parasympatheticadj.n.

Brit.

/ˌparəsɪmpəˈθɛtɪk/, U.S.

/ˈˌpɛrəˌsɪmpəˈθɛdɪk/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; probably modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: para- prefix¹, sympathetic adj.

Etymology: < para- prefix¹ + sympathetic adj., probably after French parasympathique (1903 as adjective, 1930 as noun).

Anatomy and Physiology.

A. adj.

Of, relating to, or designating one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, characterized by preganglionic fibres originating in the brain stem and in the sacral region of the spinal cord, and by the utilization of acetylcholine (rather than norepinephrine) as a postganglionic neurotransmitter. Contrasted with sympathetic.The physiological effects of parasympathetic nerves are generally antagonistic to those of sympathetic nerves, promoting peristalsis, blood flow, and glandular secretion in the gastrointestinal tract, decreasing cardiac output and smooth muscle activity elsewhere, and promoting the restoration or conservation of energy, esp. in recovery from action.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > nervous system > [adjective] > specific

sympathetic1771

sympathic1836

association area1880

autonomic1898

parasympathetic1905

autonomous1908

thoracolumbar1918

sympathico-adrenal1928

neuroeffector1935

sympatho-adrenal1965

1905 J. N. Langley in Jrnl. Physiol. 33 403 In the cases in which a tissue has a nerve supply both from the sympathetic and para-sympathetic system there is evidence of considerable, if not exclusive, localisation.

1905 J. N. Langley in Jrnl. Physiol. 33 403 (note) I use the word para-sympathetic for the cranial and sacral autonomic systems.

1920 Gray's Anat. (ed. 21) 768 The peripheral part [of the autonomic system] is..arranged in two subsidiary systems—the parasympathetic system and the sympathetic system.

1940 H. A. McGuigan Appl. Pharmacol. 576 The action of pilocarpine and muscarine..seems to be on the parasympathetic nerve endings and not directly on the gland cell.

1946 Nature 10 Aug. 207/1 Most internal organs have a double nerve supply of which one is excitatory (sympathetic) and the other inhibitory (parasympathetic), that is, they work against each other.

1954 S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 12) v. 68 A second type of drug acts as a parasympathetic stimulant.

1968 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. xxiv. 90/2 Overall parasympathetic activity corresponds roughly to the picture of an old man asleep after dinner, i.e. slow heart, small pupils, constricted bronchioles and noisy breathing, salivary secretion, vigorous peristalsis.

1972 J. A. Wilson Princ. Animal Physiol. xi. 416/2 That part of the autonomic nervous system originating in the thorocolumbar portion of the spinal cord is the sympathetic division; that part originating in the other three segments of the central nervous system is the parasympathetic system.

1990 Jrnl. Developmental Physiol. 14 43/1 Heart rate was measured and selective pharmacological blockade was used to quantify sympathetic and parasympathetic tone.

B. n.

The parasympathetic nervous system; a parasympathetic nerve, neuron, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > nervous system > [noun] > specific

sympathetic1808

central nervous system1826

reflex arc1833

projection system1872

autonomic1908

parasympathetic1916

C.N.S.1932

neuroeffector1937

1916 Science 6 Oct. 486/1 The terminations of the post-ganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic.

1925 Jrnl. Physiol. 60 Suppl. p. ix The absence of effect of pilocarpine and atropine on muscle tonus indicates that the parasympathetics do not control the tonus of voluntary muscle.

1948 A. Brodal Neurol. Anat. xi. 340 From the anatomical arrangement of the sympathetic and parasympathetic it is also to be inferred that the former must be involved predominantly as a whole in diffuse reactions, affecting the entire organism, whereas in the latter, the structural organization permits more restricted, localized effects.

1967 G. M. Wyburn et al. Conc. Anat. iii. 92/1 Branches from the sympathetic and the vagus (the parasympathetic) form plexuses in relation to the arch of the aorta and the bifurcation of the trachea.

1990 New Scientist 14 July 57/1 In listing cholinergic neurones, it omits the post-ganglionic parasympathetics, as it does the gastrointestinal tract as an important site of muscarinic receptors of acetylcholine.

Derivatives

ˌparasympaˈthetically adv.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > nervous system > [adverb] > specific

parasympathetically1946

1946 Sociometry 9 196 Some individuals due to sympathetic dominance are apt in situations involving failure..to withdraw.., while the more parasympathetically dominant put forth an inefficient attack.

1957 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 125 463/1 For the most part a situation in which the sympathetic nervous activity is high inhibits parasympathetically innervated consummatory reactions.

1978 A. Wingate in M. U. Barnard et al. Human Sexuality for Health Professionals iii. 18 The first phase [of the male sexual response]..is parasympathetically mediated.

