smith in Mineral. Mag. 12 102 On some of the specimens [of lead slags from Laurium] a new mineral, paralaurionite, was found, which possesses the same chemical composition as laurionite.
1950 Mineral. Mag. 29 341 About 1942 paralaurionite was identified in a suite of minerals from the Mammoth mine, Tiger, Arizona.
paramelaconite n.
Brit. /ˌparəmᵻˈlakənʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəməˈlækəˌnaɪt/
an oxide of copper, Cu4O3, containing both mono- and divalent copper, forming black prismatic crystals and belonging to the tetragonal crystal system.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > oxides and hydroxides > [noun] > general formula AO > black oxide of copper
copper ore1713
melaconise1839
melaconite1850
tenorite1865
Chile copper1888
paramelaconite1892
1892 G. A. Koenig in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1891 289 The tetragonal crystals are so unique in their appearance, that they should be accorded the rank of a very distinct species, and the name Paramelaconite is proposed for them.
1941 Amer. Mineralogist 26 659 The paramelaconite occurs as stout prismatic crystals up to 3 cm. in length.
1996 Jrnl. Solid State Chem. 121 33/1 The unequivocal synthesis of Cu4O3 (paramelaconite) is reported for the first time.
pararammelsbergite n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈraml̩zbəːɡʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈræm(ə)lzbərˌɡaɪt/
a rare arsenide of nickel, NiAs2, occurring as white, opaque, tabular crystals that alter to erythrite when exposed, and belonging to the orthorhombic crystal system.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > sulphides and related minerals > [noun] > marcasite or related minerals > arsenides
mispickel1683
arsenopyrite1854
rammelsbergite1854
geyerite1868
Plinian1868
pararammelsbergite1939
1939 M. A. Peacock in Amer. Mineralogist Dec. ii. 11 Recently described materials provisionally named rammelsbergite.., from Cobalt, Ontario, and Elk Lake, Ontario, give identical x-ray powder photographs unlike those of from Schneeberg and Eisleben... The Canadian mineral is thus a distinct species for which the name pararammelsbergite is proposed.
1967 Canad. Mineralogist 9 129 Pararammelsbergite has vacant arsenic lattice positions which are occupied in part by excess metal atoms.
2000 Intermetallics 8 1399 A new polymorph of NiSb2 was obtained.., isostructural with the low-temperature form of NiAs2 (pararammelsbergite).
paratellurite n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈtɛljᵿrʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈtɛljəˌraɪt/
a form of tellurium dioxide, TeO2, occurring as soft, white or yellow crystals with a waxy lustre, belonging to the tetragonal crystal system.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > oxides and hydroxides > [noun] > tellurium oxides
tellurite1849
telluric ochre1850
paratellurite1960
1960 G. Switzer & H. E. Swanson in Amer. Mineralogist 45 1272 Orthorhombic TeO2 is found in nature as tellurite. The tetragonal form, well known as a chemical compound, has been found associated with tellurite and native tellurium at Cananea, Sonora, Mexico. The name paratellurite is proposed for the new mineral.
1984 N. N. Greenwood & A. Earnshaw Chem. of Elements (1986) xvi. 911 Synthetic α-TeO2 (‘paratellurite’) forms colourless tetragonal crystals.
paravauxite n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈvɔːksʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈvɔkˌsaɪt/
,
/ˌpɛrəˈvɑkˌsaɪt/
a brittle, whitish or colourless mineral of the triclinic crystal system, consisting of a hydrated basic phosphate of ferrous iron and aluminium and usually occurring as a secondary mineral in association with vauxite and wavellite.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > phosphates > [noun] > aluminium or iron phosphates
redondite1870
paravauxite1922
vauxite1922
1922 S. G. Gordon in Science 14 July 50/1 Preliminary notes on vauxite and paravauxite. Among the mineral specimens collected on the Vaux-Academy Andean expedition of 1921 are two that have proved to be new.
1968 I. Kostov Mineral. 452 Paravauxite and gordonite have perfect {010} cleavage.
2003 Mineral. Rec. 34 117 Llallagua phosphates, including childrenite, crandallite, fluorapatite, metavauxite, monazite, paravauxite..[etc.], were actively collected by Bandy.
parawollastonite n.
