| 释义 |
particlen. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French particule; Latin particula. Etymology: < Middle French, French particule small part (1478), prefix (1529), small unit of a phrase (1541), short indeclinable word (1606), minute unit of matter, physically indivisible combination of atoms (1765) and its etymon classical Latin particula small quantity of matter, atom, small part, piece, section, section of a sentence, clause, small piece of ground, short, indeclinable word, prefix or suffix < parti- , alternative stem of part- , pars part n.1 + -cula -cule suffix. Compare Middle French (Liège) particles (plural) articles of a treaty (1395). Compare particule n. I. A small quantity of matter. 1. the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [noun] > minute particles of matter the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > [noun] > minute quantity of matter the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [noun] > atoms > physical atom the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a piece or bit > a particle a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add.) f. 130v An element is symple and lest particle [L. particula] of a body þat is compowned. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add.) f. 132v Sparcle is a litil particle of fire. 1495 (de Worde) viii. i. 295 Pertykyll. 1650 Sir T. Browne (ed. 2) ii. vii. 81 Whether those little dusty particles, upon the lower side of the leaves, be seeds. 1661 J. Glanvill x. 88 The different effects, which fire and water have on us, which we call heat and cold, result from the so differing configuration and agitation of their Particles. 1756 C. Lucas i. 43 It is impossible..to comprehend the size or form of an elementary particle of water. 1794 R. J. Sulivan I. 120 The aggregation of aqueous particles in the air, forming the drops of rain. 1800 tr. E. J. B. Bouillon-Lagrange II. 271 The oxide of copper combines easily with the greater part of the colouring particles precipitated by acids. 1837 W. Whewell I. i. ii. 64 The technical term, Atom, marks sufficiently the nature of the opinion. According to this theory, the world consists of a collection of simple particles, of one kind of matter, and of indivisible smallness. 1878 W. de W. Abney (1881) 11 When we say particle we mean to convey the idea of the smallest visible quantity of matter. a1901 W. Besant (1902) 117 Through the open windows..were borne black particles and a smell as of a bonfire. 1921 2/1 The catch basins..are adapted to concentrate the heavier particles of tar from smoke. 1990 24 July c3/5 It can detect just a single particle of DNA from a virus. society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > bread > [noun] > portion of 1728 E. Chambers (at cited word) In the Greek Church they have a particular Ceremony..of the Particles, wherein certain Crums of Bread not consecrated, are offer'd up. 1847 N. Wiseman Unreality Anglican Belief in Jan. 476 The word ‘particle’ being equally applied to the Host given in lay-communion, and to the smallest visible fragment. 1853 J. D. H. Dale tr. G. Baldeschi 104 After which he receives the Sacred Particle. 1972 P. D. Day 148 When each communicant receives the particle, he places his hand over his mouth, until the sacred species is consumed. the world > matter > physics > mechanics > dynamics > [noun] > minute mass of matter in 1706 (Royal Soc.) 25 2256 A a is the fluxional Particle of the Curve F A. 1743 W. Emerson 263 To find the Motion of any Particle of the String as suppose of X the middle Point. 1871 P. G. Tait & W. J. Steele (ed. 3) iv. Example 46 A heavy particle is projected from a given point with a given velocity. 1935 A. H. G. Palmer & K. S. Snell ix. 187 AC, DB, CP are three strings knotted together at C, the last supporting a particle of mass m at P. 1983 A. J. Sadler & D. W. S. Thorning v. 71 When more than three forces act upon a particle and a state of equilibrium exists,..a polygon of forces can be drawn. the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > quark > [noun] > short-lived entity composed of the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > [noun] > a particle 1898 J. J. Thomson 189 The other theory..regards the cathode rays as marking the course of a stream of negatively electrified particles. 