pennyn.

Brit.

/ˈpɛni/, U.S.

/ˈpɛni/

Inflections: Plural pennies Brit.

/ˈpɛnɪz/, U.S.

/ˈpɛniz/, pence Brit.

/pɛns/, U.S.

/pɛns/.

Forms: 1. Singular.

α. Old English pæning, Old English pending, Old English peninc, Old English penincg, Old English pening, Old English peningc, Old English penning (Northumbrian), early Middle English peninng ( Ormulum). eOE (Kentish) Will of Abba (Sawyer 1482) in F. E. Harmer Sel. Eng. Hist. Docs. 9th & 10th Cent. (1914) 4 Him mon forgefe ðeran ðreotene hund pending [a] .OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Matt. xxii. 19 Optulerunt ei denarium : gebrohtun him penning.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 50 Hic ass þes peningc [OE Durh. pening, OE Faust. penig, c1225 Worcester pæni].OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xx. 9 Þa onfengon hig ælc his pening [c1200 Hatton panig].c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 3281 Illc mann an peninng ȝæfe.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 3287 Forr to lokenn. Hu mikell fehh he mihhte..sammnenn. Þurrh þatt himm shollde off illc an mann An pening wurrþenn reccnedd.

β. Old English pendic (perhaps transmission error), Old English peneg, Old English pennig, Old English–early Middle English pænig, Old English–early Middle English penig, late Old English penug, late Old English–early Middle English pæni, late Old English–1600s peni, early Middle English panig, Middle English pane, Middle English pani, Middle English pany, Middle English pene, Middle English peney, Middle English–1500s penye, Middle English–1500s peyne, Middle English–1600s penie, Middle English–1700s pennie, Middle English–1700s (1900s– historical) peny, 1500s peany, 1500s penne, 1500s–1600s pennye, 1500s– penny; Scottish pre-1700 pane- (in compounds), pre-1700 pany, pre-1700 pene, pre-1700 peni- (in compounds), pre-1700 penne, pre-1700 penney, pre-1700 pennye, pre-1700 1700s– pennie, pre-1700 1700s– penny, pre-1700 1800s peny, 1900s– panny; N.E.D. (1905) also records a form late Middle English penny. OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xx. 2 He sealde ælcon ænne penig [c1200 Hatton ænne pænig].c1200 ( West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Hatton) xx. 9 Þa onfengen hi ælch hys panig [OE Corpus Cambr. pening, OE Cambr. Univ. Libr. penig].a1225 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Lamb.) 67 in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 163 Alse mid his penie alse oðer mið his punde.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22328 For a peni [a1400 Fairf. peny] it sal be sald.a1500 (?c1450) Merlin 142 For a peny that ye lese on this side, ye shall wynne tweyn.1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 253/1 Penny coyne, denier.1584 H. Llwyd & D. Powel Hist. Cambria 71 To giue them a penie for euerie man.1623 R. Hartwell in Record's Ground of Arts (rev. ed.) ii. 324 That a Sterling peny, round without clipping, did then weigh 32 cornes of wheat drie.1669 A. Marvell Let. 11 Nov. in Poems & Lett. (1971) II. 262 If at an halfpeny and a penny he might haue 200^li yeare.1673 C. Hatton in E. M. Thompson Corr. Family of Hatton (1878) I. 118 To be shewn as a sight, peni apiece.1792 R. Burns in J. Johnson Scots Musical Museum IV. 327 Bad luck on the pennie that tempted my minnie To sell her poor Jenny for siller an' lan'.1859 ‘G. Eliot’ Adam Bede III. iii. xlix. 220 I'll bet a penny that new house Burge is building on his own bit o' land is for him and Mary to go to.1984 S. Johnson Tunnel xx. 176 They had cost him a fortune but he regarded every penny as being well-spent.

2. Plural.

α. Old English pæningas, Old English pendingas, Old English penengas, Old English peningas, Old English penningas (Northumbrian), early Middle English peninges. eOE (Kentish) Will of Abba (Sawyer 1482) in F. E. Harmer Sel. Eng. Hist. Docs. 9th & 10th Cent. (1914) 5 Se mann se to londe foe, agefe hire erfehonda xiii pund pendinga.eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) l. 391 We eac wiernað urum cildum urra peninga mid to plegianne.eOE Laws of Ælfred (Corpus Cambr. 173) iii. 50 Gebete..þæs borges bryce mid v pundum mærra pæninga.OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Matt. xx. 9 Acceperunt singulos denarios: onfengon suindrigo penningas.a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Titus) (1963) 34 Nalde he cunne God þanc a mon þt duste upon him of peninges [a1250 Nero ponewes; a1300 Caius poneges; ?c1225 Cleo. peonewes] a bigurdel for to raimen him wið.

β. Old English pænegas, Old English pænigas, Old English panægas, Old English penegas, Old English peneggas, Old English penicas (Northumbrian, perhaps transmission error), Old English penigas, Old English peniggas, late Old English peniges, early Middle English panegas, early Middle English paneges, early Middle English paneȝes, early Middle English panewes, early Middle English panigas, early Middle English paniȝes, early Middle English peneȝa (genitive), early Middle English peneȝæ (genitive), early Middle English peneȝes, early Middle English peniȝa (genitive), early Middle English peniȝes, early Middle English peonehes, early Middle English peonewes, early Middle English poneges, early Middle English ponewæs, early Middle English ponewes, Middle English panes, Middle English panis, Middle English pannes, Middle English panyes, Middle English panys, Middle English penes, Middle English penese, Middle English peneys, Middle English peniis, Middle English penijs, Middle English penis, Middle English pennis, Middle English pennyys, Middle English penyes, Middle English penyis, Middle English penyse, Middle English peynes, Middle English peyneyes, Middle English–1500s pennes, Middle English–1600s penys, Middle English–1700s penies, Middle English–1800s pennys, Middle English– pennies; Scottish pre-1700 paneis, pre-1700 penec, pre-1700 penes, pre-1700 peneyis, pre-1700 peniis, pre-1700 penijs, pre-1700 penis, pre-1700 penneis, pre-1700 pennes, pre-1700 penneyes, pre-1700 penneyis, pre-1700 penneys, pre-1700 penniis, pre-1700 pennijs, pre-1700 pennis, pre-1700 pennyeis, pre-1700 pennyes, pre-1700 pennyies, pre-1700 pennyis, pre-1700 pennys, pre-1700 pennyse, pre-1700 penyes, pre-1700 penyis, pre-1700 penys, pre-1700 1700s penies, pre-1700 1700s– pennies; N.E.D.(1905) also records a form early Middle English paneȝas. OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xx. 10 Þa onfengon hig syndrige penegas [c1200 Hatton sindrie paneges].OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) x. 35 [He] brohte oðrum dæge twegen penegas [c1200 Hatton paneges].a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 85 Þa twein peneȝes.a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 79 Befasteð here paneȝes ðe haðene menn.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 1185 Pælles & purpras, & guldene ponewæs [c1300 Otho panewes].c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 7328 Twalf panewes.?a1300 St. Eustace (Digby) l. 6 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 211 Of gold and ponewes [v.r. penyes] rounde.c1300 St. Mary of Egypt (Laud) 93 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 263 A man..ȝaf hire þreo rounde panes.?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 92 For xxx peniis he him sold. ▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 345 Saturnus..ordeyned pannes [?a1475 anon. tr. penyes; L. nummos] of bras.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 4835 Al redi penijs [a1400 Gött. penis; a1400 Trin. Cambr. pens; a1400 Fairf. payment] for to tell.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 13483 Qua had o penis [a1400 Trin. Cambr. who so had penies] thre hundreth Bred for to bi.?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) 6346 He clekyd vp in mouthe hys Penys foure.a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 18037 The pennis that iudas toke.c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 52 Of hem þat ȝeuen a peney, or peyneyes, to prestis.c1480 (a1400) St. James Less 734 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 171 For pennyse thretty.1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII c. 19 §14 All manner of pennys beyng siluer.1568 (?a1513) W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 254 Gif I ten dayis wan pennyis thre.a1649 W. Drummond Hist. James I in Wks. (1711) 3 Twelve Pennies of the Pound.1737 (title) An Act for laying a Duty of Two Penies Scots upon every Scots Pint of Ale and Beer.1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxvii. 279 As the people come out, they rattled the pennies in it.1990 Daily Tel. 7 Apr. 3/3 All of it was sold to other down-and-outs in the Waterloo area for pennies.

γ. Middle English paas (transmission error), Middle English pans, Middle English payns, Middle English pensse, Middle English pons, Middle English spense (transmission error), Middle English–1500s pens, Middle English–1500s pense, 1500s penens (transmission error), 1500s– pence; Scottish pre-1700 penc, pre-1700 pens, pre-1700 pins, pre-1700 1700s– pence, pre-1700 (1900s– north-eastern, in compounds) pince. c1300 Judas Iscariot (Harl.) 138 in F. J. Furnivall Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 111 Oure louerd for þrettie pans he solde.1340 Ayenbite (1866) 23 Þri manere of guodes..þet þe dyeuel wyle begge mid his pans.c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) John xii. 5 Whi this oygnement is not seeld for thre hundred pens, and is ȝouun to nedy men?c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. v. 243 To wey pens [v.r. pans] with a peys.a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 17732 The pound for xxty pans [v.r. pens] I selle.?a1500 in Hist. MSS Comm.: 10th Rep.: App. Pt. IV: MSS Earl of Westmorland &c. (1885) 424 in Parl. Papers (C. 4576) XLI. 51 21 pense in pense and half pense.1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. xviii. f. xxvj Wone off his felowes, which ought hym an hundred pence.1549 Counterpart of Lease (Brasenose Coll. Oxf. Archives) (Hurst Cal. of Munim. 14, Leominster 6) Fore pense.1611 in H. Maule Reg. de Panmure (1874) I. p. xliv Seaventine hankes of Lyons 2 of them at six penc the hank.1716 J. Gay Trivia iii. 74 His scatter'd Pence the flying Nicker flings, And with the Copper Show'r the Casement rings.1862 D. T. Ansted & R. G. Latham Channel Islands App. B. 571 Thirteen Jersey pence are equivalent to an English shilling.1914 J. Leatham Daavit 39 We've jist pey't auchtpince for wir dram.1990 Field Feb. 67/2 I would lay pounds to pence against this happening within five years.

δ. late Middle English penses, late Middle English pensys, 1500s pencys. 1482 Monk of Evesham 52 Tho fyrye pensys y was compellyd to deuoure with an opyn mowthe.1495 Rolls of Parl. VI. 463/1 Receptes of Penses to the same Elizabeth.1551–2 in T. Sharp Diss. Cov. Myst. 22 Reseyved of the craft for pagent pencys iiis. 4d.1591 (?a1425) Annunciation & Nativity (Huntington) in R. M. Lumiansky & D. Mill Chester Myst. Cycle (1974) I. 112 A penye of eych man have will hee—the valewe of ten pences hit shallbee—to knowledge that hee hase soverayntee fullye of all mankynd.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian panning , penning , pannig , Middle Dutch penninc , pennic , pennich , penich , penech (Dutch penning ), Old Saxon penning , pening (Middle Low German penninc , penning , penninch , pening , pennic , etc.), Old High German pfending , pfennig , pfenning , penting , etc. (Middle High German phenninc , phennic , pfennig , etc., German Pfennig ), Old Icelandic penningr , pengr (Icelandic peningur ), Old Swedish pänninger , peninger , pänigher , penigher (Swedish peng (chiefly in plural pengar ), penning , †pennig ), Old Danish pænning , pænnigh (Danish (plural) penge , (archaic) penning , †pending ), further etymology uncertain (see below). The Scandinavian forms are probably ultimately borrowings from Old English, Old Frisian, or Old Saxon. A cognate is not recorded in Gothic, which has skatts (see scat n.¹) for Hellenistic Greek δηνάριος in the New Testament.The West Germanic form apparently shows a base plus the suffix -ing suffix³. The identity of the base is completely unknown, as is its original form, whether *pan- , *pann- , or *pand- ; it is also difficult by any analysis to account for the variation between forms with and without -d- . Two frequent suggestions are that the word is formed on the West Germanic base of Old High German pfant (see pawn n.³; hence with original form *pand- ), or that it is formed on the West Germanic base of pan n.¹, probably on account of the similarity in shape (hence with original form *pann- ); both of these words are of uncertain further etymology. Another suggestion (perhaps not incompatible with a common origin for this word and Old High German pfant : see pawn n.³) is that the word shows a very early borrowing of classical Latin pondus (see pound n.¹), although the vowel quality presents problems. If any of these hypotheses is correct, it is likely that the variation between forms with and without -d- results from analogy with these words or others. Isolated borrowing of the Germanic word into post-classical Latin (as pendica , pendicum ) occurs in an 8th-cent. continental manuscript (probably from the monastery of St Gallen, Switzerland) which also contains much material in Old English and Old High German:a800 Latin-Old Eng. Gloss. (Leiden Voss. Lat. 4° 69) in J. H. Hessels Latin-Anglo-Saxon Gloss. (1906) 29/2 Libra lxxii solidos greci lxxxiiii solidos pendica... Siliquas argeos idest pendicum. The regular plural form pennies (A. 2 β) is rare in England from the 16th cent. to the early 19th cent.; it has subsequently been used mainly of the individual coins. It has continued in unbroken use in Scots, in which pence is in general less common. In the U.S. pennies is usual at all periods. The contracted form pence (A. 2 γ), the usual plural in English south of the Border from the 16th to the 18th centuries, tends after c1800 to be used collectively, expressing the amount, however made up; but it is sometimes used of individual coins, when no stress is laid upon their being such. Pence is especially used after numerals, where from twopence to elevenpence (rarely twelvepence ) and formerly in twentypence , it is unstressed, and (from the 16th to the later 20th cent.) is frequently written in combination. With other numbers pence is written separately (or hyphenated) and has a separate stress. Since the introduction of decimal currency in the United Kingdom in 1971 and the consequent abolition of the shilling of twelve pence, the use of numbers higher than twelve with pence has probably become slightly more usual, especially if there is a coin of corresponding value (e.g. twenty pence , fifty pence ). On the other hand, the unstressed form of pence in compounds has tended to give way to the stressed form, written separately (e.g. five pence ). Finally, in all cases, the use of the written abbreviation p. and its spoken form (see P n. Initialisms, pee n.⁶) has made the use of pence less common than in the time of the former currency. When a combination of number + pence means a single coin, or even a single amount, it is treated as a single noun, and may have a plural, e.g. ‘a new sixpence’, ‘two sixpences’; ‘the schoolchildren's twopences’, ‘how many eightpences are there in ten shillings?’: see twopence n., threepence n., etc. To such combinations, halfpenny and farthing were formerly added without and , e.g. ‘postage twopence-halfpenny’, ‘the early penny-farthing foreign post-card’, ‘a sixpence-halfpenny shop’ (compare quot. 1560 at sense 1a(a)γ. ). These phrases may also take a plural. Adjective or attributive uses of these combinations are formed with -penny , e.g. twopenny , etc.: see sense 5. For use of the plural form pence as a singular, see pence n. Until the introduction of decimal currency in the United Kingdom in 1971, penny and pence were conventionally represented by the abbreviation d (for Latin denarius : see sense 1a); quotations showing the abbreviation rather than the word written in full are avoided here.

I. Senses denoting coins or money.

a. Originally: a monetary unit and coin of the English (later British) currency equal to ¹/ ₁₂ of a shilling, or ¹/ ₂₄₀ of a pound; denoted by d (for Latin denarius, denarii) (now historical). Later (since 15 February 1971): a smaller coin of the value of ¹/ ₁₀₀ of a pound, also known for a time as the new penny (see new adj. 4a); denoted by p. See P n. Initialisms and pee n.⁶Originally and for many centuries made of silver, in later times of copper and of bronze. The coining of silver pennies for general circulation ceased in 1800; a small number have since been regularly coined as Maundy money. Copper pennies began to be coined in 1797 (copper halfpence and farthings having been used from the time of Charles II) and bronze in 1860.For the relative distribution of the regular and contracted plural forms, see etymological note.

(a) In plural.

ΚΠ

α.

eOE (Kentish) Will of Abba (Sawyer 1482) in F. E. Harmer Sel. Eng. Hist. Docs. 9th & 10th Cent. (1914) 4 Him mon forgefe ðeran ðreotene hund pending [a] .

eOE Laws of Ine (Corpus Cambr. 173) lviii. 114 Oxan horn bið x pæninga weorð.

β. OE Poenitentiale Pseudo-Egberti (Corpus Cambr.) iv. lvii. 67 Se rihtscylling byð a be twelf penegum.lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 777 Seo Cuðbriht geaf þone abbote l punde þær fore, & ilca gear anes nihtes feorme ouðer xxx scyllinge penega.c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 1172 (MED) Þer weren penies þicke tolde.a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) 3054 (MED) Þe best þat sewes here any styk, Takes bot foure penys in a wik.1691 J. Dunton Voy. round World III. i. 37 I began to examine my little Fob, to see what pennies I had to carry me home.1751 T. Smollett Peregrine Pickle I. xii. 87 He..obtained sundry honorary silver pennies, as acknowledgements of his application.1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxvii. 279 As the people come out, they rattled the pennies in it.1865 Reader No. 148. 493/2 A large hoard of short-cross pennies.1866 A. Crump Pract. Treat. Banking x. 226 Coinage of England: Athelstan a.d. 925 to Henry II a.d. 1189, silver pennies only.1994 Daily Tel. 21 Nov. 5/1 No pennies dated 1933 were issued for general circulation because by October 1932 the clearing banks had huge stocks.γ. c1330 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Auch.) (1966) 372 Ȝif him markes and pans fale; Of þi mone tel þou no tale.?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 36 To curse a man for sexe pans.1485 W. Caxton tr. Thystorye & Lyf Charles the Grete sig. mv^v/1 iiij pens of money courant yerely.a1500 in R. L. Greene Early Eng. Carols (1935) 283 (MED) I wold notte..that we had this game, Notte for fourty pens.1560 Royal Proclam. in Arch. Bodl. F. c. 11 lf. 30 For discernyng and knowyng of the basest Testons of two pence farthing, from thother Teston of foure pence halfpeny.1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream iv. ii. 20 Six pence a day, for playing Pyramus. a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) i. ii. 55 Oh sixe pence that I had a wensday last.1716 J. Gay Trivia iii. 74 His scatter'd Pence the flying Nicker flings, And with the Copper Show'r the Casement rings.1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 329/2 Pence, halfpence, and farthings are extant of John, all struck in Ireland.1861 C. Dickens Great Expectations I. ix. 140 How much is forty-three pence?.. Is forty-three pence seven and sixpence three fardens, for instance?1868 ‘G. Eliot’ in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 3/2 A poor pocket-picking scoundrel, who will steal your loose pence while you are listening round the platform.1906 Times 17 Nov. 9/3 How many books do we see every year produced by publishers who..‘remainder’ them at a few pence a copy?1990 Field Feb. 67/2 I would lay pounds to pence against this happening within five years.

(b) In singular.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > English coins > [noun] > penny

pennylOE

sterling1297

win1567

penny piece1797

dubbeltjie1822

cross-penny1837

saltee1859

trident1898

bun-penny1958

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1124 Se penig wæs swa ifel þæt se man þa hæfde at an market an pund he ne mihte cysten þærof for nan þing twelfe penegas.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 76 Twa & þreo, hu feole beoð þeo? þreo halpenes makeð a peni, amen.

c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) 1162 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 139 (MED) A man..huyrde him a mere For an Englichs peni.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 190 (MED) Him zede þet he hedde benome þe pore ane peny.

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 238 (MED) Edward did smyte rounde peny, halfpeny, ferthyng.

?a1500 in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 232 (MED) It is to be knowen that an Englisse penny, which is called a rounde sterlyng, and without clyppyng, shall weye xvj cornys of whete taken owte of the middyll of the ere.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) iii. ii. 81 Nay by S. Iamy, I hold you a penny, a horse and a man is more then one, and yet not many.

1655 R. I. Court Rec. I. 9 We find for the pla[intiff] his Bill due of twenty pounds..at 6 pr penie white, & 3 pr penie black marchantable [peag].

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) The Penny Sterling, is now nigh disused as a Coin, and scarce subsists, but as a Money of Account.

1797 Proclam. 26 July in London Gaz. No. 14031/1 We have thought fit to order, that certain Pieces of Copper shall be coined, which should go and pass for One Penny,..and that each of such Pieces of One Penny should weigh One Ounce Avoirdupois.

1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 330/1 The first English [silver] pennies weigh 22¹/ ₂ grains troy. Towards the close of Edward III the penny weighs 18 grains, and in the reign of Edward IV it fell to 12, after previously sinking to 15. In..1551, the penny was reduced to 8 grains, and after the 43rd of Eliz. to 7²³/ ₃₁ grains, at which weight it still continues.

1859 ‘G. Eliot’ Adam Bede III. iii. xlix. 220 I'll bet a penny that new house Burge is building on his own bit o' land is for him and Mary to go to.

1902 W. James Varieties Relig. Experience viii. 179 Scrupulous in avoiding, as far as possible, the expense of a penny.

1991 Daily Tel. 5 Jan. (Colour Suppl.) 25/2 I'd deliberately accepted a commission of one penny from the publishers, because I was uncertain that I'd do justice to it, or even finish it.

b. Any of various monetary units or coins of the British Isles, usually of equal or similar value to the penny (sense 1a), esp. the penny Scots, a coin originally of approximately equal value to the penny sterling, but by the 17th cent. equivalent to one twelfth of it. Frequently with modifying word.Manx penny: see Manx n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > [noun] > a coin

minteOE

crossc1330

coinc1386

cross and (or) pilea1393

penny1394

croucha1420

penny1427

piece1472

metal1485

piecec1540

stamp1594

quinyie1596

cross and pilea1625

numm1694

ducat1794

bean1811

dog1811

chinker1834

rock1837

pocket-burner1848

spondulicks1857

scale1872

chip1879

ridge1935

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > English coins > [noun] > penny > local varieties of

penny1394

Manx penny1868

1394 in J. Slater Early Scots Texts (Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Edinb.) (1952) No. 30 He sal haf a penny til his noynsankys.

1468 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1844) I. 92/1 And the aulde Inglis grote xiij d. and the new grot xj d. the Inglis penny iij d. the spurrit grote xiij d. the Scottis penny.

1538 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1844) I. 158 Dauid Bruce..promittit to pay me the soume of thretty poundis in penny and penny~wortht Scottis.

1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 43 The penny weyght [to weigh] 24. graynes (which 24. by weight then appointed, were as much as the former 32. graynes of weight) a pennie force, 25. graynes and a halfe, the pennie deble, or feeble 22. graines and a halfe.

1604 in R. W. Cochran-Patrick Rec. Coinage Scotl. (1876) I. 280 To haif course in Scotland for twelff penneyis Scottis money and in England for ane penney sterling.

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 283 The Scots haue of long time had..Placks, which they esteemed for 4 pence, but 3 of them make an English penny; also Hard~heads, esteemed by them at one penny halfe-penny, whereof eight make an English penny.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 25/1 An Irish Penny..hath the Stamp of the Harp and Crown upon it.

1694 in J. D. Marwick & R. Renwick Charters rel. Glasgow (1906) II. 253 In free blench for the yearly payment of ane Scots pennie.

1710 in Minutes of Evid. Nairne Peerage (1873) 45 in Sessional Papers House of Lords (H.L. A) XII. 65 Payment of two pennies Scots money.

1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. iv. 32 English, French and Scots pennies too, contained all of them originally a real pennyweight of silver, the twentieth part of an ounce.

1786 A. de Cardonnel Numismata Scotiæ 24 (Table I) In which is shown how many numeral pounds, shillings, and pennies Scots were coined out of one pound weight of gold.

1819 W. Scott Bride of Lammermoor xi, in Tales of my Landlord 3rd Ser. I. 314 Putting a [British] penny into his hand, he said, ‘Here is twal pennies, my man.’

1876 G. D. Mathews Coinages of World 173 His Irish Pennies, with the King's head in the triangle, belong, from their obverses, to this period.

1898 G. B. Rawlings Story Brit. Coinage 135 The last Irish coinage took place under George IV, when pennies and halfpennies were struck..1823.

1898 G. B. Rawlings Story Brit. Coinage 192 Queen Victoria coined a Manx penny, halfpenny, and farthing, in 1839 only... This is the last coinage for the Isle of Man.

1962 Eng. Hist. Rev. 77 751 It may be suggested that the portrait of the king on his Irish penny, being contemporary, is worthy of comparison with the effigy in Worcester cathedral as a representation of the king.

1980 Jrnl. Manx Mus. No. 89. 7/1 They were subsequently..proved to be an Anglo-Saxon tenth-century penny of Eadgar,..a Hiberno-Norse penny and a Hiberno-Manx penny.

†c. With modifying word or phrase: any of various other British or English coins, esp. multiple denominations of the penny, e.g. penny of twopence n. a silver coin of the value of twopence, a half-groat. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > [noun] > a coin

minteOE

crossc1330

coinc1386

cross and (or) pilea1393

penny1394

croucha1420

penny1427

piece1472

metal1485

piecec1540

stamp1594

quinyie1596

cross and pilea1625

numm1694

ducat1794

bean1811

dog1811

chinker1834

rock1837

pocket-burner1848

spondulicks1857

scale1872

chip1879

ridge1935

1427 in W. Hudson Rec. City of Norwich (1906) I. 303 x s in singulis denariis et in aliis denariis vocatis pens of to pens fabricatis de ere vocatis braspens secundum formam et similitudinem denariorum vocatorum York pens.

1451 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) II. 40/1 That thare be strikyn ane new penny of golde callit a lyone with the prent of the lyon on the ta side [etc.].

a1464 J. Capgrave Abbreuiacion of Cron. (Cambr. Gg.4.12) (1983) 167 In þe xxv ȝere William Edyngton, bischop of Wynchestir..mad þe kyng to make a new coyne, grotes, and pens of too pens.

?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 94 A Peny of twopennys, didragma.

1477 Rolls of Parl. VI. 183/1 Grotes, Pens of twoo Pens, and Pens made in Irlond, in part like to the Grotes, Pens of two Pens, and Pens of this Reame, in so grete multitude been dayly brought into this Reame.

1523 Act 14 & 15 Hen. VIII c. 12 As many halfe grotes called pens of two pens.

1565 in R. Keith Hist. Affairs Church & State Scotl. (1734) App. 118 That thair be cunȝeit ane Penny of Silvir callit the Mary Ryall,..of Weicht ane Unce Troce-weicht.

1700 J. Tyrrell Gen. Hist. Eng. II. viii. 975* This Year [i.e. 1257] (according to the MS Chronicle of the city of London) the King Coined a Penny of Pure Gold of the Weight of Two Sterlings, and commanded that it should go for Twenty Shillings [the gold penny was in fact valued at twenty pennies].

a. [Frequently rendering classical Latin dēnarius (see denarius n.); also occasionally argenteus (‘piece of silver’), and nummus (used for nummus sestertius : see sesterce n.).] Chiefly in Biblical use and translations: a Roman coin of low denomination, (in earlier use) esp. a denarius. Also (occasionally): a Roman silver coin, a piece of silver.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > classical coins > [noun] > ancient Roman

pennyOE

quadrant1533

as1541

sesterce1541

sestertius1567

dupondius1601

quinare1601

quinarius1601

sextant1601

triens1601

trient1601

assarion1625

quadrans1654

quinary1728

nummus1771

follis1784

uncia1834

minimus1852

semis1853

siliqua1889

minim1896

OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Mark xii. 15 Adferte mihi denarium ut uideam : brenges me pening þætte ic gesii.

OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: John vi. 7 Ducentorum denariorum panes non sufficiunt eis : tuu hund penninga to hlafum ne genyhtsumiað him.

OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) x. 35 [He] brohte oðrum dæge twegen penegas [c1384 Wycliffite, E.V. twey pens; L. duos denarios].

c1175 ( Ælfric Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 38 Þe ðeȝen..imette sumne oðerne mon..þe ahte him to ȝeldenne hundtentiȝ peneȝæ.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 79 (MED) A þe marȝen bitahte him two peneȝes to spenen on him.

a1300 Passion our Lord 119 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 40 (MED) ‘Hwat schal beon my mede?’ ‘Þrytty panewes,’ hi seyden.

c1300 Judas Iscariot (Harl.) 138 in F. J. Furnivall Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 111 Oure louerd for þrettie pans he solde.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 273 Þey schulde euery ȝere offre foure pans [v.rr. panes, pens; L. quatuor nummos] to þe chirche work of Seynt Denys.

c1440 (?a1400) W. Nassington Tractus (Thornton) 194 in G. G. Perry Relig. Pieces in Prose & Verse (1914) 68 (MED) Thow lett the..For thritty penys to þe Iewes be saulde.

c1470 tr. R. D'Argenteuil's French Bible (Cleveland) (1977) 54 (MED) Iudas Scarioth..sold Iesu Crist for xxxti pens of siluer to the Iuwes.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Jer. xxxii. 9 Seuen sycles and ten syluer pens [L. decem argenteos].

1611 Bible (King James) Luke xx. 24 Shew me a peny [Gk. δηνάριον]: Whose image and superscription hath it?

1646 Bp. J. Hall Balme of Gilead 134 Even the eleventh houre carried the peny as well as the first.

1720 J. Ozell et al. tr. R. A. de Vertot Hist. Revol. Rom. Republic I. vii. 424 (note) The Penny of Gold among the Romans was worth a Thousand Sesterces.

1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) III. 480 I do not speak of the penny paid to Cesar by St. Peter.

1849 H. D. Thoreau Resistance to Civil Governm. in Æsthetic Papers 201 Christ answered the Herodians according to their condition. ‘Show me the tribute-money,’ said he;—and one took a penny out of his pocket.

1881 Bible (R.V.) Luke xx. 24 Shew me a penny. Whose image and superscription hath it? And they said, Cæsar's.

1976 Bible (Good News) Mark xii. 42 A poor widow came along and dropped in two little copper coins, worth about a penny.

b. Any of various European coins originally derived from the denarius, e.g. the French denier, the Dutch penning, German Pfennig, etc., equivalent to the penny in being the principal lower-value unit in the particular currency system. Now chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > foreign coins > [noun] > French coins > other French coins

denierc1425

Poitevina1475

blank1480

sousec1503

gigot1530

soulx1543

liarda1549

pistolor1550

obole1567

patard1583

double1586

whitea1634

sols1637

penny1656

centime1796

cent1810

sou1814

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Tournois.., a French penny, the tenth part of a penny sterling... In France they say so much money Tournois, as we say sterling.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) The French penny, or Denier, is of two Kinds; the Paris Penny, called Denier Parisis; and the Penny of Tours, Denier Tournois.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Penny The Dutch Penny, call'd Pening, is a real Money, worth about one fifth more than the French Penny Tournois.

