per accidensadv.

Brit.

/pəːr ˈaksᵻdɛnz/, U.S.

/pər ˈæksəd(ə)nz/

Forms:

α. 1500s per accidence.

β. 1500s– per accidens.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin per accidens.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin per accidens (4th cent.: see also note below) < classical Latin per per prep. + accidēns accident n., usually after ancient Greek κατὰ συμβεβηκός (Aristotle).In sense 2 after post-classical Latin conversio per accidens (a525 in Boethius: see below), so called because the particular affirmation in this case serves indirectly as converse for a universal affirmation with whose subaltern particular it is directly (principaliter) convertible. Aristotle (e.g. Prior Analytics 25^a10) uses ancient Greek ἀντιστρέϕειν κατὰ μέρος ‘to convert as to a part’, because only part of the statement is converted.a525 Boethius de Syllogismo Categorico (1570) i. 539 Per accidens autem converti dicitur particularis affirmatio universali affirmationi, quia particularis affirmatio sibi ipsi principali convertitur.

1. By chance, by virtue of some incidental or non-essential circumstance; contingently, indirectly. Frequently opposed to per se.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > chance or causelessness > chance [phrase] > by chance

by perchance1495

at a venture1517

per accidens1528

at hazard (also hazards)a1533

at random1543

by occasion1562

at range1568

by the way1572

by (also at) (a) peradventurea1586

hit or miss1609

at the by1611

hob-nob1660

hit and miss1897

a1425 ( H. Daniel Liber Uricrisiarum (Wellcome 225) 128 (MED) Not forþan per accidens, id est unpropirly, & be oþer enchesoun þat sumtym byfallys mony blak colorys..when..in þe way partys..are..blak kindly, þai caus a blakhede in þe uryn.]

1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano Regimen Sanitatis Salerni sig. Nii Never the lesse water temperately colde some tyme per accidence [L. per accidens] stereth one to have an appetite.

1572 J. Whitgift Wks. (1852) II. 83 For they belong unto God properly and per se, to man per accidens.

1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 221 Causes per se, and Causes per Accidens working the same Effects.

a1680 S. Charnock Wks. (1684) II. 193 This punishment is only accidental to the Gospel, it becomes the savour of death, per accidens, because of the unbelief of those that reject it.

a1734 R. North Examen (1740) i. ii. §148. 113 The whole Set..might have taken Offence, as put upon a Level in Treason with him, chosen out of their Company, not per se, but, per accidens.

1790 S. Seabury Addr. to Ministers & Congregations 35 This theory..represents it not as anything real.., but as merely depending on the struggles for power, and so only good per accidens.

1881 J. Todhunter Rienzi i. i. 6 I am barber per accidens; but my vera essentia is philosopher.

1912 Catholic Encycl. XIV. 10/2 It is per accidens, for an extrinsic reason, that venial sin in this case is irreparable.

1961 H. Kenner Samuel Beckett 177 Old Madden is a bore not per accidens but by predilection.

2000 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 28 Jan. 22 Anal intercourse, by contrast, is unsuited to reproduction per se and not per accidens.

2. Logic. Of a conversion: by which the quantity of the proposition is changed from universal to particular. Frequently in conversion per accidens (also called conversion by limitation), opposed to simple conversion at conversion n. 4.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical proposition > conversion of a proposition > [noun] > types of

contraposition1551

conversion per accidens1599

infinitation1652

transversion1890

1599 T. Blundeville Art of Logike iii. 69 They say that the disiunct..may be conuerted both simplie and per accidens.

1677 T. Good Brief Eng. Tract Logick 27 Conversion per Accidens is a change of the Subject into the place of the Predicate, et contra, keeping the same Quality, but changing of Quantity.

1788 H. H. Kames Sketches Hist. Man III. 354 When the quantity is diminished, as in the universal affirmative, it is called conversion per accidens.

1840 R. Whately Elem. Logic (ed. 7) 77 This might be fairly named conversion by limitation; but is commonly called ‘Conversion per accidens’.

1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic 158 The Judgment O remains, and this cannot be converted either simply or per accidens.

1916 H. W. B. Joseph Introd. to Logic x. 211 A proposition is said to be converted by limitation, or per accidens, when, it being universal, its converse is particular.