Brit. /ˌparəˈwʊləstənʌɪt/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈwʊləstəˌnaɪt/
a form of calcium silicate, CaSiO3, which belongs to the monoclinic crystal system and occurs as intergrowths with the commoner triclinic form, wollastonite.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > silicates > inosilicates single chain > [noun] > pyroxenoid > wollastonite
schaalstein1804
table spar1814
wollastonite1823
grammite1826
pseudowollastonite1905
parawollastonite1935
1935 M. A. Peacock in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 30 525 It thus seems necessary to regard the triclinic modification as the normal one properly entitled to the name wollastonite; the name parawollastonite is, therefore, proposed for the rarer monoclinic modification.
1963 W. A. Deer et al. Rock-forming Minerals II. 173 Parawollastonite..has been recorded from Monte Somma, Vesuvius,..from Crestmore, California.., and from Csiklova, Roumania.
1997 Jrnl. Non-crystalline Solids 211 56 The Ca——O distances and the coordination numbers of Ca atoms in the glasses are close to those of wollastonite and parawollastonite crystals.
4. Physics and Chemistry. Denoting the fact of having antiparallel spins. Chiefly with reference to the antiparallel spins of electrons in atoms (as in parahelium) or of nuclei in diatomic molecules (as in parahydrogen). Cf. ortho- comb. form 3, para adj.1 3.
ΚΠ
1896 C. Runge & F. Paschen in Astrophysical Jrnl. 3 18 We come to the conclusion that clèveite gas consists of two elements... The name Helium should be given only to the second element... The first element Professor Stoney has proposed to call Parhelium.
1929 Chem. Abstr. 23 2614 (heading) Experiments on para- and ortho-hydrogen.
1936 S. Glasstone Recent Adv. Gen. Chem. iv. 159 The establishment of the ortho–para equilibrium in deuterium at low temperatures, involving conversion of para-deuterium to the ortho-form is..a slow process.
1940 S. Glasstone Text-bk. Physical Chem. i. 79 From the spectrum of helium it is known that the ortho-levels have less energy than the par-levels with the same values of the quantum numbers n and l.
1970 P. J. Wheatley Chem. Consequences Nucl. Spin xi. 51 The deuterium molecule, 2D2... Ortho-D2 will be associated with rotational levels having even values of J, and para-D2 with those having odd values of J.
1982 Solid State Communic. 44 469 The specific heat of solid deuterium of 33% paradeuterium concentration has been measured for 1 K > T > 0.115K by a thermal relaxation technique.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

para-prefix2

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly; see e.g. parasol n., paragrandine n.
Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French para-.
Etymology: < French para- < Italian para- , use as prefix of para , imperative of parare to make ready, prepare, defend from, shelter < classical Latin parāre to prepare (see pare v.1).Italian para is used with a noun object in phrases which have themselves become nouns, with the verb reinterpreted as a prefix, e.g. para-sole , literally ‘defend or shelter from sun’, hence ‘a sun-shade’ (see parasol n.); so parafuoco fireguard, fire screen, paravento windscreen (see paravent n.), parapetto breast-guard, parapet (see parapet n.). For similar formations compare makeshift n., wardrobe n., and also French couvre-feu (see cover-fire n.), etc. Further formations followed in French, e.g. parapluie rain screen, umbrella (see parapluie n.), paracrotte mudguard, parachute parachute n., parados parados n., etc. First attested in English in loans via French of words ultimately of Italian origin in the late 16th and early 17th centuries (see parapet n., parasol n.), and in further loans from French in the 18th and 19th centuries (e.g. parapluie n., parachute n., parados n.). English formations are rare, but can be found from the mid 19th cent., in paragrandine n. (with a classical Latin second element) and parabore n., and also in the early 20th cent. in paravane n.
Forming words with the sense ‘protection from ——’.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online December 2019).

para-comb. form

Stress is often attracted to this combining form.
Forms: before a vowel also par- (rare)
Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: parachute n.
Etymology: Shortened < parachute n. Compare para n.6Formations in English first appear in 1940 (compare paratroop n., parashot n., parashooter n., paraspotter n. at sense 2) and became common very quickly in the course of the Second World War (1939–45), when rare and ad-hoc formations were also particularly common. From the late 1960s onwards, senses are extended from purely military to recreational uses of parachute equipment (e.g. parasail v., parascending n.). Formations of this kind are also occasionally found in French, though much later and probably based on the English model; e.g. parapente (1986), which has been borrowed into English (see parapente n.).