1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. iv. 32 English, French and Scots pennies too, contained all of them originally a real pennyweight of silver, the twentieth part of an ounce.

1898 G. B. Rawlings Story Brit. Coinage 194 No coins were struck for Jersey till 1841,..the English shilling at that time being valued in Jersey at thirteen pence... The penny is as follows.

1967 A. Djoleto Strange Man viii. 119 Torto's mother gave Mensa threepence and Torto a penny.

c. North American. A government-issued one-cent coin (not an official name).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > foreign coins > [noun] > North American coins > Canadian

penny1831

maple leaf1979

loonie1987

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > foreign coins > [noun] > North American coins > U.S. > one-cent piece

penny1831

red1849

nickel1857

ct.a1875

1831 Constellation (N.Y.) 12 Mar. 133/4 He meant cents, but they call em pennies in New York.

1861 H. A. Jacobs Incidents Life Slave Girl iv. 30 Rubbing up pennies with quicksilver, and passing them off for quarters of a dollar on an old man who kept a fruit stall.

1902 ‘R. Connor’ Glengarry School Days 166 ‘Six pennies and two dimes’, was Hughie's disconsolate reply.

1920 Canad. Hist. Rev. Mar. 351 Our children call cents ‘pennies’ (thus showing that the half is at least equal to the whole), and our pretty five cent silver pieces they call ‘nickels’, after their ugly American equivalents.

1966 New Statesman 16 Dec. 896/3 Florin..is only used, like the American ‘penny’, to describe the actual lump of metal.

1989 A. Wilentz Rainy Season (1990) v. 104 Little, sinewy Waldech..was working the crowd, asking for pennies from them and dollars from me.

a. In singular preceded by an ordinal numeral. A specified fraction of a sum of money, as the fifth penny, every fifth penny in any number of pennies; one fifth of the whole sum of money. Now historical (usually with reference to taxation).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > sum of money > [noun] > a certain or fixed sum > an aliquot part of

pennyOE

fifth-penny1732

OE Restoration of Sandwich to Christ Church (Sawyer 1467) in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 176 [He] bæd hine fultumes to þam hirode embe þone þriddan penig.

a1350 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 7 (MED) Euer þe furþe peni mot to þe kynge.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1882) VIII. 255 Kyng Henry hadde þe twentiþe peny of lewed men catel.

1423 in R. R. Sharpe Cal. Let.-bks. London (1909) I. 295 Have he, for his labour, the tryd peny that shal be recovered.

a1475 J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. (Laud) (1885) 135 (MED) The French kyng in..wyne takyth more off is peple than dothe þe Saudan; ffor he takith þe iiijth peyne þeroff.

1534 in J. S. Clouston Rec. Earldom of Orkney (1914) 215 With all rychtis of the teind penny and the ferde penny.

1581 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1880) 1st Ser. III. 427 All and haill the erldome of Gowry, with the teind penny of all wardis.

1585 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1880) 1st Ser. III. 743 The first fructis and fyft penny of the same beneficeis.

1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ i. xl. 79 None can hire or build a House, but he must pay the tenth penny.

1681 London Gaz. No. 1654/2 The Nations of this City have declared their willingness to give twice the 20th penny, which..will raise a Million and a halfe.

a1745 J. Swift Misc. in Wks. (1941) IX. 54 Although it be notorious that they do not receive the third penny of the real value.

1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. ix. 111 In 1720 interest was reduced from the twentieth to the fiftieth penny, or from five to two per cent.

1844 G. Dodd Textile Manuf. Great Brit. v. 168 Remunerated by what was termed ‘the fourth penny’, that is, each journeyman received as his wages..the fourth part of the gross sum for which such cloth was sold.

1878 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. (ed. 2) III. 436 The earl's creation money, twenty pounds, was a substitute for the third penny of the county.

1986 Eng. Hist. Rev. 101 855 The Great Council of 1488 is said to have authorized a subsidy of a tenth penny to meet the costs of defence, a tax later confirmed in Parliament.

1995 Econ. Hist. Rev. 48 650 For the years 1561 and 1732 the records of the tax of the tenth penny and of the property tax..have been preserved for nearly every town and village in Holland.

b. In plural. Money (originally as consisting ordinarily of (silver) pennies). In later use also: small change, coppers (frequently depreciative).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > [noun]

silverc825

feec870

pennieseOE

wortheOE

mintOE

scata1122

spense?c1225

spendinga1290

sumc1300

gooda1325

moneya1325

cattlec1330

muckc1330

reasona1382

pecunyc1400

gilt1497

argentc1500

gelta1529

Mammon1539

ale silver1541

scruff1559

the sinews of war1560

sterling1565

lour1567

will-do-all1583

shell1591

trasha1592

quinyie1596

brass1597

pecuniary1604

dust1607

nomisma1614

countera1616

cross and pilea1625

gingerbreada1625

rhinoa1628

cash1646

grig1657

spanker1663

cole1673

goree1699

mopus1699

quid1699

ribbin1699

bustle1763

necessary1772

stuff1775

needfula1777

iron1785

(the) Spanish1788

pecuniar1793

kelter1807

dibs1812

steven1812

pewter1814

brad1819

pogue1819

rent1823

stumpy1828

posh1830

L. S. D.1835

rivetc1835

tin1836

mint sauce1839

nobbins1846

ochre1846

dingbat1848

dough1848

cheese1850

California1851

mali1851

ducat1853

pay dirt1853

boodle?1856

dinero1856

scad1856

the shiny1856

spondulicks1857

rust1858

soap1860

sugar1862

coin1874

filthy1876

wampum1876

ooftish1877

shekel1883

oil1885

oof1885

mon1888

Jack1890

sploshc1890

bees and honey1892

spending-brass1896

stiff1897

mazuma1900

mazoom1901

cabbage1903

lettuce1903

Oscar Asche1905

jingle1906

doubloons1908

kale1912

scratch1914

green1917

oscar1917

snow1925

poke1926

oodle1930

potatos1931

bread1935

moolah1936

acker1939

moo1941

lolly1943

loot1943

poppy1943

mazoola1944

dosh1953

bickies1966

lovely jubbly1990

scrilla1994

eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xliv. 327 Ne wene he no ðæt Godes ryhtwisnes sie to ceape, suelce he hie mæge mid his peningum gebycgean.

a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 79 Befasteð here paneȝes ðe haðene menn.

c1300 St. Barnabas (Laud) 8 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 26 To þe Apostles he wende anon and to heore fet þe panes caste.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 35 (MED) Gaueleres..þet leneþ zeluer..nimeþ þe heȝþes oþer ine pans oþer ine hors, oþer ine corn.

a1450 Pater Noster Richard Ermyte (Westm. Sch. 3) (1967) 46 (MED) If I take his penyes þat I schulde spende in his seruyse & dispende hem in oþer þing at my wille..herof I am holde to hym as dettour.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) viii. l. 692 Price off pennys may mak ws no ramed.

1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 175 [The Pope] neuer ceist..Under dispens to get our penneis.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Sien Who looseth his pence forgoeth his sence.

1641 J. Milton Reason Church-govt. 34 Dispensers of treasures..without price to them that have no pence.

1653 T. Urquhart tr. F. Rabelais 1st Bk. Wks. xlv. 203 He..gave unto each of them a horse..together with some pence to live by.

1869 ‘M. Twain’ Innocents Abroad xxv. 257 As many heads were humbly bowed, and as many hands extended, appealing for pennies.

1883 G. B. Goode Rev. Fishery Industries U.S. 6 Their descendants..are to-day hauling pence up out of the water faster than their forefathers ever learned to do.

1926 J. Black You can't Win vi. 66 ‘Pennies’ don't mean pennies. It means money, on the road.

1990 Daily Tel. 7 Apr. 3/3 He didn't receive a substantial amount of money for what he stole. All of it was sold to other down-and-outs in the Waterloo area for pennies.

c. A very small or the least amount of money, wealth, etc. Usually in negative contexts, as not a penny, never a penny, not worth a penny. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > sum of money > [noun] > small sum > coin as type of

pennya1225

sumc1300

mitea1375

minutec1384

groat1513

souse1570

widow's mite1572

stivera1640

brass farthing1642

shilling1737

rap1778

skilligalee1834

skillick1835

steever1892

razoo1919

a1225 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Lamb.) 67 in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 163 Alse mid his penie alse oðer mið his punde.

c1395 G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale 707 Neuere heer after wol I with hym mete For peny [v.r. penye] ne for pound.

a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) 451 Alderlast..Was peynted Povert..That not a peny hadde in wolde.

1457 W. Worcester in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 170 A peny yn seson spent wille safe a pounde.

1530 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 74 Clare had never peny for hyt.

1570 T. Wilson in tr. Demosthenes 3 Orations 97 (margin) It is the well spent penny that saveth the pound.

1655 W. Gurnall Christian in Armour: 1st Pt. 225 Wilt thou stand with God for a day or two, huckle with him for a penny?

1675 R. Vaughan Disc. Coin & Coinage vi. 51 Money which hath as much fine Silver as a penny, is notwithstanding not worth a penny.

1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones II. xiii. vi. 49 He had not one Penny in his Pocket.

1782 F. Burney Cecilia III. v. i. 13 Never knew a man worth a penny with such a coat as that on.

1823 Ld. Byron Let. 21 Apr. (1980) X. 155 I had been too long negligent of the ‘pence’ and not very careful of the ‘pounds’.

1886 R. L. Stevenson Kidnapped xii. 104 There they were on the street, never a penny the better for their pains.

1933 V. Brittain Test. of Youth ii. 53 Each fresh refusal to spend another penny on my education.

1968 M. Woodhouse Rock Baby ix. 90 A man on his own..can cross frontiers without anyone being a penny the wiser.

1995 Independent 14 Apr. 19/7 Forty-one, not a penny to my name, no prospect of ever having anything to my name.

d. In singular. A piece of money, an unspecified coin; (hence) a sum or amount of money, money. Now usually in every penny. See also a pretty penny at Phrases 1c.

ΚΠ

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 1185 Pælles & purpras, & guldene ponewæs [c1300 Otho panewes].

c1300 St. Dominic (Laud) 250 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 285 (MED) Þo lay bi-side þe schipe þere a peni fair I-novȝ; þe passour beuȝ a-doun a-non and þane peni to him drouȝ.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 23 Ydeleblisse..is þe dyeules peni, huermide he bayþ alle þe uayre pane-worþes ine þe markatte of þise wordle.

c1400 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 377 Þei done þis to wynne þo penye.

a1450 Castle Perseverance (1969) l. 2524 If þou haue a peny to pey, Men schul to þe þanne lystyn.

1539 in J. Imrie et al. Burgh Court Bk. Selkirk (1960) 208 Dischairges Jhone Mithag, our bursair, out pait all thingis with man and penny in tymes bigane.

1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie ii. xx. 57 b They may..there be lodged..without paying of any pennie.

1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. iii. at Maximilean The Emperour gaue him a small penny.

1657 P. Heylyn Vndeceiving of People 20 The Minister hath neither corn nor hay, nor any provision for expence of houshould, but what he buyeth by the penny.

1764 H. Walpole Let. 24 Dec. in Corr. (1941) X. 145 I shall put your letter to Rheims into the foreign post with a proper penny.

1792 R. Burns in J. Johnson Scots Musical Museum IV. 327 Bad luck on the pennie that tempted my minnie To sell her poor Jenny for siller an' lan'.

1822 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 26 Jan. 1/4 We knit and spin and have a thousand ways of getting a penny; and when you get strong and healthy, you shall work.

1899 S. MacManus In Chimney Corners 233 Oh, but I considher that a big penny.

1935 G. Santayana Last Puritan ii. ii. 106 She was religiously saving every penny she could spare from her modest salary.

1984 S. Johnson Tunnel xx. 176 They had cost him a fortune but he regarded every penny as being well-spent.

2000 Times 7 Aug. (Sport Monday section) 2/8 City's original bid..was dismissed by Villa, who are fighting for every penny that they can get.

4. A sum payable by a particular tax, customary payment, etc. Only as the second element in a compound; chiefly in Peter's pence (see Peter's penny n.). Now chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > [noun] > sum or amount of

pennyOE

OE Wulfstan Pastoral Let. (Hatton) (1957) 229 Þæt we eac eadmodlice eal gelæstan on geargerihtan þæt ure yldran hwilum ær Gode behetan; ðæt is sulhælmessan & rompenegas & cyricsceattas & leohtgescota.

lOE Rec. Dues, Taunton in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 236 Cirhsceattas, & burhgerihtu, heorðpenegas, & hundred penegas, [etc.].

1192–9 in Hist. MSS Comm.: Rep. MSS Var. Coll. (1914) VII. 377 in Parl. Papers (Cd. 6722) XXVI. 1 De averpeni et de blodwita..et hundredpeni et de thethingpeni.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) 15956 Inne wes þe uormeste mon þe Peteres peni [c1300 Otho Peter his peny] bigon.

?a1375 in N. Neilson Customary Rents (1910) 81 (MED) Lambpeni [at Assumption, 6 d.].

1461 Rolls of Parl. V. 476/1 A summe of money claymed at two lawdayes in the yere, called Tithyng peny, otherwise Tottyng peny.

1547 in C. A. Hunt Perth Hammermen (1889) 61 The quhilk day Thomas Bryssoun..hes tane the gait penny and xii d. of the cumling fealls for xxvi s. viij d.

1659 in D. Robertson S. Leith Rec. (1911) 113 Every incorporation shall meitt..to consider..ane annuetie or reik penny for payment of the ministers stipend.

1890 C. Gross Gild Merchant I. 31 There were dues at Andover called ‘scot-pennies’, ‘hanse-pennies’, and ‘sige-pennies’.

1904 Westm. Gaz. 16 Mar. 12/1 In 1220 an agreement was entered into between the Abbot of Waltham and the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's by which the latter were exempted from the payment of ‘Borchel Peny’ and ‘Ward Peny’.

2004 Encycl. Brit. Online 12 Jan. at Edgar Edgar's laws were the first in England to prescribe penalties for nonpayment of tithes and Peter's pence.

5. As the second element of a compound, prefixed by a cardinal numeral (and without plural inflection), forming an adjective of value or price, spec. with reference to nails, denoting the original price per hundred, as fivepenny nail, tenpenny nail, etc., and later (after the falling of prices) coming to denote the size of the nail.For general uses, see fivepenny adj., fourpenny adj., sixpenny adj. and n., etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > nail > specific price or size of nail

tenpenny nail1426

threepenny nail1429

fourpenny nail1481

sixpenny nail1486

fives1629

forty-penny nail1769

tenpenny1820

1426–7 in H. Littlehales Medieval Rec. London City Church (1905) 67 (MED) For iijc x peny nayl to þe vyse, ii s. vj d.; Also for iiijc vj peny nayl, ij s.

1484 in H. Littlehales Medieval Rec. London City Church (1905) 120 Item, for ij c di. iiij penye nayle, x d. Item, for di. c v d nayle, ij d ob. Item, for di. a c iij penye nayle, j d ob.

1669 J. Dryden Wild Gallant iii. 31 He plucks me out, I vow to gad I tell you no lie, four ten-penny-Nailes from the Dairy-Lock with his teeth.

1702 R. Steele Funeral i. 4 Have you the Hangings and the Six-penny Nails, and my Lord's Coat of Arms?

1798 J. C. Cross Raft i. 7 O'Bowling's a brave fellow to be sure, but no more to compare to he, than the smallest brad to a ten-penny nail.

1845 J. B. Buckstone Green Bushes ii. i. 28 All our stock of knives, ten-penny nails, and tobacco, to the very coat off my back.

1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 135 Nails of sorts are, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, 30, and 40-penny nails, all of different lengths.

1990 Old-house Jrnl. Jan. 2/3 I had to..pull my right foot away..yanking it off a rusty 20-penny nail that protruded a good two inches.

2002 Esquire July 23/1 We tested the TiBone out recently on a bunch of 16-penny nails and a two-by-four.

†II. Extended uses (chiefly short for established compounds).

6. = pennyweight n. 1. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > [noun] > unit or denomination of weight > pennyweight

pennyeOE

denariusa1398

pennyweighta1398

sterling1474

denier1601

Easterling1614

weight1890

eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. lxvii. 298 Pund eles gewihð xii penegum læsse þonne pund wætres, & pund ealoð gewihð vi penegum mare þonne pund wætres.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 333 Dragma is þe eighteþe part of an vncia, and weyeþ þre pans of siluer [L. denarij..argenti..scrupulis]. Scrupulus..is acounted for ten pans [L. numis].

?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 199 (MED) A scripule weyeþ a peny, þre scripules beþ a dragme, Eyȝte dragmes ane ounce.

a1486 in Archaeologia (1900) 57 59 (MED) It is to wite that on peny rounde and withouten tonsure owe to weye xxxij whete cornes in the middes of the ere, And xx pens maken an unce.

a1525 Coventry Leet Bk. 396 Þat is to vnderstond þat xxxij graynes of whete take out of the mydens of the Ere makith a sterling, oþer-wyse called a peny; & xx sterling maketh an Ounce.

1543 R. Record Ground of Artes i. sig. N^v Of these graynes in tymes passed 32 wayed iuste 1 penny of troye.., but nowe are there 46 pennes in an unce, so y^t there are not fully 14 graynes in 1 penny.

7. Chiefly Scottish. A division of land originally worth one penny in rent; spec. = pennyland n. 2. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > possessions > [noun] > real or immovable property > land > land worth specific amount per annum

pennylanda1300

pennyland1439

soudeec1450

pennyworth of land1499

penny1504

uris-land1534

uris-cop1609

librate1610

obolate1610

solidate1610

ure of land1774

ounceland1805

1504 in J. S. Clouston Rec. Earldom of Orkney (1914) 76 At his part drew thre mark and halff and a fourty penny grip.

1655 Retour in T. Thomson Inquisitionum (1811) II. Orkney & Shetland §66 In the 4½ penny and thrid part merk land of Saba.

1774 G. Gifford in G. Low Orkney (1879) 145 The term Pennyland in Orkney signifies simply quantity..in Schetland it likewise marks the quality, and according to the value of the land every Mark contains more or fewer Pennies.

1795 Statistical Acct. Scotl. VI. 249 The land is divided into oxen-gates, pennies, and farthing... Every penny of land..ought to maintain 8 milch cows.

8. A pennyworth. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > monetary value > [noun] > amount of specific value > specific

pennyworthOE

halfpennywortha1035

shillingswortha1325

three-halfpennyworthc1440

sixpennyworthc1450

pounds worthc1460

groatsworth1562

penny1564

penny piece1601

threepennyworth1617

piceworth1832

two pennyworth1851

six1871

pounder1895

1564 in F. J. Furnivall Child-marriages, Divorces, & Ratifications Diocese Chester (1897) 208 All iij went to Richard Barkers house, and dronke, eithe[r] of them a peny.

a1572 J. Knox Hist. Reformation Scotl. in Wks. (1848) II. 159 Bot thai past to thair foure houris penny and in thair jesting [etc.].

1591 E. Spenser Prosopopoia in Complaints 523 Whereas thou maist compound a better penie.

Phrases

P1.

a. †to make penny of, to turn into money, to sell (obsolete); to make a (good, etc.) penny of, by, from, to make money out of, to profit by (now rare).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > selling > sell [verb (transitive)]

to sell awayc1230

to set to (for, on) sale, a-salec1275

sella1330

to make sale (of)c1430

market1455

to make penny of1464

vent1478

to put away1574

dispatch1592

money1598

vent1602

to put off1631

vend1651

hawk1713

realize1720

mackle1724

neat1747

to sell over1837

unload1884

flog1919

move1938

shift1976

society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > getting or making money > get or make money [verb (transitive)] > be profitable to > make profit by

to make money1457

to make a (good, etc.) penny of, by, from1464

to make chevisance of1535

to make a (also one's) hand(s)1538

to make a good thing of (also out of)1800

1464 15th Rep. Hist. MSS App. viii. 38 [The king shall immediately] presoun thaire personis mak penny of thaire gudis [etc.].

1512 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. I. 76* To mak penny of þair landis and gudis.

1641 in L. B. Taylor Aberdeen Council Lett. (1950) II. 292 That they sall put all actis and decreitis to dew executioun..mak pennie of the soumes of money thairin conteanit to the pairties obteanaris of the samen.

1726 G. Berkeley Let. 1 Dec. in Wks. (1871) IV. 139 I gave him old clothes, which he made a penny of.

1782 F. Burney Cecilia III. v. viii. 92 Warrant master Harrel's made a good penny of you.

1804 H. H. Brackenridge Mod. Chivalry II. i. vi. 40 The want of sight rendered him incapable of conveyancing, and all he could do was to give council, or argue a cause by which he made a penny.

1873 A. Trollope Eustace Diamonds II. xxxvii. 140 Lord George had not, in truth, made a penny by them, and they were good hunters, worth the money.

1996 Philadelphia Inquirer (Nexis) 28 Nov. b1 Keener makes a good penny from the stink in his pig manure. He ferments the manure, burns the gas to make electricity, and sells it.

b. to turn a penny, †to turn the penny, †to wind the penny: to use one's money profitably; to make money. Now usually in to turn an honest penny: to earn an honest living or profit (see honest adj. 4c).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > getting or making money > get or make money [verb (intransitive)] > make profit

win1340

to wind the penny1546

vantage1563

to turn a profit1843

to do well out of1857

society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > getting or making money > get or make money [verb (intransitive)] > make profit > honestly

to turn an honest penny1887

1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue ii. ix. sig. Kiv^v Towne ware was your ware, to tourne the peny.

1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ i. xl. 82 Ther is no State that winds the peny more nimbly, and makes quicker returns.

1691 J. Dunton Voy. round World II. i. 179 I can assure 'em by my own Experience, t'has turn'd a penny these hard times.

1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 452. ¶4 A Projector, who is willing to turn a Penny by this remarkable Curiosity of his Countrymen.

1723 H. Wanley Diary 23 May (1966) II. 225 He..has offer'd his book to sale in many different places, without ever being able to turn the penny.

1792 M. Wollstonecraft Vindic. Rights Woman xii Not allowed to dispose of money, or call anything their own, they learn to turn the market penny.

1869 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast (rev. ed.) Epil. 466 Bennett..set up a stall,..where he could see all the passers-by, and turn a penny by cakes and ale.

1887 E. E. Money Little Dutch Maiden (1888) 5 Lucas had been sent across the seas to turn the ‘honest penny’ and pick up some gold.

1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xv. [Circe] 439 A poor foreign immigrant who started scratch as a stowaway and is now trying to turn an honest penny.

1997 Sunday Times 26 Oct. (Mag.) 19/1 The best way for any modern writer to turn a quick penny is to tell us about his Crack-Up.

c. a pretty (also fine, fair, etc.) penny: a considerable gain, profit, or sum of money.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > sum of money > [noun] > large sum

pounda1225

ransom?a1300

fother14..

gob1542

mint1579

king's ransomc1590

abomination1604

coda1680

a pretty (also fine, fair, etc.) penny1710

plunk1767

big money1824

pot1856

big one?1863

a small fortune1874

four figures1893

poultice1902

parcel1903

bundle1905

pretty1909

real money1918

stack1919

packet1922

heavy sugar1926

motza1936

big bucks1941

bomb1958

wedge1977

megadollars1980

squillion1986

bank1995

1710 S. Centlivre Man's Bewitch'd i. i. 3 Why here may be a pretty Penny towards, if the Devil don't cross it.

1711 S. Centlivre Mar-plot i. ii. 11 I'm like to make a fine Penny on't.

1782 F. Burney Cecilia V. ix. iv. 63 If a man makes a fair penny..he has as much title to enjoy his pleasure as the Chief Justice.

1860 ‘G. Eliot’ Mill on Floss I. ii. i. 256 That watered-silk she had on cost a pretty penny.

1885 B. Harte Maruja i. 14 Then the Captain might still make a pretty penny on Amita.

1915 W. S. Maugham Of Human Bondage lxxiii. 377 It must have cost you a pretty penny. It's lucky you can afford it.

1994 Film Comments Jan.–Feb. 75/3 Jean films the boy hanging from a skyscraper; Sami later gibes that, had he fallen, Jean could make a pretty penny selling the footage.

P2. In various idiomatic phrases.

a. a penny for your thoughts: an invitation to a person lost in thought to share his or her preoccupation. Hence penny for them.Ellipsis to the simple word ‘penny’ is also occasionally attested.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > [phrase]

penny for thema1535

a penny for your thoughtsa1535

a1535 T. More Treat. Memorare Nouissima in Wks. (1557) I. 76/1 As it often happeth..in such wise y^t not w^toute som note & reproch of suche vagaraunte mind, other folk sodainly say to them: a peny for your thought.

1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue ii. iv. sig. Giii Wherwith in a great musyng he was brought. Frend (quoth the good man) a peny for your thought.

1602 J. Marston Hist. Antonio & Mellida ii. sig. C4 Good Feliche why art thou so sad? a pennie for thy thought.

1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 8 Neverout... Come; a Penny for your Thoughts. Miss. It is not worth a Farthing: for I was thinking of you.

1765 I. Bickerstaff Maid of Mill i. viii. 17 My lord, a penny for your thoughts.

1855 J. E. Cooke Ellie i. x. 64 ‘What are you thinking about, Charley?’ said the child, assuming a light tone. ‘A penny for your thoughts.’

1900 H. G. Wells Love & Mr. Lewisham xxv. 242 ‘Penny,’ she said after an interval. Lewisham started and looked up. ‘Eh?’.

1914 C. Mackenzie Sinister St. II. iv. iii. 895 ‘You're very silent, kiddie,’ she said. ‘I'll give you a penny for them.’

1959 J. Braine Vodi xiv. 190 Harry's voice broke into her thoughts. ‘Penny for 'em, old girl.’

1990 N. Baker Room Temperature iii. 18 I decided to vary the probe by giving my face a slightly craven and servile expression and by using the traditional porch-swing wording, ‘Penny for your thoughts?’

†b. to think (also deem, etc.) one's penny (good) silver: to have a high opinion of oneself. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pride > self-esteem > think well of oneself [verb (intransitive)]

to think (also deem, etc.) one's penny (good) silver1578

1578 J. Lyly Euphves 21 Heere ye may beholde gentlemen, how lewdly wit standeth in his owne lyght, howe he deemeth no pennye good siluer but his owne.

1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 13/2 Suche as..thought their penie good siluer.

1594 T. Lodge & R. Greene Looking Glasse sig. C2 Tho she say that she is fairest, I thinke my peny siluer by her leaue.

1602 N. Breton Poste with Madde Packet Lett. I. sig. F3 There are more Batchelers then Roger, and my peny is as good siluer as yours.

1609 Pasquils Iestes (new ed.) 45 In a countrey market Towne, where were some such girles, as thought their pennies good siluer.

†c. a penny in the forehead and variants: with allusion to a trick in which play is made of the way a cold coin pressed firmly on the forehead of the victim may still be felt by him or her as if it were there after its surreptitious removal. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > children's game > other children's games > [noun] > others

buckle-pit1532

marrowbone1533

put-pin?1577

primus secundus1584

fox in the hole1585

haltering of Hick's mare1585

muss1591

pushpin1598

Jack-in-the-box1600

a penny in the forehead1602

buckerels1649

bumdockdousse1653

peck-point1653

toro1660

wheelbarrow1740

thread-needle1751

thrush-a-thrush1766

runaway ring?1790

Gregory1801

pick-point1801

fighting cocks1807

runaway knock1813

tit-tat-toe1818

French and English1820

honeypots1821

roly-poly1821

tickle-tail1821

pottle1822

King of Cantland1825

tip-top-castle1834

tile1837

statue1839

chip stone1843

hen and chickens1843

king of the castle1843

King Caesar1849

rap-jacket1870

old witch1881

tick-tack-toe1884

twos and threes1896

last across (the road)1904

step1909

king of the hill1928

Pooh-sticks1928

trick or treat1928

stare-you-out1932

king of the mountain1933

dab cricket1938

Urkey1938

trick-or-treating1941

seven-up1950

squashed tomato1959

slot-racing1965

Pog1993

knights-

1602 N. Breton Olde Mad-cappes New Gally-mawfrey sig. B2^v I loue no leere, nor winke, nor wily looke, But straight fore-right, a penny in my face.

1607 E. Sharpham Cupids Whirligig sig. I4 Holde vp your head Tobias, and looke and you can see a penny in my browe.

1637 J. Day New Spring of Divine Poetrie 34 They wagge their sporting fingers, and present A penny in the forehead, or some pap, To win the Children to the Mothers lap.

1659 T. Burton Diary 9 Mar. (1828) IV. 106 I am not bound always to look you in the face like children, to see if you have a penny in your forehead.

a1734 R. North Examen (1740) ii. v. §15. 324 We may hope better of their Abilities than to be wheedled as Children with a Penny in the Forehead.

d. two (also ten) a penny: plentiful and consequently of little value, commonplace; easily obtainable or available; occurring frequently.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > in general [phrase] > commonplace

two (also ten) a penny1830

1830 W. Watts Yahoo 108 Sure wenches then were ten a-penny.

1852 G. Daniel Democritus in London xiii. 178 Treading see the commonalty In the footsteps of the quality; Yes, Jacob Juniper! I feel Your toe intruding on my heel, Toe of one that two a-penny, Trims His Majesty the Many!

1948 ‘N. Shute’ No Highway iv. 92 In Hollywood beauties were two a penny, and it was years before she got an inkling what it was that differentiated her from all the stand-ins and walkers-on.

1960 Times 11 Jan. 17/1 Penalties were two a penny at Upper Park on Saturday.

1986 Jrnl. Royal Coll. Physicians 20 124/2 With golden weddings now ten a penny..it might be possible to get useful information between couples who know each other extremely well.

e. pennies from heaven: money acquired without effort or risk; unexpected benefits, esp. financial ones. Also (in singular): a windfall, a godsend (rare).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > [noun] > money acquired easily

easy money1896

money for jam (also for old rope, etc.)1919

pennies from heaven1936

earner1970

1928 A. Burstein Ghetto Messenger 91 The gentleman, being cognizant of ‘pennies falling from heaven’ and other tricks.., appeared to take it seriously.]