1903 E. Rutherford in 6th Ser. 5 184 The α rays are complex, and probably consist of particles projected with velocities lying between certain limits. 1919 1 i. 36/2 An atom is a sort of solar system in miniature, and comprises a central core or nucleus..and a number of particles, called corpuscles, circulating round the nucleus. 1942 H. Dingle i. 12 We next assume that the atoms of all bodies are constructed from three kinds of particles—one positively electrified (the proton), one negatively electrified (the electron), and one unelectrified (the neutron). 1968 M. S. Livingston iv. 77 By this time [sc. 1947] the definition of elementary particles had expanded to include more than the components of atoms. It now included particles created in nuclear decay processes, such as pions and muons. 1969 5 Feb. 13/6 The Xi particles were formed in the bombardment of a tank of liquid hydrogen. 1992 Sept. 18/2 Physicists needed simply to show that gravitational waves actually consist of quantum particles, or gravitons, with properties similar to those of photons, gluons and other force-carrying particles. 2000 June 25/1 Quarks are subatomic particles that combine in twos or threes to form other particles such as protons and neutrons. II. General and abstract senses. 4. the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a small part or proportion a1400 tr. Lanfranc (Ashm.) (1894) 192 (MED) Blood leting is good þerfore if oþere particlis accordiþ þerfore. a1450 (Faust.) (1883) 1395 To Dan Benne..con þey speke..to byche hem somme particulle of þat releke. a1456 J. Lydgate (1911) i. 41 (MED) Þis hoost is hole in ech partye, Boþe God and man..In eche partycle hoole and vndevyded. 1567 Earl Mar's Househ. Bk. in G. Chalmers (1818) I. 178 Ane particle of beif. 1613 S. Purchas 66 Persians..accounted the Sunne the greatest God, and worshipped the Fire as a particle thereof. 1647 W. Lilly xxix. 193 I ever tooke..that very particule of hour when it was proposed. 1664 H. Power i. 7 [Horse Fly] You shall most fairly see..a pulsing particle (which certainly is the heart). 1690 J. Locke ii. xiii. 81 And if where the least Particle of the Body divided, is as big as a Mustard-seed, a void Space equal to the bulk of a Mustard-seed, be requisite to make room for the free motion of the Parts of the divided Body. 1745 tr. L. J. M. Columella xi. ii One particle or degree of the Ecliptic. 1788 J. Madison xxxix. 20 Holland, in which no particle of the supreme authority is derived from the people, has passed almost universally under the denomination of a republic. 1836 R. W. Emerson i I am part or particle of God. 1881 ‘M. Twain’ xxxi. 374 Now began a movement of the gorgeous particles of that official group. 1980 A. Tyler ii. i. 24 And if you could see inside..you would find the particles of related people's unrelated worlds: his daughters' booksacks tumbling across the hall radiator..his wife's League of Women Voters leaflets. the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic unit or constituent > [noun] > clause a1402 J. Trevisa tr. R. Fitzralph (Harl.) (1925) 80 Touchyng þat y seide also þat he loued nouȝt pouert for hitsilf, Þis particle y preue first. ?a1450 (?c1400) (Lamb.) (1901) 15 (MED) Eche on of þese thre partyes contenys many partyclys. a1530 W. Bonde (1531) iii. f. Clxxxxix The thyrde particle of this first article of our fayth, is Creatorem celi et terre. 1547 in D. W. Crossley (1975) 61 In primis for Cuttyng of woode Rayling and Dykyng Ther hoc anno as the particelles dothe appere by The seyde boke. 1563 f. 20v Of the formar pertickle I mark twa heides in speciall. 1634 T. Herbert 156 Iust when they are praying that particle. 1789 T. Taylor tr. Proclus II. 102 Those who enunciated this proposition, and at the same time omitted the particle, having one side produced. 1983 C. Ozick (1984) 67 Something in him..did not allow him to believe that midrash was min hashamayim, a species of celestial anecdote, a particle of the Oral Law. the world > the earth > land > tract > [noun] > small c1460 in A. Clark (1907) 41 (MED) We conferme..the church of seynte George..with all his pertinences and particlis in the seyde diocese. a1475 in A. Clark (1905) i. 292 (MED) Euery particle of all the lond and mede aforenamed were specified. 1535–6 in H. M. Paton (1957) I. 181 Attour the liii lib...ix lib...and xxvi lib. contenit in thair enteres in the first particule of eistland burd second particule of dalis and vii particule of aikin tymmer is payit to thame attour the foirsaid soumys [£11.12.4]. 