1. Forming nouns, with the senses ‘dropped by parachute; trained or equipped for descending by parachute; resembling or adapted from a parachute’.
para-bomb n.
Brit. /ˈparəbɒm/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌbɑm/
ΚΠ
1943 Time 18 Oct. 36/2 Parabombs burst above the ground, spray their fragments with telling effect.
para-cargo n.
Brit. /ˈparəˌkɑːɡəʊ/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌkɑrɡoʊ/
ΚΠ
1951 R. Malkin Boxcars in Sky 172 As for military paracargo, however, the picture is entirely different.
para-commando n.
Brit. /ˈparəkəˌmɑːndəʊ/
,
/ˈparəkəˌmandəʊ/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəkəˌmændoʊ/
(attributive).
ΚΠ
1964 World Politics 17 99 His activities were limited to..assisting in the preparatory training of one para-commando battalion.
1996 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 19 Dec. 73/2 Hun Sen made a much grander visit protected by three hundred crack troops from an Indonesian-trained para-commando battalion.
para-girl n.
Brit. /ˈparəɡəːl/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌɡərl/
ΚΠ
1972 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 16 May 1/7 Lucky paragirl Jackie Smith fell from 2400 ft. into the sea when her parachute failed to open during a weekend skydiving show—and lived.
1973 Jewish Chron. 9 Feb. 15/2 The nearest your reporter came to hearing fighting words from Israel's paragirls.
para-marine n.
Brit. /ˈparəməˌriːn/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəməˌrin/
ΚΠ
1944 Veterans' Weekly (Lincoln, Nebraska) 15 Dec. 2 Oliver N. Magee, paramarine, son of War Dad and Mrs..Magee [etc.].
1996 Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, Va.) (Nexis) 27 Jan. b4 He was trained as a paramarine and was in Spearhead Division V.
para-mine n.
Brit. /ˈparəmʌɪn/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌmaɪn/
ΚΠ
1944 in Amer. Speech (1945) 20 221 Nazi para-mines nearly blocked supply lines.
1999 Bristol Evening Post (Nexis) 16 Mar. The worst incident was caused by another paramine which fell by the Ambassador cinema.
para-nurse n.
Brit. /ˈparənəːs/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌnərs/
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > healer > nurse > [noun] > other types
man-nurse1530
probationer nurse1584
parish nurse1716
day nurse1759
school nurse1836
Gamp1846
hospital nurse1848
pupil nurse1861
male nurse1874
district nurse1883
relief nurse1884
casualty nurse1885
bayman1888
maid nurse1895
charge-nurse1896
ward nurse1899
health visitor1901
practice nurse1912
community nurse1922
scrub nurse1927
theatre nurse1934
para-nurse1942
nurse practitioner1967
rehab nurse1977
1942 A. M. Low Parachutes p. x A paranurse is..a nurse dropped by parachute.
para-pooch n.
Brit. /ˈparəpuːtʃ/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌputʃ/
ΚΠ
1944 N.Y. Times 26 Apr. 5/6 St. Bernard Qualifies as ‘Parapooch’ for Army. Major [sc. a St Bernard dog] has made seven high altitude jumps with a regular size parachute.
1965 Life 19 Nov. 106 A parapooch drifts downward in his dog-size chute.
para-spy n.
Brit. /ˈparəspʌɪ/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌspaɪ/
ΚΠ
1943 Daily Express 10 Sept. 1/5 (headline) Para-spies dropped in Germany.
2.
parabrake n.
Brit. /ˈparəbreɪk/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌbreɪk/
a parachute which can be opened behind an aircraft to act as a brake.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > aeroplane > parts of aircraft > [noun] > deceleration parachute
drogue1919
tail parachute1937
brake parachute1942
parabrake1951
1951 Jrnl. Brit. Interplanetary Soc. 10 300 The most efficient braking device is the parachute drag brake (also known as ‘drogue chute’ or ‘parabrake’).
1967 N. E. Borden Jet-engine Fund. 97 Military fighters release a parachute, called a parabrake, from their tail as soon as their wheels contact the runway.