1936 J. Burke (title of song) Pennies from heaven.

1965 J. D. MacDonald Bright Orange for Shroud xvi. 191 ‘Sweetie,’ I said, ‘you are a penny from heaven.’

1972 ‘W. Haggard’ Protectors xiii. 154 He hadn't planned it that way... But when the pennies from heaven fell down he'd seize them.

1995 Economist 8 Apr. 97/3 Compared with the cost of buying a legal database outright—which can reach more than $100,000—paying as you go with a trickle of electronic cash may seem like pennies from heaven.

f. the penny dropped and variants: a situation or statement has at last been understood; a person has reacted belatedly.Originally used with allusion to the mechanism of a penny-in-the-slot machine.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > understand [phrase]

to know what's whatc1422

to know where to find a person1565

to see the light1812

to be awake to1813

to know a move or two1819

to get on to ——1880

to get the strength of1890

to be (or get) wise to1896

to get the picture1900

the penny dropped1939

to pick up1944

to get the message1959

to take on board1979

1939 Daily Mirror 14 Aug. 12 And then the penny dropped, and I saw his meaning!

1951 N. Balchin Way through Wood xv. 214 I sat and thought for a moment and then the penny dropped.

1973 Times 1 Dec. 14 The penny had begun to drop even before the present fuel crisis.

2003 Evening Post (Nottingham) (Nexis) 4 Nov. 12 I did wonder about the chap in the cork hat, but then the penny dropped..he was from Oz.

g. to spend a penny: to go to the toilet; to urinate.With allusion to the (former) price of admission to public toilets.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > defecation or urination > [verb (intransitive)]

to do one's business1596

to pluck a rose1613

to pay a call1648

to go backward1748

go1804

to do (one's) duty1935

to wash one's hands1938

to spend a penny1945

perform1963

1945 H. Lewis Strange Story iv. 27 ‘Us girls,’ she said, ‘are going to spend a penny!’

1960 M. Cecil Something in Common xxii. 239 It's tricky about the bathroom, but it's amazing how one can train oneself to spend a minimum of pennies.

1973 People's Jrnl. 28 July (Inverness & Northern Counties ed.) 10/1 Anyone on the Islands..after that time who wants to ‘spend a penny’ must make a 10-minute walk..to the public toilets.

1990 Daily Star 23 Oct. 3/1 An elderly woman who went to spend a penny ended up being locked in her local church for six hours.

P3. Proverbs.

a. no penny, no paternoster: you get nothing for nothing; if you want a thing you must pay for it (originally with allusion to priests who insist on being paid for performing services). Hence no paternoster, no penny: no work, no pay. Also penny nor paternoster: neither pay nor prayers; neither love nor money. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > non-existence > [phrase] > nothing, no one, not any

never onec1175

never ac1300

never kinsc1300

no kinsc1350

for odd or evenc1425

never anyc1522

penny nor paternoster1528

never a one1534

not a soul1568

neither top nor toe1610

no flesh1663

neither horn nor hoof1664

no sort of‥1736

no nothing1815

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > [phrase] > no work, no pay

no paternoster, no penny1528

1528 W. Tyndale Obed. Christen Man f. lxxxij^v Yet thes two taught and prayed for the people as moch as oure prelates doo, with whom it goeth after the commune sayenge, no peny no Pater noster [printed uoster].

1546 Supplic. Poor Commons sig. c.iii Theyr couetouse is growne into thys prouerbe no peny no pater noster.

1573 G. Gascoigne tr. Ariosto Supposes i. i, in Hundreth Sundrie Flowres 2 Pitie nor pencion, peny nor pater noster shoulde euer haue made Nurse once to open hir mouth in the cause.

1640 W. Prynne Lord Bishops vi. sig. Eiv^v No penny, no Pater noster; they looke more to their tithes, then to their taske.

?1706 E. Hickeringill Priest-craft: 2nd Pt. ii. 22 Once was—No Pater Noster, No Penny; now—No Sermons, not a Penny, not a Farthing.

1845 Biblical Repertory July 376 An instance is given in which the clergy are charged in the newspapers with omitting the festival, for lack of fees: ‘no pence, no paternoster.’

1925 J. I. C. Clarke My Life & Memories ix. 74 If, of old, the churchly motto ‘No penny, no Paternoster’ was true, how could a church be expected to stay downtown when its congregation was moving north?

2001 Spectator (Nexis) 21 Apr. 13 No penny no Pater noster. No longer pipe, no longer dance.

b. a penny saved is a penny gained and variants.

ΚΠ

a1633 G. Herbert Outlandish Prov. (1640) sig. C3 A penny spar'd is twice got.

1659 J. Howell Ital. Prov. 8/1 in Lex. Tetraglotton (1660) A peny saved is twice gained.

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Hunts. 51 By the same proportion that a penny saved is a penny gained, the preserver of books is a Mate for the Compiler of them.

1695 E. Ravenscroft Canterbury Guests ii. iv. 17 This I did to prevent expences, for..A penny sav'd, is a penny got.

1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations II. v. ii. 492 As a penny saved is a penny got, he..gains a farthing by his temperance.

1811 Ld. Byron Hints from Horace 516 A penny saved, my lad, 's a penny got.

1899 Pall Mall Mag. Sept. 107 A penny saved is a penny earned.

1980 Washington Post (Nexis) 13 Jan. b1 The Father said: A penny saved is a penny earned.

2003 Lansing State Jrnl. (Nexis) 30 Oct. (Living section) 1 d I spent the day spouting platitudes such as ‘A penny saved is a penny earned’ and ‘Fish and houseguests stink after three days.’

c. in for a penny, in for a pound: expressing a commitment to see a course of action through to its completion, whatever that may involve.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > undertaking > committed to a course of action [phrase] > whatever it involves

in for a penny, in for a pound1695

1695 E. Ravenscroft Canterbury Guests v. i. 50 Well than, O'er shooes, o'er boots. And In for a Penny, in for a Pound.

1737 J. Breval Rape of Helen i. 21 In for a Penny in for a Pound,..I must go through-stitch with my Gallantry.

1841 C. Dickens Old Curiosity Shop ii. lxvi. 177 Being in for a penny, I am ready as the saying is to be in for a pound.

c1882 W. S. Gilbert Iolanthe ii. 33 In for a penny, in for a pound—It's Love that makes the world go round!

1906 L. Strachey in Lit. Ess. (1948) 142 The emendator is on an inclined plane which leads him inevitably from readjustments of punctuation to corrections of grammar, and from corrections of grammar to alterations of rhythm; if he is in for a penny, he is in for a pound.

1977 Transatlantic Rev. No. 60. 189 The cabbie steamed up to Notting Hill Gate with an In for a penny, In for a pound expression on his face.

2003 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 27 Aug. 1 Once committed, I was in for a penny, in for a pound, so I was not going to pull out.

d. take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves (and variants).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > expenditure > moderation or reduction in expenditure > be moderate in expenditure [phrase]

take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves1747

1747 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 6 Nov. (1932) (modernized text) III. 1051 I knew, once, a very covetous, sordid fellow [sc. William Lowndes, secretary of the Treasury, 1696–1724], who used frequently to say, ‘Take care of the pence; for the pounds will take care of themselves’.

1750 E. Synge Let. 12 Oct. (1996) 262 A saying of Old Judge Daly's is in every one's Mouth. Take care of the pence, the pounds will take care of themselves.

1751 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 5 Feb. (1932) (modernized text) IV. 1500 Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves.

1807 E. S. Barrett All Talents 43 According to the common adage, they will take care of the pence, and as to the eight hundred thousand pounds, why—the pounds must, of course, take care of themselves.

1843 R. S. Surtees Handley Cross I. xi. 207 A real out-and-out workin' chap, that will..look sharp arter the pence, without leavin' the pounds to take care of themselves.

1979 R. Cassilis Arrow of God iv. xvi. 150 Little things, Master Mally. Look after the pennies, Master Mally, and the pounds will look after themselves.

2003 Press & Jrnl. (Aberdeen) (Nexis) 3 Oct. (News section) 17 There is an old saying: take care of the pennies and the pounds will look after themselves.

†e. a penny soul never came to twopence. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1844 Chambers's Jrnl. 12 Oct. 225 A penny soul never came to twopence... Mean views are apt to prevent a man from venturing upon perfectly safe enterprises.

1859 S. Smiles Self-help ix. 221 Narrowmindedness in living and in dealing..leads to failure. The penny soul, it is said, never came to twopence.

Compounds

C1. With first element in singular form.

a. General attributive.

(a) In the senses ‘involving originally the price or value of a penny; costing (or formerly costing) a penny; producing or selling goods at the cost (or formerly at the cost) of a penny; very cheap’.

penny bazaar n.

ΚΠ

1897 H. James in Atlantic Monthly July 71/2 An assortment of pen-wipers and ash-trays, a harvest he had gathered in from penny bazaars.

1966 Guardian 29 Aug. 4/4 The Shields tram..full of early homecomers. They got off at the Penny Bazaar.

2003 Derby Evening Tel. (Nexis) 2 Oct. 20 Peacocks was established by Albert Peacock, who opened a penny bazaar in 1884.

penny candy n.

ΚΠ

1893 N.Y. Times 2 Apr. 12/4 I had to draw the line at the penny candy of the good-natured German woman who presides over the treasures of the establishment.

1994 Grand Centre Cold Lake (Alberta) Sun 29 Nov. 21/1 A big jar of penny candy was prominently displayed on her desk all afternoon.

† penny cord n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V iii. vi. 46 Let not Bardolfes vitall threed be cut, With edge of penny cord, and vile approach.

1790 Times 7 Oct. 3/1 One of his Excellency's footmen was actually see to buy penny cord last Monday.

1854 Harper's Mag. Aug. 381/1 He also showed him a roll of penny-cord, hanging upon an iron-hook, with which the culprit's arms were to be tied behind his back.

† penny hen n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1337–8 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 33 (MED) In..penyhennis emp. in Billinghamschyr..8 s. 11 d.

1340 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 37 (MED) In 29 penihennes emp., 2 s. 5 d.

penny ice n.

ΚΠ

1856 Times 27 Dec. 8/2 His vows are written on the sand, and his oaths..melt ‘like penny ices on a summer day’.

1872 B. Jerrold London xv. 127 The penny ice has proved too strong for the ancient ginger-beer bottle.

1914 G. B. Shaw Fanny's Last Play Induct., in Misalliance 169 You should be eating penny ices and enjoying yourself.

2003 Times (Nexis) 14 June (Weekend section) 7 [Carlo Gatti] became the first man to introduce penny ices to Londoners; not bad when ice-cream was a luxury, well out of reach of working people.

penny knife n.

ΚΠ

1612 R. Coverte True Rep. Englishman 9 Wee bought for Commodities, as two hens for a penny knife, Limmons, and Coquonuts for old Iron.

1773 J. Hawkesworth Acct. Voy. Southern Hemisphere II. x. 102 Penny knives, and beads, or even nails and broken glass.

1856 C. M. Yonge Daisy Chain i. xx. 195 Norman's contribution of half-a-crown bought mugs, marbles, and penny knives.

1999 Sunday Tel. (Sydney) (Nexis) 2 May 166 The Abbot of Whitby..decreed that for penance they would have to erect a hedge every year on the mud of Whitby harbour using a penny knife.

penny loaf n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > other types of loaf

white loafeOE

barley loafc950

French loafc1350

pease loafc1390

penny loaf1418

jannock?a1500

household loaf1565

boon-loaf1679

farmhouse loaf1795

cottage loaf1829

potato loaf1831

sod1836

Coburg1843

sweet roll1851

stale1874

Hovis1890

Sally Lunn1901

bloomer loaf1937

wholemeal1957

baguette1958

1418 Maldon (Essex) Court Rolls (Bundle 11, No. 3) Panis frumenti..vocat. penylof.

1529–30 in J. Imrie et al. Burgh Court Bk. Selkirk (1960) 104 Quha that breikis the pais..ve ordand..ane penny laif to the dussone.

1665 R. Head Eng. Rogue I. xii. 111 Coming by a bakers shop, I pretended to be ignorant of the City, and as I was asking him the way to such a place, not caring what, I happily secured a penny loaf, which I carried off undiscovered.

1752 H. Fielding Amelia I. i. v. 34 A penny Loaf, which is, it seems, the ordinary Allowance to the Prisoners in Bridewell, was now delivered him.

1841 C. Dickens Old Curiosity Shop ii. xlv. 46 A penny loaf was all they had had that day.

1973 C. A. Wilson Food & Drink in Brit. vii. 265 More attractive was the earlier ‘panada for a sick or weak stomach’, made from the crumb of a penny loaf boiled in a quart of water with a blade of mace, to which was added ‘a bit of lemon-peel, the juice of a lemon, a glass of sack, and sugar to your taste’.

penny magazine n.

ΚΠ

1832 (title) The Penny Magazine.

1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 2nd Ser. 145 When penny magazines shall have superseded penny yards of song.

1905 E. G. Herzfeld Family Monographs 17 Outside of the simple hymns the songs are of a very low order—printed in the newspaper supplement or penny magazine.

1999 Leicester Mercury (Nexis) 24 Aug. 4 The three bought penny magazines and met outdoors in the summer to read and discuss the material which they had perused.

† penny mass n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1591 E. Spenser Prosopopoia in Complaints 452 Their penie masses and their complynes meete.

penny newspaper n.

ΚΠ

1831 Times 16 Aug. 4/3 A young man..was..charged with exposing for sale the last number of Hetherington's penny newspaper, on Saturday afternoon, on Holborn-bridge.

1862 Sat. Rev. 8 Feb. 154 A halfpenny or penny newspaper.

1951 Times 30 Apr. 4/5 (headline) Last week of penny newspapers.

2003 Albuquerque (New Mexico) Jrnl. (Nexis) 12 May c4 Pulp fiction started in the earlier part of the 19th century when cheap steam-powered printing processes made possible penny newspapers and..story papers dedicated to fiction.

penny novel n.

ΚΠ

1861 Punch 5 Jan. 3/1 A weakness for..reading penny novels.

1911 Times 16 Oct. 12/2 The dialogue [of Lady Windermere's Fan] is..sometimes as wooden as that in a penny novel.

1995 Jewish Bull. (Nexis) 17 Nov. 32 Yiddish was used for the crafting of penny novels about dragons and princesses locked in towers.

penny novelette n.

ΚΠ

1896 G. B. Shaw in Sat. Rev. 10 Oct. 387/1 You would never dream of asking why Morris did not read penny novelettes, or hang his rooms with Christmas-number chromolithographs.

1937 A. Koestler Spanish Test. ii. 237 In our moments of greatest excitement, at the so-called great moments of life, we all behave like characters in a penny novelette.

1994 Glasgow Herald (Nexis) 26 Jan. 13 It remains unclear why the Prime Minister of Great Britain was lunching with the 92-year-old authoress of the world's worst penny novelettes.

† penny page n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1800 R. Bisset Douglas IV. i. 13 What they call, in Scotland, a penny page writer, or hack attorney.

1834 Tait's Edinb. Mag. New Ser. 1 423/1 A set of idle penny-page men.

penny paper n.

ΚΠ

1623 N. Rich Proposition conc. Tobacco Mar. in S. M. Kingsbury Rec. Virginia Company (1935) IV. 27 W^ch Retayler shall sell it [sc. tobacco] to the Alehousekeep in penny papers thirteen to the dozen.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 124. ¶2 Many a bulky Author would make his Appearance in a Penny Paper.

1839 C. F. Briggs Adventures Harry Franco II. i. 2 Three or four cartmen, in dirty frocks, were seated on their cart tails, each of them studying a penny paper, apparently with the most intense curiosity.

1943 Amer. Speech 18 206 (note) The ‘penny-papers,’ the Daily News and Daily mirror use Yugos as a noun abundantly.

2000 N.Y. Press 29 Mar. i. 7/3 The Murdoch press, genuflecting to the accuracy the 19th-century New York penny papers reserved for Irish immigrants, has portrayed the..gypsies as..‘aggressive beggars’.

penny press n.

ΚΠ

1833 Times 20 Apr. 1/2 The New Court Journal, of this day, contains..A Farewell to St. James's Royal Wooers—The Penny Press versus the Horse Guards—and original remarks on all the fashionable topics of the day.

1932 T. S. Eliot Sel. Ess. vi. 341 Those sections about which readers of the penny press are most ready to excite themselves.

2002 Hotdog Feb. 30/3 Occurring at the same time as the rise of the penny press, the Ripper was really the first tabloid celebrity.

penny roll n. now historical and rare

ΚΠ

1766 B. Franklin in London Chron. 29 Nov. 524/1 'Tis fancied the streets are paved with penny rolls, the houses tiled with pancakes, [etc.].

1837 B. D. Walsh tr. Aristophanes Knights i. iii, in Comedies 160 I will hack you like a penny-roll!

1920 Times 18 Oct. 12 The rise in the cost of bread has been accompanied by the disappearance of another of London's pennyworths. The penny roll in the teashops is now to cost 1½d.

2003 This is Local London (Nexis) 21 Mar. Mother used to send us over [to the bakery] to buy five penny rolls as a treat some mornings.

penny stamp n.

ΚΠ

1831 F. Place Diary in Affairs of Others (2007) 337 Mr Chadwick had some time before mentioned, the placing a penny stamp on a publication, with approbation.

1839 R. Hill Memorandum 13 June The stamp-office would charge the nominal value..(a penny a sheet for penny stamps, twopence a sheet for twopenny stamps, etc).

1947 Times 23 Sept. 7/4 The penny stamps bore the head of the late King George V.

2002 Evening News (Edinburgh) (Nexis) 24 Dec. 10 The arrival of the adhesive penny stamp..prompted the birth of the card industry.

penny toy n.

ΚΠ

1788 P. Thicknesse Mem. & Anecd. II. 153 A little penny toy in plaister of Paris.

1852 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 68/1 Every little fruit-shop displays its stall of gilt gingerbread and penny toys.

1905 Daily Chron. 18 Dec. 4/5 The first gutter penny-toy merchant.

2001 Model Collector May (Motoring thru Childhood Suppl.) p. iii/1 The tiny vehicles are named ‘penny toys’ after their price.

penny whistle n.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > wind instrument > pipe > [noun] > whistle > other whistles

penny whistle1730

sap-whistle1740

Galton's whistle1904

Swanee whistle1926

pikipiki1933

1730 G. Odingsells Bays's Opera iii. 64 Musicians with Halters about their Necks—Their Instruments strung behind, penny Whistles, Trumpets, and so forth, in their Hands.

1817 W. Scott Rob Roy I. x. 233 Pipes!—They look more like penny-whistles.

1931 N. Douglas London Street Games (ed. 2) 29 I went down the lane to buy a penny whistle, A copper came by and pinch my penny whistle.

2000 M. Fletcher Silver Linings (2001) iv. 72 Young Jimmy [sc. James Galway] began with the penny-whistle, graduated to the flute, and by the age of nine was playing for a flute band in Orange Order parades.

(b) With sense ‘involving the charge of one penny for use or admission’.

† penny boat n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1850 R. Reece Whittington, Junior, & Sensation Cat iii. 23 My chief experiences, though, afloat, Have been confined, sir, to the penny boat.

1889 Cent. Mag. July 362/2 The writer in visiting London for the first time, many years ago, took an early opportunity to try a voyage by the penny boats on the Thames.

penny bus n.

ΚΠ

1891 J. K. Jerome Diary of Pilgrimage 144 The women who, in the penny 'bus..when a tired little milliner gets in, would leave the poor girl standing with her bundle for an hour, rather than make room for her.

1903 N.E.D. at Penny Penny bus.

1919 E. P. Oppenheim Millionaire of Yesterday xxxi. 183 I should make for the Bank of England, a penny 'bus along that way will take you—and ask again there.

penny club n.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [noun] > club > types of club

penny club1631

country club1679

soaking club1694

fire clubc1744

tea-circle1834

student union1843

Boys' Club1855

house club1893

tennis club1894

service club1898

book club1904

Darby and Joan club1942

1631 B. Jonson New Inne iv. i. 9 Keep they their peny-club, stil?

1844 C. M. Yonge Abbeychurch xiii. 278 Elizabeth..went to the school to receive the penny-club money.

1895 Scribner's Mag. Feb. 151/1 The younger son..began to be uncomfortable in an atmosphere of priests, parishioners, and penny-clubs.

1993 Washington Informer (Nexis) 5 May 13 Gulfside was purchased on April 16, 1923 after Bishop Robert W. Jones challenged 14 Methodist Ministers to raise money for a Black ‘religious resort’, by forming ‘penny clubs,’ and asking parishioners to donate a penny a piece each day.

penny concert n.

ΚΠ

1847 Times 13 Oct. 6/4 He..found him in company of the female prisoner, with whom he had just returned from one of those schools of vice and debauchery, a penny concert-room in Whitechapel.

1894 Times 17 Jan. 14/3 He desired to see the palace used for penny concerts.

2002 Canberra Times (Nexis) 11 Aug. a15 Fay has performed just about everywhere, from a Red Cross penny concert in a weather shed out to Bowning where she helped raise money to fix up the hall.

penny gallery n.

ΚΠ

1604 T. Middleton Father Hubbards Tales in Wks. (1840) V. A dull audience of stinkards sitting in the penny-galleries of a theatre.

1908 Times 13 Jan. 4/2 It is estimated that the number, chiefly children, who desired admission to the penny gallery was over a thousand.

1961 F. E. Halliday Shakespeare ix. 204 Till now their playhouse had been a large open amphitheatre, their audience a cross-section of London society, from courtiers who sat on the stage to penny gallery stinkards and groundlings who stood in the yard.

penny lecture n.

ΚΠ

1852 Eliza Cook's Jrnl. 22 May 57/2 The power of the Penny has only been discovered of late years. The Penny Magazine, and the Penny Cyclopædia, fairly inaugurated the discovery. Penny Lectures are the necessary corollary from it.

1935 Times 1 Oct. 11/1 The old idea of popular science—as it was to be found in the penny lectures and the weekly journals—was a miscellaneous assortment of facts.

2003 Frankston (Melbourne) Standard Leader (Nexis) 7 July 29 In 1873, when Frankston was just a fishing village of 30 people, some of their number met to form a mechanics' institute. To raise money, members gave penny lectures in the old St Paul's Hall.

† penny lodging n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1703 Eng. Lucian 1 Thou hadst been still in an Eighteen penny Lodging.]

1772 Comic Muse 63 Pent up—in a penny lodging.

?1800 S. More Good Mother's Legacy 19 I got a penny lodging amongst beggars.

penny reading n.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > a reading > [noun]

reading1724

penny reading1859

1859 Suffolk Chron. 13 Sept. (heading) Penny Readings for the Working Classes.

1883 P. E. Gibbons in Harper's Mag. Apr. 661/1 Penny readings are entertainments at which each who enters pays a penny.

1969 Telegraph (Brisbane) 25 Mar. 8/4 The provisional school was used for monthly ‘penny readings’..at that period.

2002 W. Woodruff Road to Nab End (2003) 113 When money was short we went to ‘penny readings’, where we sat on a hard bench in a cold warehouse.

penny show n.

ΚΠ

1601 To Perfection in R. Chester Loves Martyr 175 The cause of all our monstrous penny-showes.

1860 B. Taylor At Home & Abroad 450 We will leave the genteel society to simper and dance in the banquet-hall, and accompany the peasants to their penny-shows.

1911 N. Munro Treasure Trove in Para Handy (1997) xxix. 129 ‘He's no' a sailor at a'!’ he protested; ‘he's a clown; I've see'd better men jumpin' through girrs at a penny show.’

2003 Evening Times (Glasgow) (Nexis) 5 June 54 Come Saturday, this dispute will be a penny show in a puddle.

penny steamboat n.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > mechanically propelled vessels > [noun] > propelled by steam engine > passenger-steamer

penny steamboat1848

passenger steamer1851

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel for transporting people or goods > passenger vessel > [noun] > charging specific fare

farthing-boat1832

penny steamboat1848

1848 Examiner 17 June 1/1 Imagine our own Government..conducting all the omnibuses and penny steamboats.

1889 Times 6 Sept. 3/5 These are things that can be seen..by anybody who chooses to take a trip down the river in a penny steamboat.

1991 T. Pakenham Scramble for Afr. xiii. 218 With his heart in his mouth, Gordon focused his telescope on the three small paddle steamers, as frail as Thames penny steamboats.

penny steamer n.

ΚΠ

1848 R. B. Brough Camaralzaman & Badoura ii. i. 26 I've sailed in penny steamers many a one.

1881 H. James Portrait of Lady I. xv. 180 They..went on a penny-steamer to the Tower.

1999 Glasgow Herald (Nexis) 22 Oct. 18 Older..readers may remember the penny steamers that transported up to 360 passengers from various parts of the River Clyde into town at the end of the last century.

penny tram n.

ΚΠ

1889 Times 27 Feb. 15/5 (advt.) Private hotel, close to three railway stations; penny trams and trains to all parts.

2003 N.Z. Herald (Nexis) 20 May (Entertainment section) If you want to take a ride on that penny tram to Brighton, there are just five more performances.

(c) With sense ‘designating a game at which the stake is a penny’.

penny nap n.

ΚΠ

1883 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 767/2 ‘And, Mr. Edwards, get out a game of chess, or draughts, or something,’ he continued aloud; ‘backgammon, eh? or—’ ‘Penny Nap,’ cried Teddy joyously.

1950 L. H. Dawson Hoyle's Games Modernized (ed. 20) i. 138 If a man calls three at ‘penny Nap’, he receives 3d.

1995 Guardian (Nexis) 4 May t6 McCulloch..won the Broken Hill gold mine in Australia in a game of penny nap.

† penny-ombre n. Obsolete

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > ombre and quadrille > [noun] > varieties of

renegado1674

penny-ombre1710

quintille?1720

tresillo1829

mediator1902

1710 J. Swift Let. 26 Sept. (1766) I. xxviii. 65 I would much rather be now in Ireland.., and looking over, while you lost a crown at penny ombre.

(d) With sense ‘designating a person who sells something or does some work for a penny or at a cheap rate; (hence) engaged in cheap or menial work’.

penny barber n.

ΚΠ

a1704 T. Brown Satire French King (rev. ed.) in Wks. (1730) I. 61 I hope thou'lt in the Friars take a shop, Turn penny-barber [ed. 1707: Puny-Barber] there.

1792 J. Byng Diary 3 July in C. B. Andrews Torrington Diaries (1936) III. 150 I shaved at a barber's shop, a penny barber, who never makes wigs, nor has a shaving-brush in the house.

1873 Times 9 Jan. 10/6 A poor named Tarrant,..a haircutter and penny-barber in the town of Yeovil.

2003 Scripps Howard News Service (Nexis) 27 May (Life Style section) It was not until the 19th century, when advances in manufacturing greatly lowered the cost of razors, that shaving moved from the servants of royalty to the proletariat in the form of penny barbers.

† penny foot-post n. Obsolete

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > correspondence > postal services > person or vehicle that carries letters or mail > [noun] > person > specific on foot

foot post1578

post-runner1596

penny foot-posta1625

a1625 J. Fletcher Chances v. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ccc^v/1 A penny foot post Compel'd with crosse and pile to run of errands.

penny poet n.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > poet > [noun] > minor poet or poetaster

rhymera1500

versifier1531

rhythmer1577

rhymester1593

poetizer1599

jingler1600

penny poet1600

poetaster1601

verser?1611

versemonger1634

poetitoa1637

foot poet1641

verseman1652

sonneteer1667

tinkler1689

verse-wright1729

rhymist1763

bardling1813

coupleteer1818

verse-smith1820

poetling1830

versicler1860

bardlet1867

poeticule1872

poetast1892

1600 W. Kemp Nine Daies Wonder sig. D3^v A penny Poet; whose first making was the miserable stolne story of Macdoel, or Macdobeth, or Macsomewhat.

1726 W. Penn Wks. I. 125 Whenever I turn such a Penny-Poet, let such Confusion be my Judgement.

a1845 S. Smith Elem. Sketches Moral Philos. (1850) ix. 100 That race of penny poets who lived in the reigns of Cosmo and Lorenzo di Medici.

1907 J. M. Synge Playboy of Western World i. 24 You'd hear the penny poets singing in an August Fair.

penny publisher n.

ΚΠ

1858 Brit. Q. Rev. 56 341 This lecture is profusely illustrated, as the penny publishers say, with cuts.

1991 C. Sellers Market Revolution xii. 386 Penny publishers resented the Whiggery of leading blanket papers.

† penny-wit n. Obsolete

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > wit, wittiness > [noun] > witty person > inferior

penny-wit1619

underwit1655

wit-would1678

witling1693

1619 H. Hutton Follie's Anat. sig. A5^v Times puny, Penny-wits, I loathing hate.

(a) Objective.

penny-catching adj.

ΚΠ

1805 H. K. White Let. 31 Jan. in Remains (1807) I. 145 Penny-catching pamphlets.

1946 William & Mary Q. 3 618 Although literary historians dispose of Ward with such epithets as penny-catching poet, pamphleteer, obscene storyteller and alehouse proprietor, it is a fact that he was a very popular writer in his day.

penny-cautious adj.

ΚΠ

1939 D. Thomas Let. July in Sel. Lett. (1966) 233 People forced..to be so penny-cautious.

penny collector n.

ΚΠ

1853 K. Marx in N.Y. Daily Tribune 7 Oct. in K. Lapides Marx & Engels on Trade Unions ii. 49 The overlookers have been induced to inform their masters, who had taken a part in forwarding the movement, and accordingly a number of penny collectors have been discharged.

1876 Times 4 May 10/3 It was in 1812 that he first became a penny-collector for the society.

2003 Noblesville Ledger (Nexis) 15 July 2 a He was a member of the Noblesville Moose Lodge, an avid penny collector, and a family man.

penny-conscious adj.

ΚΠ

1960 Times 10 Sept. 14/6 Penny conscious——pound wise.

1990 Hist. Jrnl. 33 396 With the possible loss of the China monopoly in the near future, the Company's directors became more penny-conscious than ever.

penny-grubbing adj.

ΚΠ

1942 New Statesman 11 July 25/1 The Jews of Poland, on the whole, I have found penny-grubbing, cunning, and given to circumlocution.

2000 Jrnl. News (Westchester County, N.Y.) (Nexis) 7 May 1 b That's 22 cents you're handing over to the next motorist, or worse, to the penny-grubbing municipality.

penny-picking adj.

ΚΠ

1851 Amer. Whig Rev. June 476/1 There are points involved..which have received scarcely a passing notice at the hands of the penny-picking hordes and demagogue adventurers who have..thrust their puny efforts on the reading public.