1540 (1814) II. 376/2 Þe landis and barony of Estwemis..aduocatioun and donatioun of kirkis tenentis tenandrijs particulis pendiculis..and pertinentis þarof. 1839 V. 330/2 Confiscation o' a' gudes, gear, chattels, particles, and pendicles. 1890 A. W. Moore 318 Small portions of land which, though not intacks, were, for some unknown reason, not included in the designation of Quartir~land, are called Particles..they are now on the same footing as the Quartirlands. 6. Grammar. the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > [noun] > function word the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > morpheme > [noun] > affix 1533 N. Udall 107 Compowned with theym selfes, they sygnifye as moche as if they were compowned with this partycle cumque, as quisquis, i. quicunque. 1535 G. Joye sig. E.vii There thys particle (and) expowneth what yt is to come to Crist. 1611 J. Florio at In A Particle or Preposition locall and of priuation. c1620 A. Hume (1870) ii. xi. §9 Ane is a noun of number,..an a particule of determination preceding a voual. 1668 Bp. J. Wilkins iv. vi. 452 Their words are not declined by Terminations, but by Particles, which makes their Grammar much more easie than that of the Latin. 1711 R. Steele No. 147. ⁋3 Emphasis..improperly..placed on some very insignificant Particle, as upon if, or and. 1762 Ld. Kames II. xviii. 404 Conjunctions, prepositions, articles, and such like accessories, passing under the name of particles. 1811 R. B. Sheridan 11 Jan. (1966) III. 99 Yet there is an omission in the Copy of the word ‘however’ after the words ‘deeply impressed’ and this being a conjunctive particle the leaving it out mars the meaning of the sentence. 1845 J. Stoddart Gram. in (1847) I. 65/1 These inferior Parts of speech have been called particles: and, as such, are sometimes distinguished from words, and sometimes treated only as a separate class of words. 1868 W. E. Gladstone (1870) ii. 54 To hold that it attains its initial vowel by junction with the particle α in its intensive or any other sense. 1924 O. Jespersen 87 I therefore propose to revert to the old terminology by which these four classes [sc. adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections] are treated as one called ‘particles’. 1965 46 439 By ‘particles’ he [sc. A. S. C. Ross] means, not only prepositions, articles, indefinite pronouns, etc., but also prefixes, suffixes and inflectional endings. 1991 36 333 In this case, the particle is a sentence final marker serving to specify the speakers assertion of the content of the entire sentence. the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > other parts of speech > [noun] > other spec. 1925 J. H. Grattan & P. Gurrey xii. 80 When, therefore, such words [as in ‘He has run up a bill’] differ clearly from the ordinary adverb, it is advisable to give them a more precise label: Verbal Particles. 1957 N. Chomsky vii. 76 Further investigation of the verb phrase shows that there is a general verb + complement..construction that behaves very much like the verb + particle construction. 1989 Apr. 39/1 Most phrasal verbs are made up of a monosyllabic verb of movement like go, come or take and an adverbial particle of location or direction such as up and down, in and out, on and off. the world > relative properties > quantity > smallness of quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > a small quantity or amount > a very small amount > specifically of something immaterial 1620 T. Granger 32 Performed by and in all actions, and things, to the least particle. 1731 in H. Hamilton (1945) 1 An Exact Inventary..with the just values and prices sett down to each particule. 1744 E. Young 41 This Particle of Energy divine. 1795 W. Paley (ed. 3) II. iii. iv. 316 They had never entertained a particle of doubt. 1843 E. A. Poe Murders in Rue Morgue in 14 There was not a particle of charlatânerie about Dupin. 1875 B. Jowett tr. Plato (ed. 2) I. 361 No one who has a particle of understanding. 1898 Nov. 725 There was not a particle of ‘brag’ about him. 1921 J. Galsworthy 98 You and I would tell our stories to the world without a particle of shame. 1940 Apr. 20/2 Didn't do a particle of damage except to behead a few track bolts and clip a few bondwires. 