2000 Re: Mysterious F-16s with Cannon A.F.B. Tail Code in rec.aviation.military (Usenet newsgroup) 20 Aug. They come off the assembly line with the big spine manufactured in place, as well as the extended parabrake housing.
parafrag bomb n.
Brit. /ˌparəfraɡ ˈbɒm/
,
U.S. /ˌpɛrəˌfræɡ ˈbɑm/
a fragmentation bomb dropped by parachute.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > explosive device > [noun] > bomb > fragmentation
fragmentation bomb1918
grass cutter1925
parafrag bomb1944
scatter bomb1961
lazy dog1965
cluster bomb1967
pellet bomb1967
mother-bomb1971
nail bomb1971
1944 Tuscaloosa (Alabama) News 5 Oct. 1 This..Jap Sally plane went up in smoke a few seconds after this picture was taken—destroyed by parafrag bombs.
1998 Jrnl. Mil. Hist. 62 853 Kenney has received credit for such innovations as skip-bombing, parafrag bombs, nose cannon in medium bombers, and the use of mass troop transport.
parajump n.
Brit. /ˈparədʒʌmp/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌdʒəmp/
a descent by parachute.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > air or space travel > parachuting > [noun] > a jump
jump1922
brolly-hop1934
parajump1971
base jump1981
1971 Islander (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 20 June 3/4 Most parajump clubs in Canada are affiliated with the Canada Sport Parachute Association.
1996 New Straits Times (Malaysia) (Nexis) 5 Nov. 19 Aerial photography, parajumps, aerial escort, training and test flights [etc.].
parajumping n.
Brit. /ˈparəˌdʒʌmpɪŋ/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌdʒəmpɪŋ/
the action of making a descent by parachute.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > air or space travel > parachuting > [noun]
parachuting1843
parachutism1889
brolly-hopping1934
parasailing1962
parajumping1977
paragliding1978
base jumping1981
parapente1987
1977 R.A.F. News 30 Mar. 3/4 A halt had been called to any para-jumping that week-end.
2002 New Straits Times (Malaysia) (Nexis) 9 Apr. 8 The two-day event..also featured a parajumping demonstration.
parapack n.
Brit. /ˈparəpak/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌpæk/
(also parapak) (a) a pack dropped by parachute; (b) a pack for holding a parachute.
ΚΠ
1946 B.B.C. War Rep. 234 Suddenly the pilot called our attention to the parapacks coming out from the aircraft in front of us.
1950 in Amer. Speech (1956) 31 62 A resupply mission was flown in the afternoon—with a drop of parapaks and other supplies simulated.
1992 R. Moulton & P. Lloyd Kites (BNC) 100 Khaki..makes a nostalgic parachute pack and harness... Nowadays, parapacks come in all colours.
parapacked adj.
Brit. /ˈparəpakt/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌpækt/
contained in a pack dropped by parachute.
ΚΠ
1945 Birmingham (Alabama) News 27 Mar. 1/5 Allied Airborne troops and parapacked supplies are shown as they plummeted down five miles beyond the Rhine.
parapants n.
Brit. /ˈparəpants/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌpæn(t)s/
humorous women's knickers or underpants made from parachute silk.Apparently an isolated use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > underwear > [noun] > underpants > for women (and children)
knickerbocker1872
trouserettes1874
knickers1882
trolly1891
knicks1895
panties1904
skirt-knicker1908
Directoire knickers1911
panties1922
step-in1922
French knickers1925
scanty1928
passion-killer1943
parapants1944
tap pants1977
1944 Time 10 Apr. 12/3 Parapants. In Manhattan, Mrs. Virginia Bell Jack received from her Thunderbolt-pilot husband in England a pair of real silk (German parachute) panties.
paraplane n.
Brit. /ˈparəpleɪn/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌpleɪn/
(a) a pair of fabric wings attached to a rigid framework which a parachutist can wear to allow gliding; (b) a lightweight framework suspended from a parachute and powered by a propeller; (also occasionally) a paraglider.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > parachute > [noun] > parachute device consisting of wings
paraplane1942
parawing1960
1942 A. M. Low Parachutes 111 In Russia, some years ago, a young engineer, B. Pavlov, invented what he called a ‘paraplane’ which consisted essentially of two wings made of heavy linen stretched over a duralumin frame~work. These were strapped to the back of the parachutist and enabled him to glide before opening his parachute.