1920 D. H. Lawrence Lost Girl vi. 99 This grubby penny-picking England.

1995 Investors Chron. (Nexis) 31 Mar. 49 Savaged by penny-picking grocers, UK distribution profits fell..on 3 per cent higher sales.

(b) Similative, etc.

penny-brown adj. and n.

ΚΠ

a1829 Sir Hugh x, in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads (1889) III. vi. 281/1 The nexten steed that he drew out, He was the penny-brown.

1985 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 23 Feb. 23/1 The woods were bare: crooked gray bones, penny-brown hills.

2001 W. Ferguson Generica xlvii. 257 The coppered rooftops of the newer buildings were a bright penny brown, and not the stately, aged green of the older buildings.

penny-grey adj.

ΚΠ

1903 N.E.D. at Penny Penny-grey.

penny-sized adj.

ΚΠ

1899 Arch. Surg. 10 159 I was shown a penny-sized patch of eczema-psoriasis.

1992 Nat. Hist. Feb. 62/2 Partridgeberry, with its deep green, penny-sized leaves, lies in patches on the ground.

C2.

penny ale n. now historical ale sold at a penny a gallon, thin ale.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > ale > [noun] > cheap or thin ale

penny alec1400

pudding-alec1400

c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. v. 134 (MED) Penyale [v.r. Pany hale] & pilewhey heo pouride togidere For laboureris & louȝ folk.

?1543 T. Phaer tr. J. Goeurot Regiment of Lyfe i. f. v To drynke onely penyale, or suche small drynke.

1781 T. Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry III. xxxv. 300 What bread how stale, what pennie ale!

1852 W. M. Thackeray Henry Esmond II. xi. 205 I shall welcome your honour to my cottage in the country, and to a mug of penny ale.

1991 Hist. Workshop Spring 171 In violation of standards that sought to ensure a good, but cheap ale for the poor, she mingles the poor's normal fare (penny ale) with the dregs of the brewing process (pudding ale), thereby ensuring that the poor received an ale of exceeding poor quality.

penny arcade n. originally and chiefly North American an amusement arcade or indoor games centre in which coin-operated mechanical and electronic games (originally costing one cent to operate) may be played.

ΚΠ

1903 Indiana (Pa.) County Gaz. 17 June 1/5 Next him is the pavilion of the Penny Arcade. Here are arranged a number of penny-in-the-slot machines of great interest.

1961 F. Getlein & H. C. Gardiner Movies, Morals, & Art i. iv. 48 The penny arcade..can still be found in such urban areas as Times Square.

2002 Loaded July 16/3 He..[ended] up in police cells after pouring a can of lager into the slots of one of those penny arcade machines, causing a major short circuit.

penny awful n. and adj. (a) n. a penny dreadful; (b) adj. = penny dreadful n. and adj. (b).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > novel > [noun] > sensational novel or thriller

sensation novel1856

penny dreadful1861

dime novel1864

curdler1872

dreadful1874

blood and thunder1876

penny awful1880

shilling dreadful1885

thrill1886

thriller1889

blood1892

terror novel1896

penny horrible1899

spine-thriller1912

roman noir1926

spine-chiller1940

scorcher1942

spine-tingler1942

spine-freezer1960

1880 Times 2 Oct. 10/1 My second word..is..a protest against the unreal and ‘goody’ type of so many of the stories and publications put forth by church writers... This ‘pernicious nonsense’ needs our vigilance as much as do the ‘penny awfuls’ themselves.

1889 E. Dowson Let. 15 Mar. (1967) 49 It is very bad, very long, & distinctly ‘penny awful’ not ‘shilling shocking’.

1992 Atlantic Apr. 62/2 Here was an opportunity that suggested an adventure equal to anything in penny-awful fiction.

penny bank n. now historical a savings bank at which a sum as low as a penny may be deposited.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > financial dealings > banking > [noun] > bank > savings bank

saving bank1808

savings bank1813

saving institution1816

savings institution1819

trustee bank1841

penny bank1849

post-office savings-bank1861

1849 Times 17 Dec. 5/5 The expenditure of the Hull penny bank will not exceed 70l. for the first year.

1862 D. T. Ansted & R. G. Latham Channel Islands iv. xxiv. 557 A Penny Bank, for savings of amounts too small to be received at the ordinary savings banks, was opened in Jersey on the 1st of January, 1862.

1912 Dict. National Biogr. at Lambert, Brooke He founded a penny bank, a soup kitchen, a working-man's club, and a mutual improvement society.

1990 A. Burton Cityscapes xii. 139/2 But there was still room for commerce among the benevolents: the old Yorkshire Penny Bank was built here and there is a glorious shop front, a real Victorian extravaganza, in Manor Row.

† penny bean n. Obsolete rare a kind of leguminous plant, perhaps a lupin with flat round seeds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > pulses or plants producing pulses > [noun] > bean > other types of bean

white bean1542

penny bean?1550

black bean1569

garence1610

mung1611

calavance1620

red bean1658

lablab1670

Cajan1693

dal1698

bonavist1700

tick-bean1744

tick1765

toker1786

mash1801

Lima beana1818

stick bean1823

Canavalia1828

moth1840

cow-pea1846

Lima1856

asparagus pea1859

towcok1866

Java bean1868

wall1884

Rangoon bean1903

Madagascar bean1909

?1550 H. Llwyd tr. Pope John XXI Treasury of Healthe sig. B.v The Branne of Lupines or penny beane layd on the hearye place, wyl make the heare to fall.

penny bird n. Irish English the little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis; also called drink-a-penny.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > freshwater birds > [noun] > order Podicipediformes (grebes) > podiceps ruficollis (dabchick)

dive-dapa1000

doppe13..

dumping1393

dippera1425

didapperc1440

dopperc1440

ducker?a1500

dabchickc1520

dive-dapper1559

arsefoot1598

loon1678

penny bird1823

helldiver1839

Tom Pudding1848

1823 S. McSkimmin Hist. & Antiq. Carrickfergus (ed. 2) 356 Colymbus..Minor, Little Grebe, Penny Bird, builds at Loughmorne.

1880 W. H. Patterson Gloss. Words Antrim & Down 77 Penny bird, the little grebe. Also called Drink-a-penny.

1996 C. I. Macafee Conc. Ulster Dict. 250/2 Penny bird, the little grebe Trachybaptus ruficollis [sic].

penny black n. (a specimen of) the first one-penny postage stamp issued in the United Kingdom, on 6 May 1840; also figurative.

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society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [noun] > postage stamp > types of

black1863

penny black1863

local1865

error1866

toadskin1867

fiscal1869

imperforate1874

tête-bêche1874

halfpenny1881

provisional1885

British colonial1902

precancel1903

definitive1929

airmail1930

pictorial1934

perfin1945

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > hobby > collecting stamps > [noun] > specific type of stamp

penny black1863

tête-bêche1874

re-entry1916

pictorial1934

perfin1945

1863 Stamp-collector's Mag. 1 159/2 Penny black, 10d.

1901 Times 18 Nov. 8/6 There were two specimens of the very rare penny black stamp with the letters V.R. in the upper corners.

1936 R. Graves Antigua, Penny, Puce x. 149 I specialize in the archetype and grandmother of all stamps—the Penny Black of 1840.

1972 Daily Tel. 12 May (Colour Suppl.) 62/1 These are so rare that they are referred to as the Penny Blacks of the cigarette card world.

2003 Western Morning News (Nexis) 30 Aug. 9 Penny blacks from Cornwall are rare, in fact we haven't put one up for sale for more than five years.

penny blood n. now chiefly historical a cheaply published work of fiction characterized by sensationalism or violence; cf. penny dreadful n. and adj.

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1892 Standard 22 Aug. 2/5 On the lad the Constable..found a number of copies of what are known as ‘penny bloods’.

1925 W. de la Mare Two Tales 32 The penny blood concealed in his ‘Arithmetic’.

2005 Times Lit. Suppl. 18 Mar. 29/2 The accelerating popularity of such genres as the Newgate novel and its salacious successors, the ‘shilling shocker’ and the ‘penny blood’.

† penny-bound adj. Obsolete rare (probably) provided with enough money (for a particular purpose).

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c1480 (a1400) St. Thomas Apostle 339 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 138 Gyfe he be nocht penny bowne, lat it til vs bath be commowne.

pennyboy n. colloquial (originally) †a boy employed to do a job for a wage of one penny (obsolete); (later more generally) (depreciative) a person treated as a menial or without respect.

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1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes Dram. Pers. 2 in Wks. II Peni-boy, the Sonne, the heire and Suiter.]

1902 J. S. Farmer & W. E. Henley Slang V. 168/1 Penny-boy (old), a boy who haunted the cattle markets on the chance of driving beasts to the slaughter~house.

1914 J. Joyce Dubliners 273 He saw himself as a ludicrous figure, acting as a pennyboy for his aunts.

1994 Guardian 11 June (Weekend Suppl.) 24/2 She was neither pennyboy nor clown to the poet.

† penny breadth n. Obsolete the size or breadth of a penny.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [noun] > units of length or distance > breadth of a penny

penny bredea1450

penny breadtha1550

a1550 Wardrobe Acct. Hen. VIII in Archæol. 9 250 Syxe pecis of Venysse reabande, pennye bredith of div'se colours.

a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Henry V xvi, in Poems (1878) IV. 105 One Day writes an Age; Though a Good hand, pussle an Eye to Read't A Pater-Noster, in a Penny Breadth.

a1688 J. Renwick Choice Coll. Serm. (ed. 4) (1777) 580 Nature is most tender of one penny breadth of it.

1775 London Mag. Aug. 422/2 The lappets are tied up with the penny breadth in festoons.

† pennybred n. [apparently < penny n. + bred n.] Obsolete (perhaps) a baker's moulding-board for penny-loaves.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > baker's equipment > bread or pastry board

pennybred?c1300

moulding board1327

pastry board1442

pasteboard1452

bakbrade1457

bred1538

bakeboard1545

panel1612

pie board1691

breadboard1761

board1845

?c1300 Subsidy Roll, Lynn Regis in Norfolk Archaeol. (1847) 1 354 (MED) In j penibrod..xij d.

1390 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1882) I. 244 Unum penybreyde ad iiij d.

1411 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1883) II. 84 j penybrede, iij d.

† penny brede n. Obsolete = penny breadth n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [noun] > units of length or distance > breadth of a penny

penny bredea1450

penny breadtha1550

a1450 in T. Austin Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 7 Kyt it in smale pecys of they [read the] peny brede.

penny brick n. now English regional (northern) and rare a loaf of bread shaped like a brick, a tin loaf; cf. brick n.¹ 4b.

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1716 M. Malard True French Gram. ii. 206 A penny brick, un pain d'un sou.

1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 18 We began to live like Gentlemen, for we had Three-penny-worth of boil'd Beef, Two-penny-worth of Pudding, a penny Brick, (as they call it, or Loaf) and a whole Pint of strong Beer, which was seven Pence in all.

1858 Times 18 Aug. 9/4 The bakers could not increase the price of the ‘penny bricks’.

1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Penny-brick, a small roll of bread.

penny-bridal n. Scottish (now historical and rare) = penny wedding n.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > wedding or nuptials > [noun] > manner of marrying > at which guests contribute money

penny-bridal1599

silver bridal1624

penny wedding1672

silver-marriage1825

penny wedder1866

silvern wedding1880

1599 in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1833) I. 132 That thair be na mariage maid in this kirk, (quha hes penny brydellis,) quhill thair be first consignit x li. and certificatione gevin.

1624 in W. Cramond Ann. Banff (1893) II. 23 Anent the great abuses of pennie brydells in aill houses.

c1686 R. Law Memorialls (1818) 204 They [sc. a parliament] discharged, by an act, pennie-bridells, and ordained the number of these to be at brydells to be but very few.

1837 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 680a A Welsh wedding is..similar to the merry penny-bridals of Scotland and Ireland.

1927 J. Buchan Witch Wood vi. 104 For a season there were no shortcomings in Bold; penny-bridals and fiddling and roystering at the change-houses were forgotten.

penny bun n. British (a) a bun which costs a penny (now historical); (b) an edible woodland fungus, Boletus edulis (family Boletaceae), with a brown cap and thick, flecked stem, considered a delicacy in many European countries.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > bun > [noun]

bun1371

wig1376

barley-bun1552

simnel cake1699

simlin1701

muffin1703

Chelsea bun1711

cross-bun1733

hot cross bun1733

penny bun1777

Sally Lunn1780

huffkin1790

Bath-bun1801

teacake1832

English muffin1842

saffron bun1852

Belgian bun1854

Valentine-bun1854

cinnamon roll1872

lunn1874

Yorkshire teacake1877

barmbrack1878

cinnamon bun1879

sticky bun1880

pan dulce1882

schnecke1899

wad1919

tabnab1933

1777 Hist. Miss Maria Barlowe II. lxiii. 150 So I bought a penny bun.

1824 E. Weeton Jrnl. 21 July (1969) II. 309 Having had no dinner..but some curds and one or two penny buns.

1951 Dict. Gardening (Royal Hort. Soc.) II. 849/1 The following are mentioned among the most esteemed British species:..Penny-bun Fungus—Boletus edulis.

1987 BBC Wildlife Sept. 436/1 Many boletes are specially associated with the roots of trees, and one of the most common, particularly on conifers, is the..penny bun Boletus edulis.

1992 New Scientist 7 Mar. 34/2 Long-lived bracket fungi and Boletes such as the Penny Bun (used in soups) have a sponge-like matrix of narrow tubes or pores from which spores are ejected.

2002 N. Lebrecht Song of Names iv. 71 We jumped off at Lyons' Corner Houses for tea and penny buns, served by Nippies in white hats and aprons.

† penny-commons n. Obsolete a meal supplied from a college buttery or kitchen, and costing a penny.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > meal > [noun] > communal or public meal

ordinar1553

public table1561

ordinary1589

penny-commons1615

fellowshipa1650

ordinary suppera1661

house dinner1818

table d'hôte1821

grubbery1831

syssitia1835

mess1840

hall1861

potluck1867

syssition1874

the world > food and drink > food > meal > [noun] > meal at fixed price

penny-commons1615

table d'hôte1821

prix fixe1851

1615 T. Overbury et al. New & Choise Characters with Wife (6th impr.) sig. I7 At meales, he sits in as great state ouer his Penny-Commons, as euer Vitellius did at his greatest Banquet.

1691 J. Dunton Voy. round World I. iii. 44 Now dare I venture a shoulder of Mutton to a penny Commons, that 'twas some Shcollard or other writ these Verses.

1775 Ann. Reg. 1772 (ed. 2) 141/1 A good brown loaf to deal with a penny-commons.

† pennycratching n. Obsolete (probably) money-grubbing (cf. cratch v. 2).Apparently an isolated use.

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1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 457 b What shall we say of the Maunger? which is shewed at Rome in the Cathedrall Church of Mary Maior, not without pennycrooching?

penny-daisy n. rare a daisy; perhaps the ox-eye daisy, Leucanthemum vulgare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > composite flowers > chrysanthemums

goldOE

buddle?a1350

great daisya1400

white bottlea1400

bigolda1500

maudlin-wort1552

chrysanthemum1578

ox-eyea1637

whiteweed1642

ox-eye daisy1731

moonflower1787

ox-daisy1813

ox-eyed daisy1817

pyrethrum1837

horse-gowan1842

marguerite1847

maudlin daisy1855

moon daisy1855

pompom1861

moon-penny1866

crown daisy1875

Korean chrysanthemum1877

Paris daisy1882

mum1891

Shasta daisy1901

chrysanth1920

penny-daisy1920

Korean1938

Nippon daisy1939

1915 Iowa Recorder 7 Apr. 4/3 Larkspurs, moon penny daisies, Shasta daisies [etc.].]

1920 D. H. Lawrence Lost Girl i. 24 Big penny-daisies grew in tufts on the brink of the yellow clay.

† pennydale n. Obsolete = penny dole n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > giving > distributing or dealing out > [noun] > by measure > specific

pennydale1495

penny deal1521

penny dole1530

1495 in J. Raine Testamenta Eboracensia (1869) IV. 26 To poore people be penydale, iiij^l. iij^s. iiij^d.

† penny deal n. Obsolete = penny dole n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > giving > distributing or dealing out > [noun] > by measure > specific

pennydale1495

penny deal1521

penny dole1530

1521 in J. W. Clay Testamenta Eboracensia (1902) VI. 6 I will that my executors dispose oppon my beriall daye to poore people penny deale.

penny dog n. (a) regional a dog that constantly follows its master or mistress, (hence) a hanger-on, a sycophant; (also) a dog of an inferior breed; †(b) the tope, Galeorhinus galeus (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > inferior

cur?c1225

cur-dog?c1225

trundle-tail1486

sholt1587

cute1622

penny doga1682

mutt1900

tripe-hound1923

fleabag1932

the world > animals > fish > subclass Elasmobranchii > order Pleurotremata > [noun] > family Scyliorhinidae > member of genus Galeus

thornback dog1668

black-mouthed dogfish1836

miller's dog1836

penny dog1836

miller-dog1848

blackmouth1851

dog1860

galeidan1868

galeid1889

tope1898

a1682 F. Sempill Banishm. Poverty in J. Watson Choice Coll. Scots Poems (1706) i. 11 His wink to me hath been a Law, He haunts me like a penny-dog.

1836 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Fishes II. 390 The Tope is a common species along the southern coast, where it is known by the names of Penny Dog and Miller's Dog.

1860 J. G. Wood Reptiles, Fishes, Insects 71 The destructive..fish..known by the names of..Penny Dog, or Miller's Dog.

1899 Shetland News 11 Nov. in Sc. National Dict. (1968) at Penny Foo many vaiges is doo gaein ta hae me rinnin' laek a penny dog?

1953 Amer. Speech 28 252 Penny-dog,... A hanger-on, a servile follower.

penny dole n. the distribution of a penny to each of a number of people; the money so distributed.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > giving > distributing or dealing out > [noun] > by measure > specific

pennydale1495

penny deal1521

penny dole1530

1530 in F. W. Weaver Wells Wills (1890) 25 xv^li to be delte penydole.

1603 E. Wilkinson Isahacs Inheritance 1 Thou aimedst faire, but Cæsar knew thou flatterd'st, Wherefore with penny-dole thou wast rewarded.

1869 Galaxy Sept. 361 Giles de la Beche had charged his hands with six merks a year for ever, to buy bread and white watered herrings,..to be brought into Cairnhope Church every Sunday in Lent, and given to two poor men and four women; and the same on Good Friday with a penny dole.

1998 R. Houlbrooke Death, Relig., & Family ix. 262 The services of priests, clerks, and choristers cost over 9 per cent of the account, a penny dole for 646 beggars 7 per cent, and torches, candles, and torch-bearers about 5 per cent.

penny dreadful n. and adj. now chiefly historical (a) n. a cheaply published crime story written in a sensational or morbidly exciting style; a cheap publication containing such a story; (b) adj. of or relating to penny dreadfuls.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > book > kind of book > books as sold > [noun] > books sold at specific price

sixpenny1840

penny dreadful1861

dime novel1864

shilling dreadful1885

penny horrible1899

sevenpenny1907

society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > novel > [noun] > sensational novel or thriller

sensation novel1856

penny dreadful1861

dime novel1864

curdler1872

dreadful1874

blood and thunder1876

penny awful1880

shilling dreadful1885

thrill1886

thriller1889

blood1892

terror novel1896

penny horrible1899

spine-thriller1912

roman noir1926

spine-chiller1940

scorcher1942

spine-tingler1942

spine-freezer1960

1861 N. Amer. Rev. July 29 They can read the ‘penny dreadful’, but they cannot darn their stockings or mend their shoes.

1884 World 20 Aug. 9/2 The wicked noblemen of the transpontine melodrama or of penny dreadfuls.

1906 ‘M. Corelli’ Treasure of Heaven 55 The proper way for him to behave at this juncture..would be that he should take her tenderly in his arms and murmur, after the penny-dreadful style of elderly hero, ‘My darling’.

1963 Times 18 Feb. 5/3 He was perfectly happy with a ‘penny dreadful’, a warm fire, a friendly dog, and a good meal inside him.

2001 Smithsonian May 127/1 He could talk with equal ease about Horace or penny dreadfuls.

† penny-farm n. Obsolete a money rent, instead of services.

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society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > hire or rent > rent (land or real property) > [noun] > paid in money > instead of services

penny-farm1355

quit-rent1420

blanch farm1598

penny-rent1611

canon1643

1355 in J. Raine Inventories & Acct. Rolls Benedictine Houses Jarrow & Monk-Wearmouth (1854) 37 Quia dimittuntur ad penyferme per Priorem, [etc.].

?c1382 in W. Greenwell Bp. Hatfield's Surv. (1857) 19 (MED) Et sunt ibid. ij toft. cum croftis..et modo dimittuntur Waltero Brighous cum iij bov. ad penyferm, sol. red. 6 s.

penny-fee n. Scottish and English regional (northern) (now rare) (originally) †a payment of a penny (obsolete); (later) wages paid in cash, earnings.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > [noun] > paid in money

penny-fee1786

1786 R. Burns Cotter's Sat. Night iv, in Poems & Songs (1968) I. 146 To..deposite her sair-won penny-fee.

1787 R. Burns Poems (new ed.) 323 My riches a's my penny-fee.

1816 W. Scott Old Mortality viii, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. II. 164 For the penny-fee and a' that, I'll just leave it to the laird and you.

a1855 C. Brontë Professor (1857) II. xviii. 1 The others she had purchased with her own penny-fee.

1925 R. L. Cassie Gangrel Muse 16 Sic gowden days for young an' aul' 'At win their penny-fee.

penny fish n. †(a) the John Dory, Zeus faber, having a single large, round, black spot on each side of the body (obsolete); (b) a small freshwater perciform fish, Denariusa bandata (family Chandidae), of northern Australia and New Guinea.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > [noun] > order Zeiformes (dories) > genus Zeus > zeus faber (John Dory)

doryc1440

St. Peter's fish1611

penny fisha1682

Peter-fisha1682

John Dory1729

a1682 Sir T. Browne Certain Misc. Tracts (1683) iii. 99 The Fish called..by some, a Peter or Penny Fish: which having two remarkable round spots upon either side, these are considered to be the marks of S. Peter's Fingers.

1993 Jrnl. Animal Ecol. 62 739 (table) Fish per net-night... Penny fish Denariusa bandata.

† penny-flower n. Obsolete the plant honesty, Lunaria annua, having flat round seed pods.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > cruciferous flowers > white or purple flowers > honesty

lunaryc1386

shabub1548

bolbanac1578

money flower1578

penny-flower1578

honesty1597

moonwort1597

pricksong wort1597

satin1597

satin flower1597

white satin1597

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. vi. 154 The Brabanders..do call it Penninckbloemen, that is to say, Penny floure, or mony floure.

1629 J. Parkinson Paradisi in Sole xlii. 265 In English, White Satten, or Satten flower: of some it is called Honesty, and Penny-flower.

1728 R. Bradley Dict. Bot. II Penny-flower, that is, White Sattin.

† pennyfull adj. Obsolete rare (of the moon) round like a penny; full.

ΚΠ

a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Fox, Wolf, & Husbandman l. 2388 in Poems (1981) 89 The nycht wes lycht, and pennyfull the mone.

penny gaff n. [ < penny n. + gaff n.⁴] a place of public entertainment, esp. a cheap music hall or theatre.

ΚΠ

1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 40/1 There are shops which have been turned into a kind of temporary theatre (admission one penny)... These places are called by the costers ‘Penny Gaffs’.

1866 Daily Tel. 16 Oct. 2/4 She wished to go into the penny gaff a second time, and said she had no money.

1997 P. Carey Jack Maggs (1998) iii. 9 He had been well known around the tap rooms and penny gaffs of Limehouse, as a seller of fried fish.

† penny-gavel n. Obsolete a tribute or tax paid to a superior (see quot. 1872).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > types of tax > [noun] > land tax > types of land tax

hidegelda1087

tenmantalec1135

hidagea1195

penny-gavel1440

ground-annual1551

hide-money1570

carucage1577

scat1577

caruage1610

agistment1632

geld levy1878

1440–1 in W. Somner Treat. Gavelkind (1660) 26 Per redditum & servitium vocatum Peny gavel, viz. reddendo annuatim eisdem Abbati & Coventui & eorum Successoribus de qualibet swillinga..decem & novem solidos & octo denarios.

1872 E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 133 The system of penny-gavel, in accordance with which the land was measured into carucates or ploughlands, and a tenth of its estimated value paid to the overlord.

† penny-grave n. Obsolete (in the East Riding of Yorkshire) a local manorial collector of money payments and dues.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > local or municipal taxes or dues > [noun] > other local or municipal dues or taxes > collector of

suling-man1440

penny-grave1579

1579 in Trans. E. Riding Yorks. Antiq. Soc. 8 (1901) 12 Pennygrave [or collector of fines and tolls].

1741 Copy Court-Roll, Manor of Burstwick, Holderness, Yorks. Ralph Burnsall, deputy penny-grave to the Lord.

penny horrible n. a penny dreadful.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > book > kind of book > books as sold > [noun] > books sold at specific price

sixpenny1840

penny dreadful1861

dime novel1864

shilling dreadful1885

penny horrible1899

sevenpenny1907

society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > novel > [noun] > sensational novel or thriller

sensation novel1856

penny dreadful1861

dime novel1864

curdler1872

dreadful1874

blood and thunder1876

penny awful1880

shilling dreadful1885

thrill1886

thriller1889

blood1892

terror novel1896

penny horrible1899

spine-thriller1912

roman noir1926

spine-chiller1940

scorcher1942

spine-tingler1942

spine-freezer1960

1899 F. H. Dood in Daily News 13 June 8/5 ‘Penny horribles’ always have a public, though it is questionable if dime novels are now so prominent as they once were.

1928 W. M. Calder & C. W. H. Sutton tr. Prince Max of Baden Mem. I. ii. i. 179 The Government Commissioner appears to have interpreted his instructions as an order to introduce lynch law..and permission to behave..in a manner suggesting penny horribles from the Wild West.

1999 Business Day (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 15 Sept. 12 Knowing the stories (which seem to hover near the penny horrible end of the market) might have helped understand the work, but in this case the medium is stronger than the message.

penny leaf n. (also penny leaves) rare navelwort, Umbilicus rupestris, having round peltate leaves; cf. pennywort n. a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Crassulaceae (stonecrop and allies) > [noun] > navelwort

pennywortc1300

wall penny-grassa1400

navelwortc1450

wall penny grass1562

Venus' navel1592

hipwort1597

sea-navel1597

sea-navelwort1597

sea-pennywort1597

Venus' garden1597

cotyledon1601

kidneywort1640

Venus's navelwort1678

penny pie1707

acetabulum1727

penny leaf1782

pancakes1882

1782 W. Gilpin Observ. River Wye 34 Mosses of various hues, with lychens, maiden-hair, penny-leaf, and other humble plants.

1886 J. Britten & R. Holland Dict. Eng. Plant-names Penny Leaves,..from its round, flat leaves.

1955 G. Grigson Englishman's Flora 184 Pennywort,..penny leaves, Dev, Som, Ire.

penny loafer n. North American a leather or suede shoe with a decorative slot in which a coin can be placed.

ΚΠ

1949 Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald 29 Apr. 8/7 (advt.) Penny loafers.

1970 Globe Mag. (Toronto) 26 Sept. 5/3 Chicks..who aren't really hippie, wear really good jeans... Some have penny loafers.

2003 Time 31 Mar. 175/1 Men whose shoes are more likely to be penny loafers than hand-tooled boots.

† penny mail n. Scottish Obsolete a small money payment in acknowledgement of feudal superiority; a rent payable in cash.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > payment or service to feudal superior > [noun] > small money payment

penny mail1454

1454 Charter Edinb. Reg. House No. 335 In the tyme of payment rynande of penymall at Wyt-sunday and Martymes as wynt be evyn porcionis.

1491 in T. Thomson Acts Lords Auditors (1839) 146/2 Þe said James allegiis þat he has þe said landis in tak for penny male alanerly.

a1586 in J. Pinkerton Anc. Sc. Poems (1786) 321 Sum with deir ferme ar hirreit haill, That wount to pay bot penny maill.

1593 in Cal. State Papers Scotl. (1936) XI. 15 [He will be worth thirty two chalders of victual] attour other penny male and gressumes.

1709 E. Henderson Ann. Dunfermline (1879) 383 The great trouble and..expense the magistrates and thesaurer are in in yearly collecting the penny mealls and annualls payable..out of the burgage lands.

† pennyman n. Obsolete (a) (with capital initial) a personification of money (also called Sir Penny); (b) (probably) a person who does a job for a penny or for cash (see quot. 1610).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > [noun] > personified

pennymana1450

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparation of meat > [noun] > butchery > butcher

fleshmongerc1000

butchera1325

flesh-hewer1335

flesher1369

macegreffa1450

butcher man1481

kill-crow1593

pennyman1610

bovicide1678

pork butcher1763

carcass-butcher1773

butcheress1802

ox-feller1856

butchy1867

legger1876

charcutier1894

eviscerator1961

kill-cow-

a1450 Castle Perseverance (1969) l. 2665 Nedys my loue muste..Wyth Coueytyse to waltyr... Penyman is mekyl in mynde.

a1450 Castle Perseverance (1969) l. 2677 Alas, þat euere Mankynde was born! On Coueytyse is al hys lust... In Penyman is al hys trust.

1610 in Cal. Doncaster Borough Rec. (1902) IV. 18 That no butcher dwelling within this towne commonly called a penny~man shall take for wages of any other butcher for killing of meat above 2d. for every beast.

1785 J. Anderson Acct. Present State Hebrides 293 The other nine shares [of the fishing-boat's profit] were divided among the pennymen, as they were then called, equally.

† penny-motion n. Obsolete (probably) a penny puppet show.

ΚΠ

1600 W. Cornwallis Ess. I. xii. sig. G8^v Like the penny-motions able to stirre, and stare, and downe againe.

penny number n. (a) a cheap periodical (now rare); (b) (colloquial) (in plural) insignificant quantities.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > plurality > fewness > [noun] > few, not many

whonc950

liteOE

fewOE

wheenc1400

penny number1845

the world > relative properties > quantity > smallness of quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > a small quantity or amount > a trifling amount

dribbling1661

trifle1722

dab1729

dribc1730

smatters1766

penny number1845

diddly1964

1845 D. Boucicault Old Heads & Young Hearts v. 55 Fancy my follies published in penny numbers, with illustrations.

1901 G. B. Shaw Capt. Brassbound's Conversion iii, in Three Plays for Puritans 297 He got his romantic nonsense out of his penny numbers.