1991 2 7 The petitioner-appellant in this case..took not a particle of comfort when an order was entered..awarding title to various artifacts..to a rival. Compounds C1. a. 1909 A. 82 262 This points to the particle-size as being the one factor in modifying the absorption. 1966 D. G. Brandon v. 249 The quantitative analysis of particle-size or grain-size distributions. 2001 (Rio Tinto plc) Dec. 17/3 The ability of sophisticated talc producers to control the particle size and shape..is of great benefit to the cosmetic formulator. b. 1947 Dec. 82/1 An electrostatic particle-accelerating machine called a Van de Graaf generator. 1975 2 Oct. 360/2 Work has thrived on the use of pulsed sources, including particle-accelerating machines, for neutron diffraction experiments. C2. the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle accelerator > [noun] 1945 68 143/2 (heading) The synchrotron—a proposed high energy particle accelerator. 1968 21 Dec. 13/7 Bubble chambers..are used in conjunction with powerful particle accelerators—machines that produce beams of high energy particles—to study how subatomic particles interact. 1991 C. A. Ronan 8 (caption) The reactions brought about by modern particle accelerators mimic processes that occurred in the first split second of the universe. 1929 A. 122 678 The line joining their ends was perpendicular to the direction of the central ray of the α-particle beam.] 1953 A. 220 498 The particle beam could be cut off by an electromagnetically controlled shutter H. 1978 18 Dec. 32/1 There is some speculation in the intelligence agencies in Washington that the Soviet Union is ahead of the U.S. in researching particle-beam weapons. 2002 A. Reynolds xxv. 369 The yields were about one hundredth of a crustbuster burst, which was sufficient to power a particle beam or graser with a five-light-second kill range. 1956 W. Rindler in 116 663 The other type of horizon, which I shall call a particle-horizon, is exemplified by the Einstein–de Sitter model-universe. 1966 33 210 The Particle Horizon only represents a limit to my present knowledge, not to my future knowledge. 1991 32 85 On very large scales (on the order of the particle horizon, i.e. some 7 Gpc) the Universe is well understood in the theoretical framework of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker..solutions of the Einstein equations. 2006 M. P. Hobson et al. xv. 419 Particle horizons also occur in other cosmological models, for example in the spatially flat Lemaitre model..that seems to provide a reasonable description of our universe. 1958 10 May 3/2 Dr. Warren B. Cheston..will talk on ‘The Elementary Particle Zoo’ at 8 p.m., Monday, May 12.] 1964 14 Feb. 10/4 Dr Selove will be at Denison Monday and Tuesday... Her lecture Tuesday, ‘The Particle Zoo’, is under the auspices of the Denison Scientific Association. 1982 J. T. Fraser ii. 26 Quantum theoretical considerations are significant for all members of the particle zoo including the two or three massless objects which constitute its lower boundaries. 2004 Jan. 69/2 The pentaquark..would be an unusual addition to the particle zoo: it's composed of five quarks not the typical two or three. Derivatives the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > [adjective] > composed of or consisting in > particles 1851 J. J. G. Wilkinson 179 If there exists even in the cold life of plants a natural attraction of particled fluids to their destination. 1883 14 June 148/2 An ether whose condensation yields particled matter. 1941 3 Jan. 4/1 (advt.) For gelatinous or large particled precipitates; use soft, open rapid filtering grades. 1998 (Nexis) 26 Oct. f1 I note the dust motes on the sparse furnishings and particled burns in the dirty carpet as I await the tax police. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † particlev.Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: particle n. Etymology: < particle n. N.E.D. (1904) gives the pronunciation as (pā·ɹtik'l) /ˈpɑːtɪk(ə)l/. Obsolete. the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > conjunction > connect by means of a conjunction [verb (transitive)] 1616 T. Granger sig. O4v The simple is particled also by clauses imperfect, or perfect. 1650 48 If they be not the same persons, how come they to be thus particled together? This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2019). <  n.a1398 v.1616 |