1974 Sport Parachutist June 18/1 Ten paraplane jumpers who are all..experienced paraplane flyers.
1995 Philadelphia Inquirer 7 Aug. f1/1 Sky Pirates, a small outfit in Burlington County,..has been teaching thrill-seekers how to fly a Paraplane, a combination go-cart and parachute.
parasheet n.
Brit. /ˈparəʃiːt/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌʃit/
a parachute made from one piece of fabric or from two or more pieces laid in strips (as opposed to gores) with their warps parallel (see quots.).
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > parachute > [noun] > types of parachute
drogue1919
free parachute1920
parachute1942
ribbon chute1945
ribbon parachute1946
parasheet1951
parajute1956
parasail1962
paraglider1971
paraflight1980
paramotor1993
1951 W. D. Brown Parachutes 315 Parasheet, a parachute constructed from one piece of fabric (or from several pieces with their warps parallel) in the form of a regular polygon, with the rigging lines attached to the apexes of the polygon.
1973 J. Lucas Big Umbrella x. 110 A pair of para~sheets were used for each flare to increase stability.
para-ski adj.
Brit. /ˈparəskiː/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌski/
(a) (of a parachutist) trained to ski from the landing place; (b) of or relating to a sport in which skiers ski from a place to which they have dropped by parachute.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by branch of army > [adjective] > paratrooper
para-ski1942
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > winter sports > skiing > [adjective] > types of skiing
Alpine1903
cross-country1911
downhill1911
para-ski1942
Nordic1948
off-piste1959
heli-ski1982
back country1983
1942 Christian Sci. Monitor 26 Mar. 3 Para-ski troopers of the 503rd Parachute Battalion.
1994 Skydiving Feb. 1/2 This is an ‘on’ year for para-ski competitors. The overall winners in the men's and women's divisions will most likely represent the U.S. at the 1995 World Para-Ski Championships.
para-skier n.
Brit. /ˈparəˌskiːə/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌskiər/
a paraski trooper or competitor.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by branch of army > [noun] > paratrooper
skyman1910
paratroop1937
paratrooper1940
para-skier1942
trooper1942
para1958
1942 Christian Sci. Monitor 26 Mar. 3 ‘Let 'Er Buck’ Is War Cry of Para-Skiers.
2000 Newsweek (Nexis) 1 Jan. 78 Paraskiers jump from planes, then hit the slopes.
paraspotter n.
Brit. /ˈparəˌspɒtə/
,
U.S. /ˈpɛrəˌspɑdər/
a person who watches for enemy parachute landings.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > warrior > others concerned with military affairs > [noun] > air-raid warden, fire-watcher, etc.
fire-watcher1830
street warden1835
air warden1933
air raid warden1936
warden1936
paraspotter1940
roof-spotter1940
roof-watcher1940
1940 in Amer. Speech (1944) 19 12/2 Britain has 400,000 paraspotters ready to fight parachutists.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

para-comb. form2

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Some degree of stress is always maintained on the first syllable. If the subsequent element is an existing word, it is likely to retain its original stress pattern, e.g. parasnowboarding at main sense Brit. /ˌparəˈsnəʊbɔːdɪŋ/, U.S. /ˌpɛrəˈsnoʊˌbɔrdɪŋ/
Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: Paralympic adj.
Etymology: < para- (in Paralympic adj.).
Prefixed to the names of sports to designate their Paralympic form, as parabasketball, paraswimming, parasnowboarding, etc.
ΚΠ
2004 Arizona Daily Sun 7 Sept. a2/2 Hines, a 30-year-old graduate of Northern Arizona University, will be working at the 12th Paralympic Summer Games, tending to the United States' Paracycling team.
2012 @FarahOsmanB 20 Aug. in twitter.com (accessed 16 Dec. 2021) Wishing the Paralympic Team the best. So excited esp for the Parabasketball Team.
2014 Traverse City (Mich.) Rec.-Eagle 2 Feb. 6 e/3 Para-snowboarding will make its debut as a Paralympic event.
2017 Times 12 Oct. 66/5 The first complaints were made to the British Athletes Commission last October by some of the British para-swimming squad.
2021 Cameroon Tribune (Nexis) 6 Sept. [She]..represented Cameroon in parapowerlifting.
This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, June 2022).
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