2003 Building Design (Nexis) 16 May 8 The cases are in penny numbers..and the even tinier numbers of convictions are usually for pedestrian blunders rather than anything major.

penny pawn n. a kind of pawnbroker (see quot. 1907).

ΚΠ

1907 Westm. Gaz. 16 Dec. 10/1 What are known as ‘penny pawns’ abound in the district. A broker who keeps one of these can purchase an article of any value from a penny upwards. He is compelled to keep it for only seven full days.

penny-peeler n. an avaricious or niggardly person.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > retaining > niggardliness or meanness > [noun] > niggard or mean person

nithinga1225

chinch?a1300

nigc1300

chincher1333

shut-purse1340

niggardc1384

haynec1386

nigona1400

pinchera1425

pinchpenny?c1425

pynepenya1450

pelt1511

chincherda1529

churl1535

pinchbeck1538

carl?1542

penny-father1549

nipfarthing1566

nipper?1573

holdfast1576

pinchpence1577

pinch fistc1580

pinchfart1592

shit-sticks1598

clunchfist1606

puckfist1606

sharp-nose1611

spare-good1611

crib1622

hog grubber?1626

dry-fist1633

clusterfist1652

niggardling1654

frummer1659

scrat1699

sting-hum1699

nipcheese1785

pincha1825

screw1825

wire-drawer1828

close-fist1861

penny-pincher1875

nip-skin1876

parer1887

pinch-plum1892

cheapskate1899

meanie1902

tightwad1906

stinge1914

penny-peeler1925

mean1938

stiff1967

1925 J. Gregory Bab of Backwoods xxi. 269 Willoughby, skinflint, penny-peeler and nickel grabber that he was, smelled a deal and asked them five thousand dollars for ten acres!

penny pie n. (a) a pie costing a penny; (b) (in plural) the leaves of navelwort, Umbilicus rupestris; (also) the plant itself (cf. penny leaf n.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Crassulaceae (stonecrop and allies) > [noun] > navelwort

pennywortc1300

wall penny-grassa1400

navelwortc1450

wall penny grass1562

Venus' navel1592

hipwort1597

sea-navel1597

sea-navelwort1597

sea-pennywort1597

Venus' garden1597

cotyledon1601

kidneywort1640

Venus's navelwort1678

penny pie1707

acetabulum1727

penny leaf1782

pancakes1882

1707 J. Stevens tr. Life Estevanillo Gonzales ii, in Spanish Libertines 289 I Sold it to make Penny-pies and Pasties.

a1774 R. Fergusson Poems (1785) 139 How cou'd you troke the mavis' note For ‘penny pies all-piping hot’?

1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. I. 341/1 Its orbicular concave peltate exceedingly succulent leaves, called by children Penny-pies.

1884 Times 22 Sept. 7/2 This was not a gathering..to which men could be tempted by penny pies and peep shows.

1912 J. W. White Flora of Bristol 324 C[otyledon] Umbilicus, L. Navel-wort. Penny Pies. Native; on rocks, loose stone walls, and the rubble footing of hedgebanks. Common.

1971 B. Sleigh Smell of Privet xii. 102 The round, flat leaves and tiny minarets of penny pies, growing among the ancient boulders of the walls.

1987 B. Duffy World as I found It (1990) 46 She felt..paralyzed to think of all the poor waifs she would see without even shoes or a penny pie.

penny piece n. (a) a piece of any commodity sold for a penny; (b) a piece of money of the value of a penny, a penny coin.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > monetary value > [noun] > amount of specific value > specific

pennyworthOE

halfpennywortha1035

shillingswortha1325

three-halfpennyworthc1440

sixpennyworthc1450

pounds worthc1460

groatsworth1562

penny1564

penny piece1601

threepennyworth1617

piceworth1832

two pennyworth1851

six1871

pounder1895

society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > English coins > [noun] > penny

pennylOE

sterling1297

win1567

penny piece1797

dubbeltjie1822

cross-penny1837

saltee1859

trident1898

bun-penny1958

1565 J. Stow Summarie Eng. Chrons. f. 242 The thre peny piece.]

1601 J. Stow Annales 957 The butchers of London sold penny pieces of beefe for the reliefe of the poore, euery piece two pounde and a halfe.

1681 S. Colvil Mock Poem i. 54 We sold Covering, Sheet, and Blanket, And Gowns, and Plaids, and Petticoats, Meal and Pease, Barley and Oats, Butter and Cheese, and Wool Fleeces, For Groats and Fourty Peny pieces.

1797 London Gaz. No. 14031/2 Such Penny Pieces [shall be received] as of the Value of One Penny.

1843 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) xix. 236 When Gamp was summonsed to his long home, and I see him a lying in Guy's Hospital with a penny-piece on each eye.., I thought I should have fainted away.

1899 S. R. Crockett Ione March xiv ‘Don't you give in, or take a penny-piece from one of them!’ she said.

1995 Jrnl. Operational Res. Soc. 46 619 Technology. Game board, penny pieces, order slips, record sheets.

penny-pig n. Scottish an earthenware pot with a slot for collecting pence saved or received as gratuities, a money box.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > place for keeping money > money box or chest > [noun] > for savings > small pottery

pyne pig1488

penny-piga1646

money pot1681

pirlie1799

pig bank1902

piggy bank1913

a1646 D. Wedderburn Vocabula (1685) 13 Capsella fictilis, a penny pig.

1827 W. Scott Jrnl. 24 Feb. (1941) 27 Your penny-pig collections don't succeed.

1854 J. Wilson Recreations Christopher North 10/1 You would not wish him, surely, to be always moping and musing in a corner..laying up his penny a-week pocket-money in a penny pig.

1927 Observer 18 Dec. 20 Our country people variously translate armadillidium vulgare as..‘lucre pig’, ‘thrush-louse’, ‘sow-bug’, ‘grammar-sow’, ‘pill-louse’, ‘penny-pig’, and by many more names of such quality.

2000 Jrnl. Brit. Stud. 39 150 Melville used the proceeds of the kirkyard ‘penny-pig’ into which May game players deposited their fees for kirk repair and poor relief.

penny pouch n. now historical a pocket or bag for coins.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > place for keeping money > money-bag, -purse, or -belt > [noun]

pungeOE

by-girdlec1000

purselOE

almonerc1330

pouch1355

almonryc1450

penny purse1523

cherry-bag1539

money bag1562

bung1567

jan1610

penny pouch1650

coda1680

zone1692

spung1728

money purse1759

spleuchan1787

skin1795

sporran1817

fisc1820

moneybelt1833

poke1859

purse-belt1901

1650 J. Trapp Clavis to Bible (Gen. xli. 35) 321 Neither was this a penny-pouch, but a bag so big, as needed a bearer.

2002 Kansas City Pitch Weekly (Nexis) 10 Oct. (headline) This is not your grandfather's penny pouch.

† penny-poundlike adv. Obsolete at so much in the pound.

ΚΠ

c1650 in J. Keble Life T. Wilson: Pt. I (1863) vi. 197 [The Lord's debt is first to be paid; secondly, orphans' goods; and afterwards the claimer's] penny-pound like.

penny purse n. a purse for pence or small coins.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > place for keeping money > money-bag, -purse, or -belt > [noun]

pungeOE

by-girdlec1000

purselOE

almonerc1330

pouch1355

almonryc1450

penny purse1523

cherry-bag1539

money bag1562

bung1567

jan1610

penny pouch1650

coda1680

zone1692

spung1728

money purse1759

spleuchan1787

skin1795

sporran1817

fisc1820

moneybelt1833

poke1859

purse-belt1901

1523 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1903) V. 198 To ilk ane of thame ane penny purs and xj s. in money.

1568 ( D. Lindsay Satyre (Bannatyne) l. 430 in Wks. (1931) II. 44 Thankit be god I am weill hippit, Thocht all my gold may sone be grippit In till ane penny purss.

1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ vi. xvii. 30 His heart was shrivelled like a Leather peny-purse, nor were his lungs found.

1846 J. J. Oswandel Jrnl. in Notes Mexican War 24 Dec. (1885) 23 This morning after breakfast our company made up a penny purse for the purpose of getting up a supper; each man paid in fifty cents.

1936 Jrnl. Philos. 33 66 There is a tendency to chuck criteria into the penny-purse of a proposition containing a single subject and a single predicate.

2003 Montgomery (Alabama) Advertiser (Nexis) 28 Apr. b6 Alicia..jokes about being broke, but soon..her penny purse will become even lighter.

† penny-rife adj. Obsolete as rife or common as pennies, very common or prevalent.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > [adjective] > general or prevalent

commona1325

generala1393

usual1396

popular?a1425

riveda1513

vulgarc1550

current1563

afloat1571

widespread1582

penny-rife1606

catholic1607

spacious1610

epidemical1614

epidemial1616

epidemic1617

prevailent1623

regnant1623

fashionablea1627

wide-spreading1655

endemical1658

prevalent1658

endemiala1682

obtaining1682

prevailing1682

endemious1684

sterling1696

running1697

(as) common as dirt (also muck)1737

prevailant1794

exoteric1814

endemic1852

widish1864

prolate1882

going1909

1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xii. sig. C4^v This superstition is..becomme most penny-rife Papistry.

† penny room n. Obsolete a place (as in a theatre) to which the price of admission is a penny.

ΚΠ

a1625 J. Fletcher Wit without Money (1639) iv. sig. H1 Till you breake in at playes like Prentices..and cracke nuts with the schollers in penny Roomes.

1887 Harper's Mag. June 38/2 I took up my lodgings in a penny room, and so lived on in the town in a listless fashion.

penny share n. British Finance (originally) a share valued at a penny; (hence in later use) a share trading at a very low price.

ΚΠ

1899 Times 2 June 12/4 The majority subscribed for a penny share.

1998 Daily Post (Liverpool) 25 Apr. (Wales ed.) 24/1 Like the owners of penny shares on the stockmarket, small profits are particularly pleasurable when the outlay has been minimal.

penny stock n. originally and chiefly U.S. a common stock being traded at a very low price, investment in which is highly speculative.

ΚΠ

1921 Reno (Nevada) Evening Gaz. 10 Jan. 5/3 They..gave others the chance to get in on penny stocks.

1984 Gainesville (Florida) Sun 29 Mar. 4 a/4 Penny stocks are cheapo investment paper in behalf of little known..ventures.

2002 C. M. Byron Martha Inc. xv. 231 When Charlie asked Martha to reminisce about her life as a stockbroker, she opened a window on..life in an institutional bucket shop where the sales force was aggressively selling penny stocks.

† pennytoller n. Obsolete (probably) an official who exacts a toll of a penny.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > duty on goods > imposition or collecting of duties on goods > [noun] > collector of duty on goods

tollerc1000

tolnerc1050

toll-gatherer1382

customer1389

toll-reeve1433

pennytollerc1450

toll-taker1555

toll-farmer1556

publicana1563

custom officer1644

exciseman1647

toll-mastera1649

custom house officer1654

toll-customera1681

customs officer1705

hoppo1711

ride officer1799

toll-collector1822

excisor1835

customs agent1838

custom-houser1865

c1450 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 598/13 Numacius, a penitollere.

penny trumpet n. a toy trumpet costing a penny; also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pride > boasting or boastfulness > [noun]

yelpc888

yelpinga1050

roosingc1175

boastc1300

avauntment1303

avauntry1330

vauntingc1340

bragc1360

avauntingc1380

boastingc1380

avauntance1393

angarda1400

bragging1399

vaunta1400

crackingc1440

crackc1450

crowing1484

jactancea1492

vaunterya1492

bragancea1500

gloriation?1504

blasta1513

vousting1535

braggery?1571

jactation1576

self-boasting1577

thrasonism1596

braggartry1598

braggartism1601

jactancy1623

braggadocianism1624

blazing1628

jactitation1632

word-braving1642

rodomontadea1648

fanfaronade1652

superbiloquence1656

vapouring1656

rodomontading1661

blow1684

goster1703

gasconade1709

gasconading1709

vauntingness1727

braggadocioa1734

Gasconism1744

Gascoigny1754

braggade1763

gostering1763

penny trumpet1783

cockalorum?a1792

boastfulness1810

vauntage1818

bull-flesh1820

blowing1840

vauntiness1851

kompology1854

loud-mouthing1858

skite1860

gabbing1869

mouth1891

buck1895

skiting1916

boosterism1926

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > wind instrument > brass instruments > [noun] > trumpet > types of

lilting-hornc1384

claranerc1410

clarinec1440

trumpet1440

sordine1591

sordine trumpet1616

clarion1621

alchemy1667

sourdinea1678

jubil-trumpet1715

lituus1776

sea-trumpet1776

penny trumpet1783

salpinx1865

principal1876

valve trumpet1877

tuba1882

kakaki1932

zugtrompete1978

vuvuzela2003

1783 ‘P. Pindar’ More Lyric Odes to Royal Academicians vii. 16 Sound their own praise from their own penny trumpet.

1827 Parl. Deb. 2nd Ser. 16 1249 Drums, and the abomination of penny trumpets were in request among the younger inhabitants.

1872 Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc. 17 71 I shall be blamed, too, for Shereef's vileness, though the voice of the blamers is to me only that of the penny trumpet.

1937 PMLA 52 590 Flourish of two penny trumpets and rattles.

1965 Shakespeare Q. 16 54 There are frequent directions such as ‘discord in orchestra’ and ‘discordant flourish’, as well as drums and penny trumpets for the battle scenes.

penny trumpeter n. rare a boaster.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pride > boasting or boastfulness > [noun] > boaster

yelper1340

avaunterc1374

braggerc1390

fare-makerc1440

seggerc1440

shakerc1440

vaunter1484

roosera1500

praterc1500

cracker1509

vouster?a1513

boaster1574

Thrasoa1576

braggarta1577

braver1589

glorioser1589

bragout1592

rodomont1592

braggadocio1594

gloriosoc1599

puckfist1600

burgullian1601

puff1601

forthputtera1610

rodomontado1609

ostentator1611

fanfaron1622

potgun1623

thrasonist1626

cracka1640

vapourer1653

braggadocian1654

rodomontadist1655

charlatan1670

brag1671

rodomontade1683

gasconader1709

rodomontader1730

Gascon1757

spread eagle1809

bag of wind1816

penny trumpeter1828

spraga1838

gasser1855

blow-hard1857

blower1863

crower1864

gabber1869

flannel-mouth1882

punk-fist1890

skiter1898

Tartarin1903

blow1904

skite1906

poofter1916

trombenik1922

shooter of lines1941

fat-mouth1942

wide-mouth1959

Wheneye1982

trash talker1986

braggarist-

1828 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 23 367 Having acted as his own penny-trumpeter.

1995 Morning Call (Allentown, Pa.) (Nexis) 19 Nov. c13 A bank of merry penny trumpeters.

penny wedding n. British regional (chiefly Scottish) (now historical) a wedding at which each of the guests contributes money to the expenses of the entertainment and to the setting up of the newly-married couple (formerly customary among the less well-off in Scotland, Wales, etc.).

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > wedding or nuptials > [noun] > manner of marrying > at which guests contribute money

penny-bridal1599

silver bridal1624

penny wedding1672

silver-marriage1825

penny wedder1866

silvern wedding1880

1672 in A. W. C. Hallen Acct. Bk. Sir J. Foulis (1894) 2 To William Brounes mans pennie wedding £2/18/00.

1754 E. Burt Lett. N. Scotl. I. xi. 261 They have a Penny-Wedding; that is, when a Servant-Maid has served faithfully, and gained the good Will of her Master and Mistress, they invite their Relations and Friends, and there is a Dinner or Supper on the Day the Servant is married... In the End every Body puts Money into a Dish..for the new Couple.

1841 T. Hood Miss Kilmansegg iv, in New Monthly Mag. 61 262 Love..will fly away from an Emperor's match To dance at a Penny Wedding!

1997 C. Shaw Myths & Customs ii. 43 Penny weddings were characterised by much revelry, dancing and drunkenness and, not surprisingly, were much frowned-upon by the religious authorities.

† penny-white adj. Obsolete (of a rich woman, esp. one who is not naturally beautiful) rendered fair by wealth; favoured by fortune rather than by birth.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > wealth > [adjective] > rendered fair by wealth

penny-white1622

1622 J. Mabbe tr. M. Alemán Rogue ii. 95 [Her] estate was now such..that..shee was penny-white (as we say) and so was married in the end.

1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Penny-white, said of her, to whom Fortune has been kinder than Nature.

C3. With first element in plural form pence.

a. General attributive with the sense ‘of, relating to, or involving pence’, as pence-collection, †pence-dealing, †pence-lack, etc.; †pence-encumbered, pence-paying, pence-pinching adjs. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > lack of money

pence-lackc1400

a short purse1548

disability1624

low tide1699

embarrassment1727

impecuniosity1818

soldier's thigh1841

pennilessness1852

hard-uppishness1859

hard-upness1869

ooflessness1889

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xix. 374 (MED) Þere nas no crystene creature..That he [sc. Conscience] ne halpe a quantite, holynesse to wexe; Somme þorw bedes-byddynge..And other pryue penaunce, and some þorw penyes [v.rr. pens, pans] delynge.

c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) iii. 142 For þey..makeþ þe peple for pens-lac in pointe for to wepe.

1834 Tait's Edinb. Mag. New Ser. 1 43/1 Entertainments got up for the relief of pence-encumbered pockets.

1894 Westm. Gaz. 11 Sept. 2/1 Their painful pence-collection likened itself in my mind to O'Connell's repeal-rent.

1899 Athenæum 21 Oct. 548/1 Two insular and pence-paying realms.

1907 Gentleman's Mag. June 565 Without a thought beyond the day's pence-grubbing.

1995 Philadelphia Inquirer (Nexis) 4 Aug. f2 In a pence-pinching move, Queen Elizabeth's royal yacht is up for sale.

pence table n. now rare (historical in later use) an arithmetical table formerly used for converting a given number of pence into shillings or pounds (cf. times table n. (b) at time n., int., and conj. Compounds 2).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > mathematical instruments > [noun] > table

compute manual1483

tariff1591

sexagenary table1594

table of multiplication1594

long measure1623

scale of numbers1630

Rudolphine Tables1635

multiplication table1657

chiliad1675

sexagesimal table1685

nautical card1700

pence table1706

numeration tablea1743

tablebook1755

ready reckoner1757

calculator1784

tables1828

times table1902

log tablec1935

1706 N. Strong England's Perfect School-master (ed. 9) 99 The Pence Table to be learnt by heart.

1811 L. Aikin Juvenile Corr. 53 And also, whether you could recollect, without saying your pence-table all over from the beginning, that fifty pence are four and twopence.