1999 J. Van Cleve Probl. from Kant xii. 202 The classical inference of conversion per accidens (i.e., from ‘all F is G’ to ‘some G is F’) is valid only if A-propositions are accorded existential import.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	per accidens
释义	per accidensadv. Brit. /pəːr ˈaksᵻdɛnz/, U.S. /pər ˈæksəd(ə)nz/ Forms: α. 1500s per accidence. β. 1500s– per accidens. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin per accidens. Etymology: < post-classical Latin per accidens (4th cent.: see also note below) < classical Latin per per prep. + accidēns accident n., usually after ancient Greek κατὰ συμβεβηκός (Aristotle).In sense 2 after post-classical Latin conversio per accidens (a525 in Boethius: see below), so called because the particular affirmation in this case serves indirectly as converse for a universal affirmation with whose subaltern particular it is directly (principaliter) convertible. Aristotle (e.g. Prior Analytics 25^a10) uses ancient Greek ἀντιστρέϕειν κατὰ μέρος ‘to convert as to a part’, because only part of the statement is converted.a525 Boethius de Syllogismo Categorico (1570) i. 539 Per accidens autem converti dicitur particularis affirmatio universali affirmationi, quia particularis affirmatio sibi ipsi principali convertitur. 1. By chance, by virtue of some incidental or non-essential circumstance; contingently, indirectly. Frequently opposed to per se. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > chance or causelessness > chance [phrase] > by chance by perchance1495 at a venture1517 per accidens1528 at hazard (also hazards)a1533 at random1543 by occasion1562 at range1568 by the way1572 by (also at) (a) peradventurea1586 hit or miss1609 at the by1611 hob-nob1660 hit and miss1897 a1425 ( H. Daniel Liber Uricrisiarum (Wellcome 225) 128 (MED) Not forþan per accidens, id est unpropirly, & be oþer enchesoun þat sumtym byfallys mony blak colorys..when..in þe way partys..are..blak kindly, þai caus a blakhede in þe uryn.] 1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano Regimen Sanitatis Salerni sig. Nii Never the lesse water temperately colde some tyme per accidence [L. per accidens] stereth one to have an appetite. 1572 J. Whitgift Wks. (1852) II. 83 For they belong unto God properly and per se, to man per accidens. 1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 221 Causes per se, and Causes per Accidens working the same Effects. a1680 S. Charnock Wks. (1684) II. 193 This punishment is only accidental to the Gospel, it becomes the savour of death, per accidens, because of the unbelief of those that reject it. a1734 R. North Examen (1740) i. ii. §148. 113 The whole Set..might have taken Offence, as put upon a Level in Treason with him, chosen out of their Company, not per se, but, per accidens. 1790 S. Seabury Addr. to Ministers & Congregations 35 This theory..represents it not as anything real.., but as merely depending on the struggles for power, and so only good per accidens. 1881 J. Todhunter Rienzi i. i. 6 I am barber per accidens; but my vera essentia is philosopher. 1912 Catholic Encycl. XIV. 10/2 It is per accidens, for an extrinsic reason, that venial sin in this case is irreparable. 1961 H. Kenner Samuel Beckett 177 Old Madden is a bore not per accidens but by predilection. 2000 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 28 Jan. 22 Anal intercourse, by contrast, is unsuited to reproduction per se and not per accidens. 2. Logic. Of a conversion: by which the quantity of the proposition is changed from universal to particular. Frequently in conversion per accidens (also called conversion by limitation), opposed to simple conversion at conversion n. 4. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > logical proposition > conversion of a proposition > [noun] > types of contraposition1551 conversion per accidens1599 infinitation1652 transversion1890 1599 T. Blundeville Art of Logike iii. 69 They say that the disiunct..may be conuerted both simplie and per accidens. 1677 T. Good Brief Eng. Tract Logick 27 Conversion per Accidens is a change of the Subject into the place of the Predicate, et contra, keeping the same Quality, but changing of Quantity. 1788 H. H. Kames Sketches Hist. Man III. 354 When the quantity is diminished, as in the universal affirmative, it is called conversion per accidens. 1840 R. Whately Elem. Logic (ed. 7) 77 This might be fairly named conversion by limitation; but is commonly called ‘Conversion per accidens’. 1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic 158 The Judgment O remains, and this cannot be converted either simply or per accidens. 1916 H. W. B. Joseph Introd. to Logic x. 211 A proposition is said to be converted by limitation, or per accidens, when, it being universal, its converse is particular. 1999 J. Van Cleve Probl. from Kant xii. 202 The classical inference of conversion per accidens (i.e., from ‘all F is G’ to ‘some G is F’) is valid only if A-propositions are accorded existential import. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adv.1528
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