1999 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 1692/2 Muscarinic receptors mediate the well known functions of acetylcholine at parasympathetically innervated effector organs.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	parasympathetic
释义	parasympatheticadj.n. Brit. /ˌparəsɪmpəˈθɛtɪk/, U.S. /ˈˌpɛrəˌsɪmpəˈθɛdɪk/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; probably modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: para- prefix¹, sympathetic adj. Etymology: < para- prefix¹ + sympathetic adj., probably after French parasympathique (1903 as adjective, 1930 as noun). Anatomy and Physiology. A. adj. Of, relating to, or designating one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system, characterized by preganglionic fibres originating in the brain stem and in the sacral region of the spinal cord, and by the utilization of acetylcholine (rather than norepinephrine) as a postganglionic neurotransmitter. Contrasted with sympathetic.The physiological effects of parasympathetic nerves are generally antagonistic to those of sympathetic nerves, promoting peristalsis, blood flow, and glandular secretion in the gastrointestinal tract, decreasing cardiac output and smooth muscle activity elsewhere, and promoting the restoration or conservation of energy, esp. in recovery from action. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > nervous system > [adjective] > specific sympathetic1771 sympathic1836 association area1880 autonomic1898 parasympathetic1905 autonomous1908 thoracolumbar1918 sympathico-adrenal1928 neuroeffector1935 sympatho-adrenal1965 1905 J. N. Langley in Jrnl. Physiol. 33 403 In the cases in which a tissue has a nerve supply both from the sympathetic and para-sympathetic system there is evidence of considerable, if not exclusive, localisation. 1905 J. N. Langley in Jrnl. Physiol. 33 403 (note) I use the word para-sympathetic for the cranial and sacral autonomic systems. 1920 Gray's Anat. (ed. 21) 768 The peripheral part [of the autonomic system] is..arranged in two subsidiary systems—the parasympathetic system and the sympathetic system. 1940 H. A. McGuigan Appl. Pharmacol. 576 The action of pilocarpine and muscarine..seems to be on the parasympathetic nerve endings and not directly on the gland cell. 1946 Nature 10 Aug. 207/1 Most internal organs have a double nerve supply of which one is excitatory (sympathetic) and the other inhibitory (parasympathetic), that is, they work against each other. 1954 S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 12) v. 68 A second type of drug acts as a parasympathetic stimulant. 1968 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. xxiv. 90/2 Overall parasympathetic activity corresponds roughly to the picture of an old man asleep after dinner, i.e. slow heart, small pupils, constricted bronchioles and noisy breathing, salivary secretion, vigorous peristalsis. 1972 J. A. Wilson Princ. Animal Physiol. xi. 416/2 That part of the autonomic nervous system originating in the thorocolumbar portion of the spinal cord is the sympathetic division; that part originating in the other three segments of the central nervous system is the parasympathetic system. 1990 Jrnl. Developmental Physiol. 14 43/1 Heart rate was measured and selective pharmacological blockade was used to quantify sympathetic and parasympathetic tone. B. n. The parasympathetic nervous system; a parasympathetic nerve, neuron, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > nervous system > [noun] > specific sympathetic1808 central nervous system1826 reflex arc1833 projection system1872 autonomic1908 parasympathetic1916 C.N.S.1932 neuroeffector1937 1916 Science 6 Oct. 486/1 The terminations of the post-ganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic. 1925 Jrnl. Physiol. 60 Suppl. p. ix The absence of effect of pilocarpine and atropine on muscle tonus indicates that the parasympathetics do not control the tonus of voluntary muscle. 1948 A. Brodal Neurol. Anat. xi. 340 From the anatomical arrangement of the sympathetic and parasympathetic it is also to be inferred that the former must be involved predominantly as a whole in diffuse reactions, affecting the entire organism, whereas in the latter, the structural organization permits more restricted, localized effects. 1967 G. M. Wyburn et al. Conc. Anat. iii. 92/1 Branches from the sympathetic and the vagus (the parasympathetic) form plexuses in relation to the arch of the aorta and the bifurcation of the trachea. 1990 New Scientist 14 July 57/1 In listing cholinergic neurones, it omits the post-ganglionic parasympathetics, as it does the gastrointestinal tract as an important site of muscarinic receptors of acetylcholine. Derivatives ˌparasympaˈthetically adv. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > nervous system > [adverb] > specific parasympathetically1946 1946 Sociometry 9 196 Some individuals due to sympathetic dominance are apt in situations involving failure..to withdraw.., while the more parasympathetically dominant put forth an inefficient attack. 1957 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 125 463/1 For the most part a situation in which the sympathetic nervous activity is high inhibits parasympathetically innervated consummatory reactions. 1978 A. Wingate in M. U. Barnard et al. Human Sexuality for Health Professionals iii. 18 The first phase [of the male sexual response]..is parasympathetically mediated. 1999 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 1692/2 Muscarinic receptors mediate the well known functions of acetylcholine at parasympathetically innervated effector organs. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.1905
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