1861 C. Dickens Great Expectations I. ix. 140 [He] put me through my pence-table from ‘twelve pence make one shilling’.

1954 P. Muir Eng. Children's Bks. 1600–1900 222 Callcot..in the eighteenth century produced settings of the multiplication and pence tables for children.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	penny
释义	pennyn. Brit. /ˈpɛni/, U.S. /ˈpɛni/ Inflections: Plural pennies Brit. /ˈpɛnɪz/, U.S. /ˈpɛniz/, pence Brit. /pɛns/, U.S. /pɛns/. Forms: 1. Singular. α. Old English pæning, Old English pending, Old English peninc, Old English penincg, Old English pening, Old English peningc, Old English penning (Northumbrian), early Middle English peninng ( Ormulum). eOE (Kentish) Will of Abba (Sawyer 1482) in F. E. Harmer Sel. Eng. Hist. Docs. 9th & 10th Cent. (1914) 4 Him mon forgefe ðeran ðreotene hund pending [a] .OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Matt. xxii. 19 Optulerunt ei denarium : gebrohtun him penning.OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 50 Hic ass þes peningc [OE Durh. pening, OE Faust. penig, c1225 Worcester pæni].OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xx. 9 Þa onfengon hig ælc his pening [c1200 Hatton panig].c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 3281 Illc mann an peninng ȝæfe.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 3287 Forr to lokenn. Hu mikell fehh he mihhte..sammnenn. Þurrh þatt himm shollde off illc an mann An pening wurrþenn reccnedd. β. Old English pendic (perhaps transmission error), Old English peneg, Old English pennig, Old English–early Middle English pænig, Old English–early Middle English penig, late Old English penug, late Old English–early Middle English pæni, late Old English–1600s peni, early Middle English panig, Middle English pane, Middle English pani, Middle English pany, Middle English pene, Middle English peney, Middle English–1500s penye, Middle English–1500s peyne, Middle English–1600s penie, Middle English–1700s pennie, Middle English–1700s (1900s– historical) peny, 1500s peany, 1500s penne, 1500s–1600s pennye, 1500s– penny; Scottish pre-1700 pane- (in compounds), pre-1700 pany, pre-1700 pene, pre-1700 peni- (in compounds), pre-1700 penne, pre-1700 penney, pre-1700 pennye, pre-1700 1700s– pennie, pre-1700 1700s– penny, pre-1700 1800s peny, 1900s– panny; N.E.D. (1905) also records a form late Middle English penny. OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xx. 2 He sealde ælcon ænne penig [c1200 Hatton ænne pænig].c1200 ( West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Hatton) xx. 9 Þa onfengen hi ælch hys panig [OE Corpus Cambr. pening, OE Cambr. Univ. Libr. penig].a1225 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Lamb.) 67 in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 163 Alse mid his penie alse oðer mið his punde.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22328 For a peni [a1400 Fairf. peny] it sal be sald.a1500 (?c1450) Merlin 142 For a peny that ye lese on this side, ye shall wynne tweyn.1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 253/1 Penny coyne, denier.1584 H. Llwyd & D. Powel Hist. Cambria 71 To giue them a penie for euerie man.1623 R. Hartwell in Record's Ground of Arts (rev. ed.) ii. 324 That a Sterling peny, round without clipping, did then weigh 32 cornes of wheat drie.1669 A. Marvell Let. 11 Nov. in Poems & Lett. (1971) II. 262 If at an halfpeny and a penny he might haue 200^li yeare.1673 C. Hatton in E. M. Thompson Corr. Family of Hatton (1878) I. 118 To be shewn as a sight, peni apiece.1792 R. Burns in J. Johnson Scots Musical Museum IV. 327 Bad luck on the pennie that tempted my minnie To sell her poor Jenny for siller an' lan'.1859 ‘G. Eliot’ Adam Bede III. iii. xlix. 220 I'll bet a penny that new house Burge is building on his own bit o' land is for him and Mary to go to.1984 S. Johnson Tunnel xx. 176 They had cost him a fortune but he regarded every penny as being well-spent. 2. Plural. α. Old English pæningas, Old English pendingas, Old English penengas, Old English peningas, Old English penningas (Northumbrian), early Middle English peninges. eOE (Kentish) Will of Abba (Sawyer 1482) in F. E. Harmer Sel. Eng. Hist. Docs. 9th & 10th Cent. (1914) 5 Se mann se to londe foe, agefe hire erfehonda xiii pund pendinga.eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) l. 391 We eac wiernað urum cildum urra peninga mid to plegianne.eOE Laws of Ælfred (Corpus Cambr. 173) iii. 50 Gebete..þæs borges bryce mid v pundum mærra pæninga.OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Matt. xx. 9 Acceperunt singulos denarios: onfengon suindrigo penningas.a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Titus) (1963) 34 Nalde he cunne God þanc a mon þt duste upon him of peninges [a1250 Nero ponewes; a1300 Caius poneges; ?c1225 Cleo. peonewes] a bigurdel for to raimen him wið. β. Old English pænegas, Old English pænigas, Old English panægas, Old English penegas, Old English peneggas, Old English penicas (Northumbrian, perhaps transmission error), Old English penigas, Old English peniggas, late Old English peniges, early Middle English panegas, early Middle English paneges, early Middle English paneȝes, early Middle English panewes, early Middle English panigas, early Middle English paniȝes, early Middle English peneȝa (genitive), early Middle English peneȝæ (genitive), early Middle English peneȝes, early Middle English peniȝa (genitive), early Middle English peniȝes, early Middle English peonehes, early Middle English peonewes, early Middle English poneges, early Middle English ponewæs, early Middle English ponewes, Middle English panes, Middle English panis, Middle English pannes, Middle English panyes, Middle English panys, Middle English penes, Middle English penese, Middle English peneys, Middle English peniis, Middle English penijs, Middle English penis, Middle English pennis, Middle English pennyys, Middle English penyes, Middle English penyis, Middle English penyse, Middle English peynes, Middle English peyneyes, Middle English–1500s pennes, Middle English–1600s penys, Middle English–1700s penies, Middle English–1800s pennys, Middle English– pennies; Scottish pre-1700 paneis, pre-1700 penec, pre-1700 penes, pre-1700 peneyis, pre-1700 peniis, pre-1700 penijs, pre-1700 penis, pre-1700 penneis, pre-1700 pennes, pre-1700 penneyes, pre-1700 penneyis, pre-1700 penneys, pre-1700 penniis, pre-1700 pennijs, pre-1700 pennis, pre-1700 pennyeis, pre-1700 pennyes, pre-1700 pennyies, pre-1700 pennyis, pre-1700 pennys, pre-1700 pennyse, pre-1700 penyes, pre-1700 penyis, pre-1700 penys, pre-1700 1700s penies, pre-1700 1700s– pennies; N.E.D.(1905) also records a form early Middle English paneȝas. OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xx. 10 Þa onfengon hig syndrige penegas [c1200 Hatton sindrie paneges].OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) x. 35 [He] brohte oðrum dæge twegen penegas [c1200 Hatton paneges].a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 85 Þa twein peneȝes.a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 79 Befasteð here paneȝes ðe haðene menn.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 1185 Pælles & purpras, & guldene ponewæs [c1300 Otho panewes].c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 7328 Twalf panewes.?a1300 St. Eustace (Digby) l. 6 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 211 Of gold and ponewes [v.r. penyes] rounde.c1300 St. Mary of Egypt (Laud) 93 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 263 A man..ȝaf hire þreo rounde panes.?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 92 For xxx peniis he him sold. ▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 345 Saturnus..ordeyned pannes [?a1475 anon. tr. penyes; L. nummos] of bras.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 4835 Al redi penijs [a1400 Gött. penis; a1400 Trin. Cambr. pens; a1400 Fairf. payment] for to tell.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 13483 Qua had o penis [a1400 Trin. Cambr. who so had penies] thre hundreth Bred for to bi.?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) 6346 He clekyd vp in mouthe hys Penys foure.a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 18037 The pennis that iudas toke.c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 52 Of hem þat ȝeuen a peney, or peyneyes, to prestis.c1480 (a1400) St. James Less 734 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 171 For pennyse thretty.1512 Act 4 Hen. VIII c. 19 §14 All manner of pennys beyng siluer.1568 (?a1513) W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 254 Gif I ten dayis wan pennyis thre.a1649 W. Drummond Hist. James I in Wks. (1711) 3 Twelve Pennies of the Pound.1737 (title) An Act for laying a Duty of Two Penies Scots upon every Scots Pint of Ale and Beer.1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxvii. 279 As the people come out, they rattled the pennies in it.1990 Daily Tel. 7 Apr. 3/3 All of it was sold to other down-and-outs in the Waterloo area for pennies. γ. Middle English paas (transmission error), Middle English pans, Middle English payns, Middle English pensse, Middle English pons, Middle English spense (transmission error), Middle English–1500s pens, Middle English–1500s pense, 1500s penens (transmission error), 1500s– pence; Scottish pre-1700 penc, pre-1700 pens, pre-1700 pins, pre-1700 1700s– pence, pre-1700 (1900s– north-eastern, in compounds) pince. c1300 Judas Iscariot (Harl.) 138 in F. J. Furnivall Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 111 Oure louerd for þrettie pans he solde.1340 Ayenbite (1866) 23 Þri manere of guodes..þet þe dyeuel wyle begge mid his pans.c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) John xii. 5 Whi this oygnement is not seeld for thre hundred pens, and is ȝouun to nedy men?c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. v. 243 To wey pens [v.r. pans] with a peys.a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 17732 The pound for xxty pans [v.r. pens] I selle.?a1500 in Hist. MSS Comm.: 10th Rep.: App. Pt. IV: MSS Earl of Westmorland &c. (1885) 424 in Parl. Papers (C. 4576) XLI. 51 21 pense in pense and half pense.1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. xviii. f. xxvj Wone off his felowes, which ought hym an hundred pence.1549 Counterpart of Lease (Brasenose Coll. Oxf. Archives) (Hurst Cal. of Munim. 14, Leominster 6) Fore pense.1611 in H. Maule Reg. de Panmure (1874) I. p. xliv Seaventine hankes of Lyons 2 of them at six penc the hank.1716 J. Gay Trivia iii. 74 His scatter'd Pence the flying Nicker flings, And with the Copper Show'r the Casement rings.1862 D. T. Ansted & R. G. Latham Channel Islands App. B. 571 Thirteen Jersey pence are equivalent to an English shilling.1914 J. Leatham Daavit 39 We've jist pey't auchtpince for wir dram.1990 Field Feb. 67/2 I would lay pounds to pence against this happening within five years. δ. late Middle English penses, late Middle English pensys, 1500s pencys. 1482 Monk of Evesham 52 Tho fyrye pensys y was compellyd to deuoure with an opyn mowthe.1495 Rolls of Parl. VI. 463/1 Receptes of Penses to the same Elizabeth.1551–2 in T. Sharp Diss. Cov. Myst. 22 Reseyved of the craft for pagent pencys iiis. 4d.1591 (?a1425) Annunciation & Nativity (Huntington) in R. M. Lumiansky & D. Mill Chester Myst. Cycle (1974) I. 112 A penye of eych man have will hee—the valewe of ten pences hit shallbee—to knowledge that hee hase soverayntee fullye of all mankynd. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian panning , penning , pannig , Middle Dutch penninc , pennic , pennich , penich , penech (Dutch penning ), Old Saxon penning , pening (Middle Low German penninc , penning , penninch , pening , pennic , etc.), Old High German pfending , pfennig , pfenning , penting , etc. (Middle High German phenninc , phennic , pfennig , etc., German Pfennig ), Old Icelandic penningr , pengr (Icelandic peningur ), Old Swedish pänninger , peninger , pänigher , penigher (Swedish peng (chiefly in plural pengar ), penning , †pennig ), Old Danish pænning , pænnigh (Danish (plural) penge , (archaic) penning , †pending ), further etymology uncertain (see below). The Scandinavian forms are probably ultimately borrowings from Old English, Old Frisian, or Old Saxon. A cognate is not recorded in Gothic, which has skatts (see scat n.¹) for Hellenistic Greek δηνάριος in the New Testament.The West Germanic form apparently shows a base plus the suffix -ing suffix³. The identity of the base is completely unknown, as is its original form, whether pan- , pann- , or pand- ; it is also difficult by any analysis to account for the variation between forms with and without -d-* . Two frequent suggestions are that the word is formed on the West Germanic base of Old High German pfant (see pawn n.³; hence with original form pand- ), or that it is formed on the West Germanic base of pan n.¹, probably on account of the similarity in shape (hence with original form pann- ); both of these words are of uncertain further etymology. Another suggestion (perhaps not incompatible with a common origin for this word and Old High German pfant : see pawn n.³) is that the word shows a very early borrowing of classical Latin pondus (see pound n.¹), although the vowel quality presents problems. If any of these hypotheses is correct, it is likely that the variation between forms with and without -d- results from analogy with these words or others. Isolated borrowing of the Germanic word into post-classical Latin (as pendica , pendicum ) occurs in an 8th-cent. continental manuscript (probably from the monastery of St Gallen, Switzerland) which also contains much material in Old English and Old High German:a800 Latin-Old Eng. Gloss. (Leiden Voss. Lat. 4° 69) in J. H. Hessels Latin-Anglo-Saxon Gloss. (1906) 29/2 Libra lxxii solidos greci lxxxiiii solidos pendica... Siliquas argeos idest pendicum. The regular plural form pennies (A. 2 β) is rare in England from the 16th cent. to the early 19th cent.; it has subsequently been used mainly of the individual coins. It has continued in unbroken use in Scots, in which pence is in general less common. In the U.S. pennies is usual at all periods. The contracted form pence (A. 2 γ), the usual plural in English south of the Border from the 16th to the 18th centuries, tends after c1800 to be used collectively, expressing the amount, however made up; but it is sometimes used of individual coins, when no stress is laid upon their being such. Pence is especially used after numerals, where from twopence to elevenpence (rarely twelvepence ) and formerly in twentypence , it is unstressed, and (from the 16th to the later 20th cent.) is frequently written in combination. With other numbers pence is written separately (or hyphenated) and has a separate stress. Since the introduction of decimal currency in the United Kingdom in 1971 and the consequent abolition of the shilling of twelve pence, the use of numbers higher than twelve with pence has probably become slightly more usual, especially if there is a coin of corresponding value (e.g. twenty pence , fifty pence ). On the other hand, the unstressed form of pence in compounds has tended to give way to the stressed form, written separately (e.g. five pence ). Finally, in all cases, the use of the written abbreviation p. and its spoken form (see P n. Initialisms, pee n.⁶) has made the use of pence less common than in the time of the former currency. When a combination of number + pence means a single coin, or even a single amount, it is treated as a single noun, and may have a plural, e.g. ‘a new sixpence’, ‘two sixpences’; ‘the schoolchildren's twopences’, ‘how many eightpences are there in ten shillings?’: see twopence n., threepence n., etc. To such combinations, halfpenny and farthing were formerly added without and , e.g. ‘postage twopence-halfpenny’, ‘the early penny-farthing foreign post-card’, ‘a sixpence-halfpenny shop’ (compare quot. 1560 at sense 1a(a)γ. ). These phrases may also take a plural. Adjective or attributive uses of these combinations are formed with -penny , e.g. twopenny , etc.: see sense 5. For use of the plural form pence as a singular, see pence n. Until the introduction of decimal currency in the United Kingdom in 1971, penny and pence were conventionally represented by the abbreviation d (for Latin denarius : see sense 1a); quotations showing the abbreviation rather than the word written in full are avoided here. I. Senses denoting coins or money. 1. a. Originally: a monetary unit and coin of the English (later British) currency equal to ¹/ ₁₂ of a shilling, or ¹/ ₂₄₀ of a pound; denoted by d (for Latin denarius, denarii) (now historical). Later (since 15 February 1971): a smaller coin of the value of ¹/ ₁₀₀ of a pound, also known for a time as the new penny (see new adj. 4a); denoted by p. See P n. Initialisms and pee n.⁶Originally and for many centuries made of silver, in later times of copper and of bronze. The coining of silver pennies for general circulation ceased in 1800; a small number have since been regularly coined as Maundy money. Copper pennies began to be coined in 1797 (copper halfpence and farthings having been used from the time of Charles II) and bronze in 1860.For the relative distribution of the regular and contracted plural forms, see etymological note. (a) In plural. ΚΠ α. eOE (Kentish) Will of Abba (Sawyer 1482) in F. E. Harmer Sel. Eng. Hist. Docs. 9th & 10th Cent. (1914) 4 Him mon forgefe ðeran ðreotene hund pending [a] . eOE Laws of Ine (Corpus Cambr. 173) lviii. 114 Oxan horn bið x pæninga weorð. β. OE Poenitentiale Pseudo-Egberti (Corpus Cambr.) iv. lvii. 67 Se rihtscylling byð a be twelf penegum.lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 777 Seo Cuðbriht geaf þone abbote l punde þær fore, & ilca gear anes nihtes feorme ouðer xxx scyllinge penega.c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 1172 (MED) Þer weren penies þicke tolde.a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) 3054 (MED) Þe best þat sewes here any styk, Takes bot foure penys in a wik.1691 J. Dunton Voy. round World III. i. 37 I began to examine my little Fob, to see what pennies I had to carry me home.1751 T. Smollett Peregrine Pickle I. xii. 87 He..obtained sundry honorary silver pennies, as acknowledgements of his application.1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxvii. 279 As the people come out, they rattled the pennies in it.1865 Reader No. 148. 493/2 A large hoard of short-cross pennies.1866 A. Crump Pract. Treat. Banking x. 226 Coinage of England: Athelstan a.d. 925 to Henry II a.d. 1189, silver pennies only.1994 Daily Tel. 21 Nov. 5/1 No pennies dated 1933 were issued for general circulation because by October 1932 the clearing banks had huge stocks.γ. c1330 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Auch.) (1966) 372 Ȝif him markes and pans fale; Of þi mone tel þou no tale.?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 36 To curse a man for sexe pans.1485 W. Caxton tr. Thystorye & Lyf Charles the Grete sig. mv^v/1 iiij pens of money courant yerely.a1500 in R. L. Greene Early Eng. Carols (1935) 283 (MED) I wold notte..that we had this game, Notte for fourty pens.1560 Royal Proclam. in Arch. Bodl. F. c. 11 lf. 30 For discernyng and knowyng of the basest Testons of two pence farthing, from thother Teston of foure pence halfpeny.1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream iv. ii. 20 Six pence a day, for playing Pyramus. View more context for this quotationa1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) i. ii. 55 Oh sixe pence that I had a wensday last.1716 J. Gay Trivia iii. 74 His scatter'd Pence the flying Nicker flings, And with the Copper Show'r the Casement rings.1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 329/2 Pence, halfpence, and farthings are extant of John, all struck in Ireland.1861 C. Dickens Great Expectations I. ix. 140 How much is forty-three pence?.. Is forty-three pence seven and sixpence three fardens, for instance?1868 ‘G. Eliot’ in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 3/2 A poor pocket-picking scoundrel, who will steal your loose pence while you are listening round the platform.1906 Times 17 Nov. 9/3 How many books do we see every year produced by publishers who..‘remainder’ them at a few pence a copy?1990 Field Feb. 67/2 I would lay pounds to pence against this happening within five years. (b) In singular. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > English coins > [noun] > penny pennylOE sterling1297 win1567 penny piece1797 dubbeltjie1822 cross-penny1837 saltee1859 trident1898 bun-penny1958 lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1124 Se penig wæs swa ifel þæt se man þa hæfde at an market an pund he ne mihte cysten þærof for nan þing twelfe penegas. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 76 Twa & þreo, hu feole beoð þeo? þreo halpenes makeð a peni, amen. c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) 1162 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 139 (MED) A man..huyrde him a mere For an Englichs peni. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 190 (MED) Him zede þet he hedde benome þe pore ane peny. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 238 (MED) Edward did smyte rounde peny, halfpeny, ferthyng. ?a1500 in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 232 (MED) It is to be knowen that an Englisse penny, which is called a rounde sterlyng, and without clyppyng, shall weye xvj cornys of whete taken owte of the middyll of the ere. a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) iii. ii. 81 Nay by S. Iamy, I hold you a penny, a horse and a man is more then one, and yet not many. View more context for this quotation 1655 R. I. Court Rec. I. 9 We find for the pla[intiff] his Bill due of twenty pounds..at 6 pr penie white, & 3 pr penie black marchantable [peag]. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) The Penny Sterling, is now nigh disused as a Coin, and scarce subsists, but as a Money of Account. 1797 Proclam. 26 July in London Gaz. No. 14031/1 We have thought fit to order, that certain Pieces of Copper shall be coined, which should go and pass for One Penny,..and that each of such Pieces of One Penny should weigh One Ounce Avoirdupois. 1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 330/1 The first English [silver] pennies weigh 22¹/ ₂ grains troy. Towards the close of Edward III the penny weighs 18 grains, and in the reign of Edward IV it fell to 12, after previously sinking to 15. In..1551, the penny was reduced to 8 grains, and after the 43rd of Eliz. to 7²³/ ₃₁ grains, at which weight it still continues. 1859 ‘G. Eliot’ Adam Bede III. iii. xlix. 220 I'll bet a penny that new house Burge is building on his own bit o' land is for him and Mary to go to. 1902 W. James Varieties Relig. Experience viii. 179 Scrupulous in avoiding, as far as possible, the expense of a penny. 1991 Daily Tel. 5 Jan. (Colour Suppl.) 25/2 I'd deliberately accepted a commission of one penny from the publishers, because I was uncertain that I'd do justice to it, or even finish it. b. Any of various monetary units or coins of the British Isles, usually of equal or similar value to the penny (sense 1a), esp. the penny Scots, a coin originally of approximately equal value to the penny sterling, but by the 17th cent. equivalent to one twelfth of it. Frequently with modifying word.Manx penny: see Manx n. 2. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > [noun] > a coin minteOE minteOE crossc1330 coinc1386 cross and (or) pilea1393 penny1394 croucha1420 penny1427 piece1472 metal1485 piecec1540 stamp1594 quinyie1596 cross and pilea1625 numm1694 ducat1794 bean1811 dog1811 chinker1834 rock1837 pocket-burner1848 spondulicks1857 scale1872 chip1879 ridge1935 society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > English coins > [noun] > penny > local varieties of penny1394 Manx penny1868 1394 in J. Slater Early Scots Texts (Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Edinb.) (1952) No. 30 He sal haf a penny til his noynsankys. 1468 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1844) I. 92/1 And the aulde Inglis grote xiij d. and the new grot xj d. the Inglis penny iij d. the spurrit grote xiij d. the Scottis penny. 1538 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1844) I. 158 Dauid Bruce..promittit to pay me the soume of thretty poundis in penny and penny~wortht Scottis. 1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 43 The penny weyght [to weigh] 24. graynes (which 24. by weight then appointed, were as much as the former 32. graynes of weight) a pennie force, 25. graynes and a halfe, the pennie deble, or feeble 22. graines and a halfe. 1604 in R. W. Cochran-Patrick Rec. Coinage Scotl. (1876) I. 280 To haif course in Scotland for twelff penneyis Scottis money and in England for ane penney sterling. 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 283 The Scots haue of long time had..Placks, which they esteemed for 4 pence, but 3 of them make an English penny; also Hard~heads, esteemed by them at one penny halfe-penny, whereof eight make an English penny. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 25/1 An Irish Penny..hath the Stamp of the Harp and Crown upon it. 1694 in J. D. Marwick & R. Renwick Charters rel. Glasgow (1906) II. 253 In free blench for the yearly payment of ane Scots pennie. 1710 in Minutes of Evid. Nairne Peerage (1873) 45 in Sessional Papers House of Lords (H.L. A) XII. 65 Payment of two pennies Scots money. 1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. iv. 32 English, French and Scots pennies too, contained all of them originally a real pennyweight of silver, the twentieth part of an ounce. View more context for this quotation 1786 A. de Cardonnel Numismata Scotiæ 24 (Table I) In which is shown how many numeral pounds, shillings, and pennies Scots were coined out of one pound weight of gold. 1819 W. Scott Bride of Lammermoor xi, in Tales of my Landlord 3rd Ser. I. 314 Putting a [British] penny into his hand, he said, ‘Here is twal pennies, my man.’ 1876 G. D. Mathews Coinages of World 173 His Irish Pennies, with the King's head in the triangle, belong, from their obverses, to this period. 1898 G. B. Rawlings Story Brit. Coinage 135 The last Irish coinage took place under George IV, when pennies and halfpennies were struck..1823. 1898 G. B. Rawlings Story Brit. Coinage 192 Queen Victoria coined a Manx penny, halfpenny, and farthing, in 1839 only... This is the last coinage for the Isle of Man. 1962 Eng. Hist. Rev. 77 751 It may be suggested that the portrait of the king on his Irish penny, being contemporary, is worthy of comparison with the effigy in Worcester cathedral as a representation of the king. 1980 Jrnl. Manx Mus. No. 89. 7/1 They were subsequently..proved to be an Anglo-Saxon tenth-century penny of Eadgar,..a Hiberno-Norse penny and a Hiberno-Manx penny. †c. With modifying word or phrase: any of various other British or English coins, esp. multiple denominations of the penny, e.g. penny of twopence n. a silver coin of the value of twopence, a half-groat. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > [noun] > a coin minteOE minteOE crossc1330 coinc1386 cross and (or) pilea1393 penny1394 croucha1420 penny1427 piece1472 metal1485 piecec1540 stamp1594 quinyie1596 cross and pilea1625 numm1694 ducat1794 bean1811 dog1811 chinker1834 rock1837 pocket-burner1848 spondulicks1857 scale1872 chip1879 ridge1935 1427 in W. Hudson Rec. City of Norwich (1906) I. 303 x s in singulis denariis et in aliis denariis vocatis pens of to pens fabricatis de ere vocatis braspens secundum formam et similitudinem denariorum vocatorum York pens. 1451 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) II. 40/1 That thare be strikyn ane new penny of golde callit a lyone with the prent of the lyon on the ta side [etc.]. a1464 J. Capgrave Abbreuiacion of Cron. (Cambr. Gg.4.12) (1983) 167 In þe xxv ȝere William Edyngton, bischop of Wynchestir..mad þe kyng to make a new coyne, grotes, and pens of too pens. ?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 94 A Peny of twopennys, didragma. 1477 Rolls of Parl. VI. 183/1 Grotes, Pens of twoo Pens, and Pens made in Irlond, in part like to the Grotes, Pens of two Pens, and Pens of this Reame, in so grete multitude been dayly brought into this Reame. 1523 Act 14 & 15 Hen. VIII c. 12 As many halfe grotes called pens of two pens. 1565 in R. Keith Hist. Affairs Church & State Scotl. (1734) App. 118 That thair be cunȝeit ane Penny of Silvir callit the Mary Ryall,..of Weicht ane Unce Troce-weicht. 1700 J. Tyrrell Gen. Hist. Eng. II. viii. 975* This Year [i.e. 1257] (according to the MS Chronicle of the city of London) the King Coined a Penny of Pure Gold of the Weight of Two Sterlings, and commanded that it should go for Twenty Shillings [the gold penny was in fact valued at twenty pennies]. 2. a. [Frequently rendering classical Latin dēnarius (see denarius n.); also occasionally argenteus (‘piece of silver’), and nummus (used for nummus sestertius : see sesterce n.).] Chiefly in Biblical use and translations: a Roman coin of low denomination, (in earlier use) esp. a denarius. Also (occasionally): a Roman silver coin, a piece of silver. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > classical coins > [noun] > ancient Roman pennyOE quadrant1533 as1541 sesterce1541 sestertius1567 dupondius1601 quinare1601 quinarius1601 sextant1601 triens1601 trient1601 assarion1625 quadrans1654 quinary1728 nummus1771 follis1784 uncia1834 minimus1852 semis1853 siliqua1889 minim1896 OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Mark xii. 15 Adferte mihi denarium ut uideam : brenges me pening þætte ic gesii. OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: John vi. 7 Ducentorum denariorum panes non sufficiunt eis : tuu hund penninga to hlafum ne genyhtsumiað him. OE West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) x. 35 [He] brohte oðrum dæge twegen penegas [c1384 Wycliffite, E.V. twey pens; L. duos denarios]. c1175 ( Ælfric Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 38 Þe ðeȝen..imette sumne oðerne mon..þe ahte him to ȝeldenne hundtentiȝ peneȝæ. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 79 (MED) A þe marȝen bitahte him two peneȝes to spenen on him. a1300 Passion our Lord 119 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 40 (MED) ‘Hwat schal beon my mede?’ ‘Þrytty panewes,’ hi seyden. c1300 Judas Iscariot (Harl.) 138 in F. J. Furnivall Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 111 Oure louerd for þrettie pans he solde. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 273 Þey schulde euery ȝere offre foure pans [v.rr. panes, pens; L. quatuor nummos] to þe chirche work of Seynt Denys. c1440 (?a1400) W. Nassington Tractus (Thornton) 194 in G. G. Perry Relig. Pieces in Prose & Verse (1914) 68 (MED) Thow lett the..For thritty penys to þe Iewes be saulde. c1470 tr. R. D'Argenteuil's French Bible (Cleveland) (1977) 54 (MED) Iudas Scarioth..sold Iesu Crist for xxxti pens of siluer to the Iuwes. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Jer. xxxii. 9 Seuen sycles and ten syluer pens [L. decem argenteos]. 1611 Bible (King James) Luke xx. 24 Shew me a peny [Gk. δηνάριον]: Whose image and superscription hath it? View more context for this quotation 1646 Bp. J. Hall Balme of Gilead 134 Even the eleventh houre carried the peny as well as the first. 1720 J. Ozell et al. tr. R. A. de Vertot Hist. Revol. Rom. Republic I. vii. 424 (note) The Penny of Gold among the Romans was worth a Thousand Sesterces. 1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) III. 480 I do not speak of the penny paid to Cesar by St. Peter. 1849 H. D. Thoreau Resistance to Civil Governm. in Æsthetic Papers 201 Christ answered the Herodians according to their condition. ‘Show me the tribute-money,’ said he;—and one took a penny out of his pocket. 1881 Bible (R.V.) Luke xx. 24 Shew me a penny. Whose image and superscription hath it? And they said, Cæsar's. 1976 Bible (Good News) Mark xii. 42 A poor widow came along and dropped in two little copper coins, worth about a penny. b. Any of various European coins originally derived from the denarius, e.g. the French denier, the Dutch penning, German Pfennig, etc., equivalent to the penny in being the principal lower-value unit in the particular currency system. Now chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > foreign coins > [noun] > French coins > other French coins denierc1425 Poitevina1475 blank1480 sousec1503 gigot1530 soulx1543 liarda1549 pistolor1550 obole1567 patard1583 double1586 whitea1634 sols1637 penny1656 centime1796 cent1810 sou1814 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Tournois.., a French penny, the tenth part of a penny sterling... In France they say so much money Tournois, as we say sterling. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) The French penny, or Denier, is of two Kinds; the Paris Penny, called Denier Parisis; and the Penny of Tours, Denier Tournois. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Penny The Dutch Penny, call'd Pening, is a real Money, worth about one fifth more than the French Penny Tournois. 1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. iv. 32 English, French and Scots pennies too, contained all of them originally a real pennyweight of silver, the twentieth part of an ounce. View more context for this quotation 1898 G. B. Rawlings Story Brit. Coinage 194 No coins were struck for Jersey till 1841,..the English shilling at that time being valued in Jersey at thirteen pence... The penny is as follows. 1967 A. Djoleto Strange Man viii. 119 Torto's mother gave Mensa threepence and Torto a penny. c. North American. A government-issued one-cent coin (not an official name). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > foreign coins > [noun] > North American coins > Canadian penny1831 maple leaf1979 loonie1987 society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > foreign coins > [noun] > North American coins > U.S. > one-cent piece penny1831 red1849 nickel1857 ct.a1875 1831 Constellation (N.Y.) 12 Mar. 133/4 He meant cents, but they call em pennies in New York. 1861 H. A. Jacobs Incidents Life Slave Girl iv. 30 Rubbing up pennies with quicksilver, and passing them off for quarters of a dollar on an old man who kept a fruit stall. 1902 ‘R. Connor’ Glengarry School Days 166 ‘Six pennies and two dimes’, was Hughie's disconsolate reply. 1920 Canad. Hist. Rev. Mar. 351 Our children call cents ‘pennies’ (thus showing that the half is at least equal to the whole), and our pretty five cent silver pieces they call ‘nickels’, after their ugly American equivalents. 1966 New Statesman 16 Dec. 896/3 Florin..is only used, like the American ‘penny’, to describe the actual lump of metal. 1989 A. Wilentz Rainy Season (1990) v. 104 Little, sinewy Waldech..was working the crowd, asking for pennies from them and dollars from me. 3. a. In singular preceded by an ordinal numeral. A specified fraction of a sum of money, as the fifth penny, every fifth penny in any number of pennies; one fifth of the whole sum of money. Now historical (usually with reference to taxation). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > sum of money > [noun] > a certain or fixed sum > an aliquot part of pennyOE fifth-penny1732 OE Restoration of Sandwich to Christ Church (Sawyer 1467) in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 176 [He] bæd hine fultumes to þam hirode embe þone þriddan penig. a1350 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 7 (MED) Euer þe furþe peni mot to þe kynge. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1882) VIII. 255 Kyng Henry hadde þe twentiþe peny of lewed men catel. 1423 in R. R. Sharpe Cal. Let.-bks. London (1909) I. 295 Have he, for his labour, the tryd peny that shal be recovered. a1475 J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. (Laud) (1885) 135 (MED) The French kyng in..wyne takyth more off is peple than dothe þe Saudan; ffor he takith þe iiijth peyne þeroff. 1534 in J. S. Clouston Rec. Earldom of Orkney (1914) 215 With all rychtis of the teind penny and the ferde penny. 1581 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1880) 1st Ser. III. 427 All and haill the erldome of Gowry, with the teind penny of all wardis. 1585 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1880) 1st Ser. III. 743 The first fructis and fyft penny of the same beneficeis. 1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ i. xl. 79 None can hire or build a House, but he must pay the tenth penny. 1681 London Gaz. No. 1654/2 The Nations of this City have declared their willingness to give twice the 20th penny, which..will raise a Million and a halfe. a1745 J. Swift Misc. in Wks. (1941) IX. 54 Although it be notorious that they do not receive the third penny of the real value. 1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. ix. 111 In 1720 interest was reduced from the twentieth to the fiftieth penny, or from five to two per cent. View more context for this quotation 1844 G. Dodd Textile Manuf. Great Brit. v. 168 Remunerated by what was termed ‘the fourth penny’, that is, each journeyman received as his wages..the fourth part of the gross sum for which such cloth was sold. 1878 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. (ed. 2) III. 436 The earl's creation money, twenty pounds, was a substitute for the third penny of the county. 1986 Eng. Hist. Rev. 101 855 The Great Council of 1488 is said to have authorized a subsidy of a tenth penny to meet the costs of defence, a tax later confirmed in Parliament. 1995 Econ. Hist. Rev. 48 650 For the years 1561 and 1732 the records of the tax of the tenth penny and of the property tax..have been preserved for nearly every town and village in Holland. b. In plural. Money (originally as consisting ordinarily of (silver) pennies). In later use also: small change, coppers (frequently depreciative). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > [noun] silverc825 feec870 pennieseOE wortheOE mintOE scata1122 spense?c1225 spendinga1290 sumc1300 gooda1325 moneya1325 cattlec1330 muckc1330 reasona1382 pecunyc1400 gilt1497 argentc1500 gelta1529 Mammon1539 ale silver1541 scruff1559 the sinews of war1560 sterling1565 lour1567 will-do-all1583 shell1591 trasha1592 quinyie1596 brass1597 pecuniary1604 dust1607 nomisma1614 countera1616 cross and pilea1625 gingerbreada1625 rhinoa1628 cash1646 grig1657 spanker1663 cole1673 goree1699 mopus1699 quid1699 ribbin1699 bustle1763 necessary1772 stuff1775 needfula1777 iron1785 (the) Spanish1788 pecuniar1793 kelter1807 dibs1812 steven1812 pewter1814 brad1819 pogue1819 rent1823 stumpy1828 posh1830 L. S. D.1835 rivetc1835 tin1836 mint sauce1839 nobbins1846 ochre1846 dingbat1848 dough1848 cheese1850 California1851 mali1851 ducat1853 pay dirt1853 boodle?1856 dinero1856 scad1856 the shiny1856 spondulicks1857 rust1858 soap1860 sugar1862 coin1874 filthy1876 wampum1876 ooftish1877 shekel1883 oil1885 oof1885 mon1888 Jack1890 sploshc1890 bees and honey1892 spending-brass1896 stiff1897 mazuma1900 mazoom1901 cabbage1903 lettuce1903 Oscar Asche1905 jingle1906 doubloons1908 kale1912 scratch1914 green1917 oscar1917 snow1925 poke1926 oodle1930 potatos1931 bread1935 moolah1936 acker1939 moo1941 lolly1943 loot1943 poppy1943 mazoola1944 dosh1953 bickies1966 lovely jubbly1990 scrilla1994 eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Hatton) (1871) xliv. 327 Ne wene he no ðæt Godes ryhtwisnes sie to ceape, suelce he hie mæge mid his peningum gebycgean. a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 79 Befasteð here paneȝes ðe haðene menn. c1300 St. Barnabas (Laud) 8 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 26 To þe Apostles he wende anon and to heore fet þe panes caste. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 35 (MED) Gaueleres..þet leneþ zeluer..nimeþ þe heȝþes oþer ine pans oþer ine hors, oþer ine corn. a1450 Pater Noster Richard Ermyte (Westm. Sch. 3) (1967) 46 (MED) If I take his penyes þat I schulde spende in his seruyse & dispende hem in oþer þing at my wille..herof I am holde to hym as dettour. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) viii. l. 692 Price off pennys may mak ws no ramed. 1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 175 [The Pope] neuer ceist..Under dispens to get our penneis. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Sien Who looseth his pence forgoeth his sence. 1641 J. Milton Reason Church-govt. 34 Dispensers of treasures..without price to them that have no pence. 1653 T. Urquhart tr. F. Rabelais 1st Bk. Wks. xlv. 203 He..gave unto each of them a horse..together with some pence to live by. 1869 ‘M. Twain’ Innocents Abroad xxv. 257 As many heads were humbly bowed, and as many hands extended, appealing for pennies. 1883 G. B. Goode Rev. Fishery Industries U.S. 6 Their descendants..are to-day hauling pence up out of the water faster than their forefathers ever learned to do. 1926 J. Black You can't Win vi. 66 ‘Pennies’ don't mean pennies. It means money, on the road. 1990 Daily Tel. 7 Apr. 3/3 He didn't receive a substantial amount of money for what he stole. All of it was sold to other down-and-outs in the Waterloo area for pennies. c. A very small or the least amount of money, wealth, etc. Usually in negative contexts, as not a penny, never a penny, not worth a penny. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > sum of money > [noun] > small sum > coin as type of pennya1225 sumc1300 mitea1375 minutec1384 groat1513 souse1570 widow's mite1572 stivera1640 brass farthing1642 shilling1737 rap1778 skilligalee1834 skillick1835 steever1892 razoo1919 a1225 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Lamb.) 67 in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 163 Alse mid his penie alse oðer mið his punde. c1395 G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale 707 Neuere heer after wol I with hym mete For peny [v.r. penye] ne for pound. a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) 451 Alderlast..Was peynted Povert..That not a peny hadde in wolde. 1457 W. Worcester in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 170 A peny yn seson spent wille safe a pounde. 1530 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 74 Clare had never peny for hyt. 1570 T. Wilson in tr. Demosthenes 3 Orations 97 (margin) It is the well spent penny that saveth the pound. 1655 W. Gurnall Christian in Armour: 1st Pt. 225 Wilt thou stand with God for a day or two, huckle with him for a penny? 1675 R. Vaughan Disc. Coin & Coinage vi. 51 Money which hath as much fine Silver as a penny, is notwithstanding not worth a penny. 1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones II. xiii. vi. 49 He had not one Penny in his Pocket. 1782 F. Burney Cecilia III. v. i. 13 Never knew a man worth a penny with such a coat as that on. 1823 Ld. Byron Let. 21 Apr. (1980) X. 155 I had been too long negligent of the ‘pence’ and not very careful of the ‘pounds’. 1886 R. L. Stevenson Kidnapped xii. 104 There they were on the street, never a penny the better for their pains. 1933 V. Brittain Test. of Youth ii. 53 Each fresh refusal to spend another penny on my education. 1968 M. Woodhouse Rock Baby ix. 90 A man on his own..can cross frontiers without anyone being a penny the wiser. 1995 Independent 14 Apr. 19/7 Forty-one, not a penny to my name, no prospect of ever having anything to my name. d. In singular. A piece of money, an unspecified coin; (hence) a sum or amount of money, money. Now usually in every penny. See also a pretty penny at Phrases 1c. ΚΠ c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 1185 Pælles & purpras, & guldene ponewæs [c1300 Otho panewes]. c1300 St. Dominic (Laud) 250 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 285 (MED) Þo lay bi-side þe schipe þere a peni fair I-novȝ; þe passour beuȝ a-doun a-non and þane peni to him drouȝ. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 23 Ydeleblisse..is þe dyeules peni, huermide he bayþ alle þe uayre pane-worþes ine þe markatte of þise wordle. c1400 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 377 Þei done þis to wynne þo penye. a1450 Castle Perseverance (1969) l. 2524 If þou haue a peny to pey, Men schul to þe þanne lystyn. 1539 in J. Imrie et al. Burgh Court Bk. Selkirk (1960) 208 Dischairges Jhone Mithag, our bursair, out pait all thingis with man and penny in tymes bigane. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie ii. xx. 57 b They may..there be lodged..without paying of any pennie. 1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. iii. at Maximilean The Emperour gaue him a small penny. 1657 P. Heylyn Vndeceiving of People 20 The Minister hath neither corn nor hay, nor any provision for expence of houshould, but what he buyeth by the penny. 1764 H. Walpole Let. 24 Dec. in Corr. (1941) X. 145 I shall put your letter to Rheims into the foreign post with a proper penny. 1792 R. Burns in J. Johnson Scots Musical Museum IV. 327 Bad luck on the pennie that tempted my minnie To sell her poor Jenny for siller an' lan'. 1822 Sat. Evening Post (Philadelphia) 26 Jan. 1/4 We knit and spin and have a thousand ways of getting a penny; and when you get strong and healthy, you shall work. 1899 S. MacManus In Chimney Corners 233 Oh, but I considher that a big penny. 1935 G. Santayana Last Puritan ii. ii. 106 She was religiously saving every penny she could spare from her modest salary. 1984 S. Johnson Tunnel xx. 176 They had cost him a fortune but he regarded every penny as being well-spent. 2000 Times 7 Aug. (Sport Monday section) 2/8 City's original bid..was dismissed by Villa, who are fighting for every penny that they can get. 4. A sum payable by a particular tax, customary payment, etc. Only as the second element in a compound; chiefly in Peter's pence (see Peter's penny n.). Now chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > [noun] > sum or amount of pennyOE OE Wulfstan Pastoral Let. (Hatton) (1957) 229 Þæt we eac eadmodlice eal gelæstan on geargerihtan þæt ure yldran hwilum ær Gode behetan; ðæt is sulhælmessan & rompenegas & cyricsceattas & leohtgescota. lOE Rec. Dues, Taunton in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 236 Cirhsceattas, & burhgerihtu, heorðpenegas, & hundred penegas, [etc.]. 1192–9 in Hist. MSS Comm.: Rep. MSS Var. Coll. (1914) VII. 377 in Parl. Papers (Cd. 6722) XXVI. 1 De averpeni et de blodwita..et hundredpeni et de thethingpeni. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) 15956 Inne wes þe uormeste mon þe Peteres peni [c1300 Otho Peter his peny] bigon. ?a1375 in N. Neilson Customary Rents (1910) 81 (MED) Lambpeni [at Assumption, 6 d.]. 1461 Rolls of Parl. V. 476/1 A summe of money claymed at two lawdayes in the yere, called Tithyng peny, otherwise Tottyng peny. 1547 in C. A. Hunt Perth Hammermen (1889) 61 The quhilk day Thomas Bryssoun..hes tane the gait penny and xii d. of the cumling fealls for xxvi s. viij d. 1659 in D. Robertson S. Leith Rec. (1911) 113 Every incorporation shall meitt..to consider..ane annuetie or reik penny for payment of the ministers stipend. 1890 C. Gross Gild Merchant I. 31 There were dues at Andover called ‘scot-pennies’, ‘hanse-pennies’, and ‘sige-pennies’. 1904 Westm. Gaz. 16 Mar. 12/1 In 1220 an agreement was entered into between the Abbot of Waltham and the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's by which the latter were exempted from the payment of ‘Borchel Peny’ and ‘Ward Peny’. 2004 Encycl. Brit. Online 12 Jan. at Edgar Edgar's laws were the first in England to prescribe penalties for nonpayment of tithes and Peter's pence. 5. As the second element of a compound, prefixed by a cardinal numeral (and without plural inflection), forming an adjective of value or price, spec. with reference to nails, denoting the original price per hundred, as fivepenny nail, tenpenny nail, etc., and later (after the falling of prices) coming to denote the size of the nail.For general uses, see fivepenny adj., fourpenny adj., sixpenny adj. and n., etc. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > nail > specific price or size of nail tenpenny nail1426 tenpenny nail1426 threepenny nail1429 fourpenny nail1481 sixpenny nail1486 fives1629 forty-penny nail1769 tenpenny1820 1426–7 in H. Littlehales Medieval Rec. London City Church (1905) 67 (MED) For iijc x peny nayl to þe vyse, ii s. vj d.; Also for iiijc vj peny nayl, ij s. 1484 in H. Littlehales Medieval Rec. London City Church (1905) 120 Item, for ij c di. iiij penye nayle, x d. Item, for di. c v d nayle, ij d ob. Item, for di. a c iij penye nayle, j d ob. 1669 J. Dryden Wild Gallant iii. 31 He plucks me out, I vow to gad I tell you no lie, four ten-penny-Nailes from the Dairy-Lock with his teeth. 1702 R. Steele Funeral i. 4 Have you the Hangings and the Six-penny Nails, and my Lord's Coat of Arms? 1798 J. C. Cross Raft i. 7 O'Bowling's a brave fellow to be sure, but no more to compare to he, than the smallest brad to a ten-penny nail. 1845 J. B. Buckstone Green Bushes ii. i. 28 All our stock of knives, ten-penny nails, and tobacco, to the very coat off my back. 1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 135 Nails of sorts are, 4, 6, 8, 10, 24, 30, and 40-penny nails, all of different lengths. 1990 Old-house Jrnl. Jan. 2/3 I had to..pull my right foot away..yanking it off a rusty 20-penny nail that protruded a good two inches. 2002 Esquire July 23/1 We tested the TiBone out recently on a bunch of 16-penny nails and a two-by-four. †II. Extended uses (chiefly short for established compounds). 6. = pennyweight n. 1. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > [noun] > unit or denomination of weight > pennyweight pennyeOE denariusa1398 pennyweighta1398 sterling1474 denier1601 Easterling1614 weight1890 eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. lxvii. 298 Pund eles gewihð xii penegum læsse þonne pund wætres, & pund ealoð gewihð vi penegum mare þonne pund wætres. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 333 Dragma is þe eighteþe part of an vncia, and weyeþ þre pans of siluer [L. denarij..argenti..scrupulis]. Scrupulus..is acounted for ten pans [L. numis]. ?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 199 (MED) A scripule weyeþ a peny, þre scripules beþ a dragme, Eyȝte dragmes ane ounce. a1486 in Archaeologia (1900) 57 59 (MED) It is to wite that on peny rounde and withouten tonsure owe to weye xxxij whete cornes in the middes of the ere, And xx pens maken an unce. a1525 Coventry Leet Bk. 396 Þat is to vnderstond þat xxxij graynes of whete take out of the mydens of the Ere makith a sterling, oþer-wyse called a peny; & xx sterling maketh an Ounce. 1543 R. Record Ground of Artes i. sig. N^v Of these graynes in tymes passed 32 wayed iuste 1 penny of troye.., but nowe are there 46 pennes in an unce, so y^t there are not fully 14 graynes in 1 penny. 7. Chiefly Scottish. A division of land originally worth one penny in rent; spec. = pennyland n. 2. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > possessions > [noun] > real or immovable property > land > land worth specific amount per annum pennylanda1300 pennyland1439 soudeec1450 pennyworth of land1499 penny1504 uris-land1534 uris-cop1609 librate1610 obolate1610 solidate1610 ure of land1774 ounceland1805 1504 in J. S. Clouston Rec. Earldom of Orkney (1914) 76 At his part drew thre mark and halff and a fourty penny grip. 1655 Retour in T. Thomson Inquisitionum (1811) II. Orkney & Shetland §66 In the 4½ penny and thrid part merk land of Saba. 1774 G. Gifford in G. Low Orkney (1879) 145 The term Pennyland in Orkney signifies simply quantity..in Schetland it likewise marks the quality, and according to the value of the land every Mark contains more or fewer Pennies. 1795 Statistical Acct. Scotl. VI. 249 The land is divided into oxen-gates, pennies, and farthing... Every penny of land..ought to maintain 8 milch cows. 8. A pennyworth. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > monetary value > [noun] > amount of specific value > specific pennyworthOE halfpennywortha1035 shillingswortha1325 three-halfpennyworthc1440 sixpennyworthc1450 pounds worthc1460 groatsworth1562 penny1564 penny piece1601 threepennyworth1617 piceworth1832 two pennyworth1851 six1871 pounder1895 1564 in F. J. Furnivall Child-marriages, Divorces, & Ratifications Diocese Chester (1897) 208 All iij went to Richard Barkers house, and dronke, eithe[r] of them a peny. a1572 J. Knox Hist. Reformation Scotl. in Wks. (1848) II. 159 Bot thai past to thair foure houris penny and in thair jesting [etc.]. 1591 E. Spenser Prosopopoia in Complaints 523 Whereas thou maist compound a better penie. Phrases P1. a. †to make penny of, to turn into money, to sell (obsolete); to make a (good, etc.) penny of, by, from, to make money out of, to profit by (now rare). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > selling > sell [verb (transitive)] to sell awayc1230 to set to (for, on) sale, a-salec1275 sella1330 to make sale (of)c1430 market1455 to make penny of1464 vent1478 to put away1574 dispatch1592 money1598 vent1602 to put off1631 vend1651 hawk1713 realize1720 mackle1724 neat1747 to sell over1837 unload1884 flog1919 move1938 shift1976 society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > getting or making money > get or make money [verb (transitive)] > be profitable to > make profit by to make money1457 to make a (good, etc.) penny of, by, from1464 to make chevisance of1535 to make a (also one's) hand(s)1538 to make a good thing of (also out of)1800 1464 15th Rep. Hist. MSS App. viii. 38 [The king shall immediately] presoun thaire personis mak penny of thaire gudis [etc.]. 1512 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. I. 76* To mak penny of þair landis and gudis. 1641 in L. B. Taylor Aberdeen Council Lett. (1950) II. 292 That they sall put all actis and decreitis to dew executioun..mak pennie of the soumes of money thairin conteanit to the pairties obteanaris of the samen. 1726 G. Berkeley Let. 1 Dec. in Wks. (1871) IV. 139 I gave him old clothes, which he made a penny of. 1782 F. Burney Cecilia III. v. viii. 92 Warrant master Harrel's made a good penny of you. 1804 H. H. Brackenridge Mod. Chivalry II. i. vi. 40 The want of sight rendered him incapable of conveyancing, and all he could do was to give council, or argue a cause by which he made a penny. 1873 A. Trollope Eustace Diamonds II. xxxvii. 140 Lord George had not, in truth, made a penny by them, and they were good hunters, worth the money. 1996 Philadelphia Inquirer (Nexis) 28 Nov. b1 Keener makes a good penny from the stink in his pig manure. He ferments the manure, burns the gas to make electricity, and sells it. b. to turn a penny, †to turn the penny, †to wind the penny: to use one's money profitably; to make money. Now usually in to turn an honest penny: to earn an honest living or profit (see honest adj. 4c). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > getting or making money > get or make money [verb (intransitive)] > make profit win1340 to wind the penny1546 vantage1563 to turn a profit1843 to do well out of1857 society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > getting or making money > get or make money [verb (intransitive)] > make profit > honestly to turn an honest penny1887 1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue ii. ix. sig. Kiv^v Towne ware was your ware, to tourne the peny. 1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ i. xl. 82 Ther is no State that winds the peny more nimbly, and makes quicker returns. 1691 J. Dunton Voy. round World II. i. 179 I can assure 'em by my own Experience, t'has turn'd a penny these hard times. 1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 452. ¶4 A Projector, who is willing to turn a Penny by this remarkable Curiosity of his Countrymen. 1723 H. Wanley Diary 23 May (1966) II. 225 He..has offer'd his book to sale in many different places, without ever being able to turn the penny. 1792 M. Wollstonecraft Vindic. Rights Woman xii Not allowed to dispose of money, or call anything their own, they learn to turn the market penny. 1869 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast (rev. ed.) Epil. 466 Bennett..set up a stall,..where he could see all the passers-by, and turn a penny by cakes and ale. 1887 E. E. Money Little Dutch Maiden (1888) 5 Lucas had been sent across the seas to turn the ‘honest penny’ and pick up some gold. 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xv. [Circe] 439 A poor foreign immigrant who started scratch as a stowaway and is now trying to turn an honest penny. 1997 Sunday Times 26 Oct. (Mag.) 19/1 The best way for any modern writer to turn a quick penny is to tell us about his Crack-Up. c. a pretty (also fine, fair, etc.) penny: a considerable gain, profit, or sum of money. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > sum of money > [noun] > large sum pounda1225 ransom?a1300 fother14.. gob1542 mint1579 king's ransomc1590 abomination1604 coda1680 a pretty (also fine, fair, etc.) penny1710 plunk1767 big money1824 pot1856 big one?1863 a small fortune1874 four figures1893 poultice1902 parcel1903 bundle1905 pretty1909 real money1918 stack1919 packet1922 heavy sugar1926 motza1936 big bucks1941 bomb1958 wedge1977 megadollars1980 squillion1986 bank1995 1710 S. Centlivre Man's Bewitch'd i. i. 3 Why here may be a pretty Penny towards, if the Devil don't cross it. 1711 S. Centlivre Mar-plot i. ii. 11 I'm like to make a fine Penny on't. 1782 F. Burney Cecilia V. ix. iv. 63 If a man makes a fair penny..he has as much title to enjoy his pleasure as the Chief Justice. 1860 ‘G. Eliot’ Mill on Floss I. ii. i. 256 That watered-silk she had on cost a pretty penny. 1885 B. Harte Maruja i. 14 Then the Captain might still make a pretty penny on Amita. 1915 W. S. Maugham Of Human Bondage lxxiii. 377 It must have cost you a pretty penny. It's lucky you can afford it. 1994 Film Comments Jan.–Feb. 75/3 Jean films the boy hanging from a skyscraper; Sami later gibes that, had he fallen, Jean could make a pretty penny selling the footage. P2. In various idiomatic phrases. a. a penny for your thoughts: an invitation to a person lost in thought to share his or her preoccupation. Hence penny for them.Ellipsis to the simple word ‘penny’ is also occasionally attested. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > [phrase] penny for thema1535 a penny for your thoughtsa1535 a1535 T. More Treat. Memorare Nouissima in Wks. (1557) I. 76/1 As it often happeth..in such wise y^t not w^toute som note & reproch of suche vagaraunte mind, other folk sodainly say to them: a peny for your thought. 1546 J. Heywood Dialogue Prouerbes Eng. Tongue ii. iv. sig. Giii Wherwith in a great musyng he was brought. Frend (quoth the good man) a peny for your thought. 1602 J. Marston Hist. Antonio & Mellida ii. sig. C4 Good Feliche why art thou so sad? a pennie for thy thought. 1738 J. Swift Compl. Coll. Genteel Conversat. 8 Neverout... Come; a Penny for your Thoughts. Miss. It is not worth a Farthing: for I was thinking of you. 1765 I. Bickerstaff Maid of Mill i. viii. 17 My lord, a penny for your thoughts. 1855 J. E. Cooke Ellie i. x. 64 ‘What are you thinking about, Charley?’ said the child, assuming a light tone. ‘A penny for your thoughts.’ 1900 H. G. Wells Love & Mr. Lewisham xxv. 242 ‘Penny,’ she said after an interval. Lewisham started and looked up. ‘Eh?’. 1914 C. Mackenzie Sinister St. II. iv. iii. 895 ‘You're very silent, kiddie,’ she said. ‘I'll give you a penny for them.’ 1959 J. Braine Vodi xiv. 190 Harry's voice broke into her thoughts. ‘Penny for 'em, old girl.’ 1990 N. Baker Room Temperature iii. 18 I decided to vary the probe by giving my face a slightly craven and servile expression and by using the traditional porch-swing wording, ‘Penny for your thoughts?’ †b. to think (also deem, etc.) one's penny (good) silver: to have a high opinion of oneself. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pride > self-esteem > think well of oneself [verb (intransitive)] to think (also deem, etc.) one's penny (good) silver1578 1578 J. Lyly Euphves 21 Heere ye may beholde gentlemen, how lewdly wit standeth in his owne lyght, howe he deemeth no pennye good siluer but his owne. 1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 13/2 Suche as..thought their penie good siluer. 1594 T. Lodge & R. Greene Looking Glasse sig. C2 Tho she say that she is fairest, I thinke my peny siluer by her leaue. 1602 N. Breton Poste with Madde Packet Lett. I. sig. F3 There are more Batchelers then Roger, and my peny is as good siluer as yours. 1609 Pasquils Iestes (new ed.) 45 In a countrey market Towne, where were some such girles, as thought their pennies good siluer. †c. a penny in the forehead and variants: with allusion to a trick in which play is made of the way a cold coin pressed firmly on the forehead of the victim may still be felt by him or her as if it were there after its surreptitious removal. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > children's game > other children's games > [noun] > others buckle-pit1532 marrowbone1533 put-pin?1577 primus secundus1584 fox in the hole1585 haltering of Hick's mare1585 muss1591 pushpin1598 Jack-in-the-box1600 a penny in the forehead1602 buckerels1649 bumdockdousse1653 peck-point1653 toro1660 wheelbarrow1740 thread-needle1751 thrush-a-thrush1766 runaway ring?1790 Gregory1801 pick-point1801 fighting cocks1807 runaway knock1813 tit-tat-toe1818 French and English1820 honeypots1821 roly-poly1821 tickle-tail1821 pottle1822 King of Cantland1825 tip-top-castle1834 tile1837 statue1839 chip stone1843 hen and chickens1843 king of the castle1843 King Caesar1849 rap-jacket1870 old witch1881 tick-tack-toe1884 twos and threes1896 last across (the road)1904 step1909 king of the hill1928 Pooh-sticks1928 trick or treat1928 stare-you-out1932 king of the mountain1933 dab cricket1938 Urkey1938 trick-or-treating1941 seven-up1950 squashed tomato1959 slot-racing1965 Pog1993 knights- 1602 N. Breton Olde Mad-cappes New Gally-mawfrey sig. B2^v I loue no leere, nor winke, nor wily looke, But straight fore-right, a penny in my face. 1607 E. Sharpham Cupids Whirligig sig. I4 Holde vp your head Tobias, and looke and you can see a penny in my browe. 1637 J. Day New Spring of Divine Poetrie 34 They wagge their sporting fingers, and present A penny in the forehead, or some pap, To win the Children to the Mothers lap. 1659 T. Burton Diary 9 Mar. (1828) IV. 106 I am not bound always to look you in the face like children, to see if you have a penny in your forehead. a1734 R. North Examen (1740) ii. v. §15. 324 We may hope better of their Abilities than to be wheedled as Children with a Penny in the Forehead. d. two (also ten) a penny: plentiful and consequently of little value, commonplace; easily obtainable or available; occurring frequently. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > in general [phrase] > commonplace two (also ten) a penny1830 1830 W. Watts Yahoo 108 Sure wenches then were ten a-penny. 1852 G. Daniel Democritus in London xiii. 178 Treading see the commonalty In the footsteps of the quality; Yes, Jacob Juniper! I feel Your toe intruding on my heel, Toe of one that two a-penny, Trims His Majesty the Many! 1948 ‘N. Shute’ No Highway iv. 92 In Hollywood beauties were two a penny, and it was years before she got an inkling what it was that differentiated her from all the stand-ins and walkers-on. 1960 Times 11 Jan. 17/1 Penalties were two a penny at Upper Park on Saturday. 1986 Jrnl. Royal Coll. Physicians 20 124/2 With golden weddings now ten a penny..it might be possible to get useful information between couples who know each other extremely well. e. pennies from heaven: money acquired without effort or risk; unexpected benefits, esp. financial ones. Also (in singular): a windfall, a godsend (rare). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > [noun] > money acquired easily easy money1896 money for jam (also for old rope, etc.)1919 pennies from heaven1936 earner1970 1928 A. Burstein Ghetto Messenger 91 The gentleman, being cognizant of ‘pennies falling from heaven’ and other tricks.., appeared to take it seriously.] 1936 J. Burke (title of song) Pennies from heaven. 1965 J. D. MacDonald Bright Orange for Shroud xvi. 191 ‘Sweetie,’ I said, ‘you are a penny from heaven.’ 1972 ‘W. Haggard’ Protectors xiii. 154 He hadn't planned it that way... But when the pennies from heaven fell down he'd seize them. 1995 Economist 8 Apr. 97/3 Compared with the cost of buying a legal database outright—which can reach more than $100,000—paying as you go with a trickle of electronic cash may seem like pennies from heaven. f. the penny dropped and variants: a situation or statement has at last been understood; a person has reacted belatedly.Originally used with allusion to the mechanism of a penny-in-the-slot machine. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > understanding > understand [phrase] to know what's whatc1422 to know where to find a person1565 to see the light1812 to be awake to1813 to know a move or two1819 to get on to ——1880 to get the strength of1890 to be (or get) wise to1896 to get the picture1900 the penny dropped1939 to pick up1944 to get the message1959 to take on board1979 1939 Daily Mirror 14 Aug. 12 And then the penny dropped, and I saw his meaning! 1951 N. Balchin Way through Wood xv. 214 I sat and thought for a moment and then the penny dropped. 1973 Times 1 Dec. 14 The penny had begun to drop even before the present fuel crisis. 2003 Evening Post (Nottingham) (Nexis) 4 Nov. 12 I did wonder about the chap in the cork hat, but then the penny dropped..he was from Oz. g. to spend a penny: to go to the toilet; to urinate.With allusion to the (former) price of admission to public toilets. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > defecation or urination > [verb (intransitive)] to do one's business1596 to pluck a rose1613 to pay a call1648 to go backward1748 go1804 to do (one's) duty1935 to wash one's hands1938 to spend a penny1945 perform1963 1945 H. Lewis Strange Story iv. 27 ‘Us girls,’ she said, ‘are going to spend a penny!’ 1960 M. Cecil Something in Common xxii. 239 It's tricky about the bathroom, but it's amazing how one can train oneself to spend a minimum of pennies. 1973 People's Jrnl. 28 July (Inverness & Northern Counties ed.) 10/1 Anyone on the Islands..after that time who wants to ‘spend a penny’ must make a 10-minute walk..to the public toilets. 1990 Daily Star 23 Oct. 3/1 An elderly woman who went to spend a penny ended up being locked in her local church for six hours. P3. Proverbs. a. no penny, no paternoster: you get nothing for nothing; if you want a thing you must pay for it (originally with allusion to priests who insist on being paid for performing services). Hence no paternoster, no penny: no work, no pay. Also penny nor paternoster: neither pay nor prayers; neither love nor money. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > non-existence > [phrase] > nothing, no one, not any never onec1175 never ac1300 never kinsc1300 no kinsc1350 for odd or evenc1425 never anyc1522 penny nor paternoster1528 never a one1534 not a soul1568 neither top nor toe1610 no flesh1663 neither horn nor hoof1664 no sort of‥1736 no nothing1815 society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > [phrase] > no work, no pay no paternoster, no penny1528 1528 W. Tyndale Obed. Christen Man f. lxxxij^v Yet thes two taught and prayed for the people as moch as oure prelates doo, with whom it goeth after the commune sayenge, no peny no Pater noster [printed uoster]. 1546 Supplic. Poor Commons sig. c.iii Theyr couetouse is growne into thys prouerbe no peny no pater noster. 1573 G. Gascoigne tr. Ariosto Supposes i. i, in Hundreth Sundrie Flowres 2 Pitie nor pencion, peny nor pater noster shoulde euer haue made Nurse once to open hir mouth in the cause. 1640 W. Prynne Lord Bishops vi. sig. Eiv^v No penny, no Pater noster; they looke more to their tithes, then to their taske. ?1706 E. Hickeringill Priest-craft: 2nd Pt. ii. 22 Once was—No Pater Noster, No Penny; now—No Sermons, not a Penny, not a Farthing. 1845 Biblical Repertory July 376 An instance is given in which the clergy are charged in the newspapers with omitting the festival, for lack of fees: ‘no pence, no paternoster.’ 1925 J. I. C. Clarke My Life & Memories ix. 74 If, of old, the churchly motto ‘No penny, no Paternoster’ was true, how could a church be expected to stay downtown when its congregation was moving north? 2001 Spectator (Nexis) 21 Apr. 13 No penny no Pater noster. No longer pipe, no longer dance. b. a penny saved is a penny gained and variants. ΚΠ a1633 G. Herbert Outlandish Prov. (1640) sig. C3 A penny spar'd is twice got. 1659 J. Howell Ital. Prov. 8/1 in Lex. Tetraglotton (1660) A peny saved is twice gained. a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Hunts. 51 By the same proportion that a penny saved is a penny gained, the preserver of books is a Mate for the Compiler of them. 1695 E. Ravenscroft Canterbury Guests ii. iv. 17 This I did to prevent expences, for..A penny sav'd, is a penny got. 1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations II. v. ii. 492 As a penny saved is a penny got, he..gains a farthing by his temperance. View more context for this quotation 1811 Ld. Byron Hints from Horace 516 A penny saved, my lad, 's a penny got. 1899 Pall Mall Mag. Sept. 107 A penny saved is a penny earned. 1980 Washington Post (Nexis) 13 Jan. b1 The Father said: A penny saved is a penny earned. 2003 Lansing State Jrnl. (Nexis) 30 Oct. (Living section) 1 d I spent the day spouting platitudes such as ‘A penny saved is a penny earned’ and ‘Fish and houseguests stink after three days.’ c. in for a penny, in for a pound: expressing a commitment to see a course of action through to its completion, whatever that may involve. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > undertaking > committed to a course of action [phrase] > whatever it involves in for a penny, in for a pound1695 1695 E. Ravenscroft Canterbury Guests v. i. 50 Well than, O'er shooes, o'er boots. And In for a Penny, in for a Pound. 1737 J. Breval Rape of Helen i. 21 In for a Penny in for a Pound,..I must go through-stitch with my Gallantry. 1841 C. Dickens Old Curiosity Shop ii. lxvi. 177 Being in for a penny, I am ready as the saying is to be in for a pound. c1882 W. S. Gilbert Iolanthe ii. 33 In for a penny, in for a pound—It's Love that makes the world go round! 1906 L. Strachey in Lit. Ess. (1948) 142 The emendator is on an inclined plane which leads him inevitably from readjustments of punctuation to corrections of grammar, and from corrections of grammar to alterations of rhythm; if he is in for a penny, he is in for a pound. 1977 Transatlantic Rev. No. 60. 189 The cabbie steamed up to Notting Hill Gate with an In for a penny, In for a pound expression on his face. 2003 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 27 Aug. 1 Once committed, I was in for a penny, in for a pound, so I was not going to pull out. d. take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves (and variants). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > expenditure > moderation or reduction in expenditure > be moderate in expenditure [phrase] take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves1747 1747 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 6 Nov. (1932) (modernized text) III. 1051 I knew, once, a very covetous, sordid fellow [sc. William Lowndes, secretary of the Treasury, 1696–1724], who used frequently to say, ‘Take care of the pence; for the pounds will take care of themselves’. 1750 E. Synge Let. 12 Oct. (1996) 262 A saying of Old Judge Daly's is in every one's Mouth. Take care of the pence, the pounds will take care of themselves. 1751 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 5 Feb. (1932) (modernized text) IV. 1500 Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves. 1807 E. S. Barrett All Talents 43 According to the common adage, they will take care of the pence, and as to the eight hundred thousand pounds, why—the pounds must, of course, take care of themselves. 1843 R. S. Surtees Handley Cross I. xi. 207 A real out-and-out workin' chap, that will..look sharp arter the pence, without leavin' the pounds to take care of themselves. 1979 R. Cassilis Arrow of God iv. xvi. 150 Little things, Master Mally. Look after the pennies, Master Mally, and the pounds will look after themselves. 2003 Press & Jrnl. (Aberdeen) (Nexis) 3 Oct. (News section) 17 There is an old saying: take care of the pennies and the pounds will look after themselves. †e. a penny soul never came to twopence. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1844 Chambers's Jrnl. 12 Oct. 225 A penny soul never came to twopence... Mean views are apt to prevent a man from venturing upon perfectly safe enterprises. 1859 S. Smiles Self-help ix. 221 Narrowmindedness in living and in dealing..leads to failure. The penny soul, it is said, never came to twopence. Compounds C1. With first element in singular form. a. General attributive. (a) In the senses ‘involving originally the price or value of a penny; costing (or formerly costing) a penny; producing or selling goods at the cost (or formerly at the cost) of a penny; very cheap’. penny bazaar n. ΚΠ 1897 H. James in Atlantic Monthly July 71/2 An assortment of pen-wipers and ash-trays, a harvest he had gathered in from penny bazaars. 1966 Guardian 29 Aug. 4/4 The Shields tram..full of early homecomers. They got off at the Penny Bazaar. 2003 Derby Evening Tel. (Nexis) 2 Oct. 20 Peacocks was established by Albert Peacock, who opened a penny bazaar in 1884. penny candy n. ΚΠ 1893 N.Y. Times 2 Apr. 12/4 I had to draw the line at the penny candy of the good-natured German woman who presides over the treasures of the establishment. 1994 Grand Centre Cold Lake (Alberta) Sun 29 Nov. 21/1 A big jar of penny candy was prominently displayed on her desk all afternoon. † penny cord n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V iii. vi. 46 Let not Bardolfes vitall threed be cut, With edge of penny cord, and vile approach. 1790 Times 7 Oct. 3/1 One of his Excellency's footmen was actually see to buy penny cord last Monday. 1854 Harper's Mag. Aug. 381/1 He also showed him a roll of penny-cord, hanging upon an iron-hook, with which the culprit's arms were to be tied behind his back. † penny hen n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1337–8 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 33 (MED) In..penyhennis emp. in Billinghamschyr..8 s. 11 d. 1340 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 37 (MED) In 29 penihennes emp., 2 s. 5 d. penny ice n. ΚΠ 1856 Times 27 Dec. 8/2 His vows are written on the sand, and his oaths..melt ‘like penny ices on a summer day’. 1872 B. Jerrold London xv. 127 The penny ice has proved too strong for the ancient ginger-beer bottle. 1914 G. B. Shaw Fanny's Last Play Induct., in Misalliance 169 You should be eating penny ices and enjoying yourself. 2003 Times (Nexis) 14 June (Weekend section) 7 [Carlo Gatti] became the first man to introduce penny ices to Londoners; not bad when ice-cream was a luxury, well out of reach of working people. penny knife n. ΚΠ 1612 R. Coverte True Rep. Englishman 9 Wee bought for Commodities, as two hens for a penny knife, Limmons, and Coquonuts for old Iron. 1773 J. Hawkesworth Acct. Voy. Southern Hemisphere II. x. 102 Penny knives, and beads, or even nails and broken glass. 1856 C. M. Yonge Daisy Chain i. xx. 195 Norman's contribution of half-a-crown bought mugs, marbles, and penny knives. 1999 Sunday Tel. (Sydney) (Nexis) 2 May 166 The Abbot of Whitby..decreed that for penance they would have to erect a hedge every year on the mud of Whitby harbour using a penny knife. penny loaf n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > other types of loaf white loafeOE barley loafc950 French loafc1350 pease loafc1390 penny loaf1418 jannock?a1500 household loaf1565 boon-loaf1679 farmhouse loaf1795 cottage loaf1829 potato loaf1831 sod1836 Coburg1843 sweet roll1851 stale1874 Hovis1890 Sally Lunn1901 bloomer loaf1937 wholemeal1957 baguette1958 1418 Maldon (Essex) Court Rolls (Bundle 11, No. 3) Panis frumenti..vocat. penylof. 1529–30 in J. Imrie et al. Burgh Court Bk. Selkirk (1960) 104 Quha that breikis the pais..ve ordand..ane penny laif to the dussone. 1665 R. Head Eng. Rogue I. xii. 111 Coming by a bakers shop, I pretended to be ignorant of the City, and as I was asking him the way to such a place, not caring what, I happily secured a penny loaf, which I carried off undiscovered. 1752 H. Fielding Amelia I. i. v. 34 A penny Loaf, which is, it seems, the ordinary Allowance to the Prisoners in Bridewell, was now delivered him. 1841 C. Dickens Old Curiosity Shop ii. xlv. 46 A penny loaf was all they had had that day. 1973 C. A. Wilson Food & Drink in Brit. vii. 265 More attractive was the earlier ‘panada for a sick or weak stomach’, made from the crumb of a penny loaf boiled in a quart of water with a blade of mace, to which was added ‘a bit of lemon-peel, the juice of a lemon, a glass of sack, and sugar to your taste’. penny magazine n. ΚΠ 1832 (title) The Penny Magazine. 1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 2nd Ser. 145 When penny magazines shall have superseded penny yards of song. 1905 E. G. Herzfeld Family Monographs 17 Outside of the simple hymns the songs are of a very low order—printed in the newspaper supplement or penny magazine. 1999 Leicester Mercury (Nexis) 24 Aug. 4 The three bought penny magazines and met outdoors in the summer to read and discuss the material which they had perused. † penny mass n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1591 E. Spenser Prosopopoia in Complaints 452 Their penie masses and their complynes meete. penny newspaper n. ΚΠ 1831 Times 16 Aug. 4/3 A young man..was..charged with exposing for sale the last number of Hetherington's penny newspaper, on Saturday afternoon, on Holborn-bridge. 1862 Sat. Rev. 8 Feb. 154 A halfpenny or penny newspaper. 1951 Times 30 Apr. 4/5 (headline) Last week of penny newspapers. 2003 Albuquerque (New Mexico) Jrnl. (Nexis) 12 May c4 Pulp fiction started in the earlier part of the 19th century when cheap steam-powered printing processes made possible penny newspapers and..story papers dedicated to fiction. penny novel n. ΚΠ 1861 Punch 5 Jan. 3/1 A weakness for..reading penny novels. 1911 Times 16 Oct. 12/2 The dialogue [of Lady Windermere's Fan] is..sometimes as wooden as that in a penny novel. 1995 Jewish Bull. (Nexis) 17 Nov. 32 Yiddish was used for the crafting of penny novels about dragons and princesses locked in towers. penny novelette n. ΚΠ 1896 G. B. Shaw in Sat. Rev. 10 Oct. 387/1 You would never dream of asking why Morris did not read penny novelettes, or hang his rooms with Christmas-number chromolithographs. 1937 A. Koestler Spanish Test. ii. 237 In our moments of greatest excitement, at the so-called great moments of life, we all behave like characters in a penny novelette. 1994 Glasgow Herald (Nexis) 26 Jan. 13 It remains unclear why the Prime Minister of Great Britain was lunching with the 92-year-old authoress of the world's worst penny novelettes. † penny page n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1800 R. Bisset Douglas IV. i. 13 What they call, in Scotland, a penny page writer, or hack attorney. 1834 Tait's Edinb. Mag. New Ser. 1 423/1 A set of idle penny-page men. penny paper n. ΚΠ 1623 N. Rich Proposition conc. Tobacco Mar. in S. M. Kingsbury Rec. Virginia Company (1935) IV. 27 W^ch Retayler shall sell it [sc. tobacco] to the Alehousekeep in penny papers thirteen to the dozen. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 124. ¶2 Many a bulky Author would make his Appearance in a Penny Paper. 1839 C. F. Briggs Adventures Harry Franco II. i. 2 Three or four cartmen, in dirty frocks, were seated on their cart tails, each of them studying a penny paper, apparently with the most intense curiosity. 1943 Amer. Speech 18 206 (note) The ‘penny-papers,’ the Daily News and Daily mirror use Yugos as a noun abundantly. 2000 N.Y. Press 29 Mar. i. 7/3 The Murdoch press, genuflecting to the accuracy the 19th-century New York penny papers reserved for Irish immigrants, has portrayed the..gypsies as..‘aggressive beggars’. penny press n. ΚΠ 1833 Times 20 Apr. 1/2 The New Court Journal, of this day, contains..A Farewell to St. James's Royal Wooers—The Penny Press versus the Horse Guards—and original remarks on all the fashionable topics of the day. 1932 T. S. Eliot Sel. Ess. vi. 341 Those sections about which readers of the penny press are most ready to excite themselves. 2002 Hotdog Feb. 30/3 Occurring at the same time as the rise of the penny press, the Ripper was really the first tabloid celebrity. penny roll n. now historical and rare ΚΠ 1766 B. Franklin in London Chron. 29 Nov. 524/1 'Tis fancied the streets are paved with penny rolls, the houses tiled with pancakes, [etc.]. 1837 B. D. Walsh tr. Aristophanes Knights i. iii, in Comedies 160 I will hack you like a penny-roll! 1920 Times 18 Oct. 12 The rise in the cost of bread has been accompanied by the disappearance of another of London's pennyworths. The penny roll in the teashops is now to cost 1½d. 2003 This is Local London (Nexis) 21 Mar. Mother used to send us over [to the bakery] to buy five penny rolls as a treat some mornings. penny stamp n. ΚΠ 1831 F. Place Diary in Affairs of Others (2007) 337 Mr Chadwick had some time before mentioned, the placing a penny stamp on a publication, with approbation. 1839 R. Hill Memorandum 13 June The stamp-office would charge the nominal value..(a penny a sheet for penny stamps, twopence a sheet for twopenny stamps, etc). 1947 Times 23 Sept. 7/4 The penny stamps bore the head of the late King George V. 2002 Evening News (Edinburgh) (Nexis) 24 Dec. 10 The arrival of the adhesive penny stamp..prompted the birth of the card industry. penny toy n. ΚΠ 1788 P. Thicknesse Mem. & Anecd. II. 153 A little penny toy in plaister of Paris. 1852 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 68/1 Every little fruit-shop displays its stall of gilt gingerbread and penny toys. 1905 Daily Chron. 18 Dec. 4/5 The first gutter penny-toy merchant. 2001 Model Collector May (Motoring thru Childhood Suppl.) p. iii/1 The tiny vehicles are named ‘penny toys’ after their price. penny whistle n. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > wind instrument > pipe > [noun] > whistle > other whistles penny whistle1730 sap-whistle1740 Galton's whistle1904 Swanee whistle1926 pikipiki1933 1730 G. Odingsells Bays's Opera iii. 64 Musicians with Halters about their Necks—Their Instruments strung behind, penny Whistles, Trumpets, and so forth, in their Hands. 1817 W. Scott Rob Roy I. x. 233 Pipes!—They look more like penny-whistles. 1931 N. Douglas London Street Games (ed. 2) 29 I went down the lane to buy a penny whistle, A copper came by and pinch my penny whistle. 2000 M. Fletcher Silver Linings (2001) iv. 72 Young Jimmy [sc. James Galway] began with the penny-whistle, graduated to the flute, and by the age of nine was playing for a flute band in Orange Order parades. (b) With sense ‘involving the charge of one penny for use or admission’. † penny boat n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1850 R. Reece Whittington, Junior, & Sensation Cat iii. 23 My chief experiences, though, afloat, Have been confined, sir, to the penny boat. 1889 Cent. Mag. July 362/2 The writer in visiting London for the first time, many years ago, took an early opportunity to try a voyage by the penny boats on the Thames. penny bus n. ΚΠ 1891 J. K. Jerome Diary of Pilgrimage 144 The women who, in the penny 'bus..when a tired little milliner gets in, would leave the poor girl standing with her bundle for an hour, rather than make room for her. 1903 N.E.D. at Penny Penny bus. 1919 E. P. Oppenheim Millionaire of Yesterday xxxi. 183 I should make for the Bank of England, a penny 'bus along that way will take you—and ask again there. penny club n. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [noun] > club > types of club penny club1631 country club1679 soaking club1694 fire clubc1744 tea-circle1834 student union1843 Boys' Club1855 house club1893 tennis club1894 service club1898 book club1904 Darby and Joan club1942 1631 B. Jonson New Inne iv. i. 9 Keep they their peny-club, stil? 1844 C. M. Yonge Abbeychurch xiii. 278 Elizabeth..went to the school to receive the penny-club money. 1895 Scribner's Mag. Feb. 151/1 The younger son..began to be uncomfortable in an atmosphere of priests, parishioners, and penny-clubs. 1993 Washington Informer (Nexis) 5 May 13 Gulfside was purchased on April 16, 1923 after Bishop Robert W. Jones challenged 14 Methodist Ministers to raise money for a Black ‘religious resort’, by forming ‘penny clubs,’ and asking parishioners to donate a penny a piece each day. penny concert n. ΚΠ 1847 Times 13 Oct. 6/4 He..found him in company of the female prisoner, with whom he had just returned from one of those schools of vice and debauchery, a penny concert-room in Whitechapel. 1894 Times 17 Jan. 14/3 He desired to see the palace used for penny concerts. 2002 Canberra Times (Nexis) 11 Aug. a15 Fay has performed just about everywhere, from a Red Cross penny concert in a weather shed out to Bowning where she helped raise money to fix up the hall. penny gallery n. ΚΠ 1604 T. Middleton Father Hubbards Tales in Wks. (1840) V. A dull audience of stinkards sitting in the penny-galleries of a theatre. 1908 Times 13 Jan. 4/2 It is estimated that the number, chiefly children, who desired admission to the penny gallery was over a thousand. 1961 F. E. Halliday Shakespeare ix. 204 Till now their playhouse had been a large open amphitheatre, their audience a cross-section of London society, from courtiers who sat on the stage to penny gallery stinkards and groundlings who stood in the yard. penny lecture n. ΚΠ 1852 Eliza Cook's Jrnl. 22 May 57/2 The power of the Penny has only been discovered of late years. The Penny Magazine, and the Penny Cyclopædia, fairly inaugurated the discovery. Penny Lectures are the necessary corollary from it. 1935 Times 1 Oct. 11/1 The old idea of popular science—as it was to be found in the penny lectures and the weekly journals—was a miscellaneous assortment of facts. 2003 Frankston (Melbourne) Standard Leader (Nexis) 7 July 29 In 1873, when Frankston was just a fishing village of 30 people, some of their number met to form a mechanics' institute. To raise money, members gave penny lectures in the old St Paul's Hall. † penny lodging n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1703 Eng. Lucian 1 Thou hadst been still in an Eighteen penny Lodging.] 1772 Comic Muse 63 Pent up—in a penny lodging. ?1800 S. More Good Mother's Legacy 19 I got a penny lodging amongst beggars. penny reading n. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > a reading > [noun] reading1724 penny reading1859 1859 Suffolk Chron. 13 Sept. (heading) Penny Readings for the Working Classes. 1883 P. E. Gibbons in Harper's Mag. Apr. 661/1 Penny readings are entertainments at which each who enters pays a penny. 1969 Telegraph (Brisbane) 25 Mar. 8/4 The provisional school was used for monthly ‘penny readings’..at that period. 2002 W. Woodruff Road to Nab End (2003) 113 When money was short we went to ‘penny readings’, where we sat on a hard bench in a cold warehouse. penny show n. ΚΠ 1601 To Perfection in R. Chester Loves Martyr 175 The cause of all our monstrous penny-showes. 1860 B. Taylor At Home & Abroad 450 We will leave the genteel society to simper and dance in the banquet-hall, and accompany the peasants to their penny-shows. 1911 N. Munro Treasure Trove in Para Handy (1997) xxix. 129 ‘He's no' a sailor at a'!’ he protested; ‘he's a clown; I've see'd better men jumpin' through girrs at a penny show.’ 2003 Evening Times (Glasgow) (Nexis) 5 June 54 Come Saturday, this dispute will be a penny show in a puddle. penny steamboat n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > mechanically propelled vessels > [noun] > propelled by steam engine > passenger-steamer penny steamboat1848 passenger steamer1851 society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel for transporting people or goods > passenger vessel > [noun] > charging specific fare farthing-boat1832 penny steamboat1848 1848 Examiner 17 June 1/1 Imagine our own Government..conducting all the omnibuses and penny steamboats. 1889 Times 6 Sept. 3/5 These are things that can be seen..by anybody who chooses to take a trip down the river in a penny steamboat. 1991 T. Pakenham Scramble for Afr. xiii. 218 With his heart in his mouth, Gordon focused his telescope on the three small paddle steamers, as frail as Thames penny steamboats. penny steamer n. ΚΠ 1848 R. B. Brough Camaralzaman & Badoura ii. i. 26 I've sailed in penny steamers many a one. 1881 H. James Portrait of Lady I. xv. 180 They..went on a penny-steamer to the Tower. 1999 Glasgow Herald (Nexis) 22 Oct. 18 Older..readers may remember the penny steamers that transported up to 360 passengers from various parts of the River Clyde into town at the end of the last century. penny tram n. ΚΠ 1889 Times 27 Feb. 15/5 (advt.) Private hotel, close to three railway stations; penny trams and trains to all parts. 2003 N.Z. Herald (Nexis) 20 May (Entertainment section) If you want to take a ride on that penny tram to Brighton, there are just five more performances. (c) With sense ‘designating a game at which the stake is a penny’. penny nap n. ΚΠ 1883 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 767/2 ‘And, Mr. Edwards, get out a game of chess, or draughts, or something,’ he continued aloud; ‘backgammon, eh? or—’ ‘Penny Nap,’ cried Teddy joyously. 1950 L. H. Dawson Hoyle's Games Modernized (ed. 20) i. 138 If a man calls three at ‘penny Nap’, he receives 3d. 1995 Guardian (Nexis) 4 May t6 McCulloch..won the Broken Hill gold mine in Australia in a game of penny nap. † penny-ombre n. Obsolete ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > ombre and quadrille > [noun] > varieties of renegado1674 penny-ombre1710 quintille?1720 tresillo1829 mediator1902 1710 J. Swift Let. 26 Sept. (1766) I. xxviii. 65 I would much rather be now in Ireland.., and looking over, while you lost a crown at penny ombre. (d) With sense ‘designating a person who sells something or does some work for a penny or at a cheap rate; (hence) engaged in cheap or menial work’. penny barber n. ΚΠ a1704 T. Brown Satire French King (rev. ed.) in Wks. (1730) I. 61 I hope thou'lt in the Friars take a shop, Turn penny-barber [ed. 1707: Puny-Barber] there. 1792 J. Byng Diary 3 July in C. B. Andrews Torrington Diaries (1936) III. 150 I shaved at a barber's shop, a penny barber, who never makes wigs, nor has a shaving-brush in the house. 1873 Times 9 Jan. 10/6 A poor named Tarrant,..a haircutter and penny-barber in the town of Yeovil. 2003 Scripps Howard News Service (Nexis) 27 May (Life Style section) It was not until the 19th century, when advances in manufacturing greatly lowered the cost of razors, that shaving moved from the servants of royalty to the proletariat in the form of penny barbers. † penny foot-post n. Obsolete ΘΚΠ society > communication > correspondence > postal services > person or vehicle that carries letters or mail > [noun] > person > specific on foot foot post1578 post-runner1596 penny foot-posta1625 a1625 J. Fletcher Chances v. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ccc^v/1 A penny foot post Compel'd with crosse and pile to run of errands. penny poet n. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > poet > [noun] > minor poet or poetaster rhymera1500 versifier1531 rhythmer1577 rhymester1593 poetizer1599 jingler1600 penny poet1600 poetaster1601 verser?1611 versemonger1634 poetitoa1637 foot poet1641 verseman1652 sonneteer1667 tinkler1689 verse-wright1729 rhymist1763 bardling1813 coupleteer1818 verse-smith1820 poetling1830 versicler1860 bardlet1867 poeticule1872 poetast1892 1600 W. Kemp Nine Daies Wonder sig. D3^v A penny Poet; whose first making was the miserable stolne story of Macdoel, or Macdobeth, or Macsomewhat. 1726 W. Penn Wks. I. 125 Whenever I turn such a Penny-Poet, let such Confusion be my Judgement. a1845 S. Smith Elem. Sketches Moral Philos. (1850) ix. 100 That race of penny poets who lived in the reigns of Cosmo and Lorenzo di Medici. 1907 J. M. Synge Playboy of Western World i. 24 You'd hear the penny poets singing in an August Fair. penny publisher n. ΚΠ 1858 Brit. Q. Rev. 56 341 This lecture is profusely illustrated, as the penny publishers say, with cuts. 1991 C. Sellers Market Revolution xii. 386 Penny publishers resented the Whiggery of leading blanket papers. † penny-wit n. Obsolete ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > wit, wittiness > [noun] > witty person > inferior penny-wit1619 underwit1655 wit-would1678 witling1693 1619 H. Hutton Follie's Anat. sig. A5^v Times puny, Penny-wits, I loathing hate. b. (a) Objective. penny-catching adj. ΚΠ 1805 H. K. White Let. 31 Jan. in Remains (1807) I. 145 Penny-catching pamphlets. 1946 William & Mary Q. 3 618 Although literary historians dispose of Ward with such epithets as penny-catching poet, pamphleteer, obscene storyteller and alehouse proprietor, it is a fact that he was a very popular writer in his day. penny-cautious adj. ΚΠ 1939 D. Thomas Let. July in Sel. Lett. (1966) 233 People forced..to be so penny-cautious. penny collector n. ΚΠ 1853 K. Marx in N.Y. Daily Tribune 7 Oct. in K. Lapides Marx & Engels on Trade Unions ii. 49 The overlookers have been induced to inform their masters, who had taken a part in forwarding the movement, and accordingly a number of penny collectors have been discharged. 1876 Times 4 May 10/3 It was in 1812 that he first became a penny-collector for the society. 2003 Noblesville Ledger (Nexis) 15 July 2 a He was a member of the Noblesville Moose Lodge, an avid penny collector, and a family man. penny-conscious adj. ΚΠ 1960 Times 10 Sept. 14/6 Penny conscious——pound wise. 1990 Hist. Jrnl. 33 396 With the possible loss of the China monopoly in the near future, the Company's directors became more penny-conscious than ever. penny-grubbing adj. ΚΠ 1942 New Statesman 11 July 25/1 The Jews of Poland, on the whole, I have found penny-grubbing, cunning, and given to circumlocution. 2000 Jrnl. News (Westchester County, N.Y.) (Nexis) 7 May 1 b That's 22 cents you're handing over to the next motorist, or worse, to the penny-grubbing municipality. penny-picking adj. ΚΠ 1851 Amer. Whig Rev. June 476/1 There are points involved..which have received scarcely a passing notice at the hands of the penny-picking hordes and demagogue adventurers who have..thrust their puny efforts on the reading public. 1920 D. H. Lawrence Lost Girl vi. 99 This grubby penny-picking England. 1995 Investors Chron. (Nexis) 31 Mar. 49 Savaged by penny-picking grocers, UK distribution profits fell..on 3 per cent higher sales. (b) Similative, etc. penny-brown adj. and n. ΚΠ a1829 Sir Hugh x, in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads (1889) III. vi. 281/1 The nexten steed that he drew out, He was the penny-brown. 1985 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 23 Feb. 23/1 The woods were bare: crooked gray bones, penny-brown hills. 2001 W. Ferguson Generica xlvii. 257 The coppered rooftops of the newer buildings were a bright penny brown, and not the stately, aged green of the older buildings. penny-grey adj. ΚΠ 1903 N.E.D. at Penny Penny-grey. penny-sized adj. ΚΠ 1899 Arch. Surg. 10 159 I was shown a penny-sized patch of eczema-psoriasis. 1992 Nat. Hist. Feb. 62/2 Partridgeberry, with its deep green, penny-sized leaves, lies in patches on the ground. C2. penny ale n. now historical ale sold at a penny a gallon, thin ale. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > ale > [noun] > cheap or thin ale penny alec1400 pudding-alec1400 c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. v. 134 (MED) Penyale [v.r. Pany hale] & pilewhey heo pouride togidere For laboureris & louȝ folk. ?1543 T. Phaer tr. J. Goeurot Regiment of Lyfe i. f. v To drynke onely penyale, or suche small drynke. 1781 T. Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry III. xxxv. 300 What bread how stale, what pennie ale! 1852 W. M. Thackeray Henry Esmond II. xi. 205 I shall welcome your honour to my cottage in the country, and to a mug of penny ale. 1991 Hist. Workshop Spring 171 In violation of standards that sought to ensure a good, but cheap ale for the poor, she mingles the poor's normal fare (penny ale) with the dregs of the brewing process (pudding ale), thereby ensuring that the poor received an ale of exceeding poor quality. penny arcade n. originally and chiefly North American an amusement arcade or indoor games centre in which coin-operated mechanical and electronic games (originally costing one cent to operate) may be played. ΚΠ 1903 Indiana (Pa.) County Gaz. 17 June 1/5 Next him is the pavilion of the Penny Arcade. Here are arranged a number of penny-in-the-slot machines of great interest. 1961 F. Getlein & H. C. Gardiner Movies, Morals, & Art i. iv. 48 The penny arcade..can still be found in such urban areas as Times Square. 2002 Loaded July 16/3 He..[ended] up in police cells after pouring a can of lager into the slots of one of those penny arcade machines, causing a major short circuit. penny awful n. and adj. (a) n. a penny dreadful; (b) adj. = penny dreadful n. and adj. (b). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > novel > [noun] > sensational novel or thriller sensation novel1856 penny dreadful1861 dime novel1864 curdler1872 dreadful1874 blood and thunder1876 penny awful1880 shilling dreadful1885 thrill1886 thriller1889 blood1892 terror novel1896 penny horrible1899 spine-thriller1912 roman noir1926 spine-chiller1940 scorcher1942 spine-tingler1942 spine-freezer1960 1880 Times 2 Oct. 10/1 My second word..is..a protest against the unreal and ‘goody’ type of so many of the stories and publications put forth by church writers... This ‘pernicious nonsense’ needs our vigilance as much as do the ‘penny awfuls’ themselves. 1889 E. Dowson Let. 15 Mar. (1967) 49 It is very bad, very long, & distinctly ‘penny awful’ not ‘shilling shocking’. 1992 Atlantic Apr. 62/2 Here was an opportunity that suggested an adventure equal to anything in penny-awful fiction. penny bank n. now historical a savings bank at which a sum as low as a penny may be deposited. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > financial dealings > banking > [noun] > bank > savings bank saving bank1808 savings bank1813 saving institution1816 savings institution1819 trustee bank1841 penny bank1849 post-office savings-bank1861 1849 Times 17 Dec. 5/5 The expenditure of the Hull penny bank will not exceed 70l. for the first year. 1862 D. T. Ansted & R. G. Latham Channel Islands iv. xxiv. 557 A Penny Bank, for savings of amounts too small to be received at the ordinary savings banks, was opened in Jersey on the 1st of January, 1862. 1912 Dict. National Biogr. at Lambert, Brooke He founded a penny bank, a soup kitchen, a working-man's club, and a mutual improvement society. 1990 A. Burton Cityscapes xii. 139/2 But there was still room for commerce among the benevolents: the old Yorkshire Penny Bank was built here and there is a glorious shop front, a real Victorian extravaganza, in Manor Row. † penny bean n. Obsolete rare a kind of leguminous plant, perhaps a lupin with flat round seeds. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > pulses or plants producing pulses > [noun] > bean > other types of bean white bean1542 penny bean?1550 black bean1569 garence1610 mung1611 calavance1620 red bean1658 lablab1670 Cajan1693 dal1698 bonavist1700 tick-bean1744 tick1765 toker1786 mash1801 Lima beana1818 stick bean1823 Canavalia1828 moth1840 cow-pea1846 Lima1856 asparagus pea1859 towcok1866 Java bean1868 wall1884 Rangoon bean1903 Madagascar bean1909 ?1550 H. Llwyd tr. Pope John XXI Treasury of Healthe sig. B.v The Branne of Lupines or penny beane layd on the hearye place, wyl make the heare to fall. penny bird n. Irish English the little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis; also called drink-a-penny. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > freshwater birds > [noun] > order Podicipediformes (grebes) > podiceps ruficollis (dabchick) dive-dapa1000 doppe13.. dumping1393 dippera1425 didapperc1440 dopperc1440 ducker?a1500 dabchickc1520 dive-dapper1559 arsefoot1598 loon1678 penny bird1823 helldiver1839 Tom Pudding1848 1823 S. McSkimmin Hist. & Antiq. Carrickfergus (ed. 2) 356 Colymbus..Minor, Little Grebe, Penny Bird, builds at Loughmorne. 1880 W. H. Patterson Gloss. Words Antrim & Down 77 Penny bird, the little grebe. Also called Drink-a-penny. 1996 C. I. Macafee Conc. Ulster Dict. 250/2 Penny bird, the little grebe Trachybaptus ruficollis [sic]. penny black n. (a specimen of) the first one-penny postage stamp issued in the United Kingdom, on 6 May 1840; also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > communication > correspondence > postal services > payment for postage > [noun] > postage stamp > types of black1863 penny black1863 local1865 error1866 toadskin1867 fiscal1869 imperforate1874 tête-bêche1874 halfpenny1881 provisional1885 British colonial1902 precancel1903 definitive1929 airmail1930 pictorial1934 perfin1945 society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > hobby > collecting stamps > [noun] > specific type of stamp penny black1863 tête-bêche1874 re-entry1916 pictorial1934 perfin1945 1863 Stamp-collector's Mag. 1 159/2 Penny black, 10d. 1901 Times 18 Nov. 8/6 There were two specimens of the very rare penny black stamp with the letters V.R. in the upper corners. 1936 R. Graves Antigua, Penny, Puce x. 149 I specialize in the archetype and grandmother of all stamps—the Penny Black of 1840. 1972 Daily Tel. 12 May (Colour Suppl.) 62/1 These are so rare that they are referred to as the Penny Blacks of the cigarette card world. 2003 Western Morning News (Nexis) 30 Aug. 9 Penny blacks from Cornwall are rare, in fact we haven't put one up for sale for more than five years. penny blood n. now chiefly historical a cheaply published work of fiction characterized by sensationalism or violence; cf. penny dreadful n. and adj. ΚΠ 1892 Standard 22 Aug. 2/5 On the lad the Constable..found a number of copies of what are known as ‘penny bloods’. 1925 W. de la Mare Two Tales 32 The penny blood concealed in his ‘Arithmetic’. 2005 Times Lit. Suppl. 18 Mar. 29/2 The accelerating popularity of such genres as the Newgate novel and its salacious successors, the ‘shilling shocker’ and the ‘penny blood’. † penny-bound adj. Obsolete rare (probably) provided with enough money (for a particular purpose). ΚΠ c1480 (a1400) St. Thomas Apostle 339 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 138 Gyfe he be nocht penny bowne, lat it til vs bath be commowne. pennyboy n. colloquial (originally) †a boy employed to do a job for a wage of one penny (obsolete); (later more generally) (depreciative) a person treated as a menial or without respect. ΚΠ 1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes Dram. Pers. 2 in Wks. II Peni-boy, the Sonne, the heire and Suiter.] 1902 J. S. Farmer & W. E. Henley Slang V. 168/1 Penny-boy (old), a boy who haunted the cattle markets on the chance of driving beasts to the slaughter~house. 1914 J. Joyce Dubliners 273 He saw himself as a ludicrous figure, acting as a pennyboy for his aunts. 1994 Guardian 11 June (Weekend Suppl.) 24/2 She was neither pennyboy nor clown to the poet. † penny breadth n. Obsolete the size or breadth of a penny. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [noun] > units of length or distance > breadth of a penny penny bredea1450 penny breadtha1550 a1550 Wardrobe Acct. Hen. VIII in Archæol. 9 250 Syxe pecis of Venysse reabande, pennye bredith of div'se colours. a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Henry V xvi, in Poems (1878) IV. 105 One Day writes an Age; Though a Good hand, pussle an Eye to Read't A Pater-Noster, in a Penny Breadth. a1688 J. Renwick Choice Coll. Serm. (ed. 4) (1777) 580 Nature is most tender of one penny breadth of it. 1775 London Mag. Aug. 422/2 The lappets are tied up with the penny breadth in festoons. † pennybred n. [apparently < penny n. + bred n.] Obsolete (perhaps) a baker's moulding-board for penny-loaves. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > baker's equipment > bread or pastry board pennybred?c1300 moulding board1327 pastry board1442 pasteboard1452 bakbrade1457 bred1538 bakeboard1545 panel1612 pie board1691 breadboard1761 board1845 ?c1300 Subsidy Roll, Lynn Regis in Norfolk Archaeol. (1847) 1 354 (MED) In j penibrod..xij d. 1390 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1882) I. 244 Unum penybreyde ad iiij d. 1411 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1883) II. 84 j penybrede, iij d. † penny brede n. Obsolete = penny breadth n. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [noun] > units of length or distance > breadth of a penny penny bredea1450 penny breadtha1550 a1450 in T. Austin Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 7 Kyt it in smale pecys of they [read the] peny brede. penny brick n. now English regional (northern) and rare a loaf of bread shaped like a brick, a tin loaf; cf. brick n.¹ 4b. ΚΠ 1716 M. Malard True French Gram. ii. 206 A penny brick, un pain d'un sou. 1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 18 We began to live like Gentlemen, for we had Three-penny-worth of boil'd Beef, Two-penny-worth of Pudding, a penny Brick, (as they call it, or Loaf) and a whole Pint of strong Beer, which was seven Pence in all. 1858 Times 18 Aug. 9/4 The bakers could not increase the price of the ‘penny bricks’. 1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Penny-brick, a small roll of bread. penny-bridal n. Scottish (now historical and rare) = penny wedding n. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > wedding or nuptials > [noun] > manner of marrying > at which guests contribute money penny-bridal1599 silver bridal1624 penny wedding1672 silver-marriage1825 penny wedder1866 silvern wedding1880 1599 in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1833) I. 132 That thair be na mariage maid in this kirk, (quha hes penny brydellis,) quhill thair be first consignit x li. and certificatione gevin. 1624 in W. Cramond Ann. Banff (1893) II. 23 Anent the great abuses of pennie brydells in aill houses. c1686 R. Law Memorialls (1818) 204 They [sc. a parliament] discharged, by an act, pennie-bridells, and ordained the number of these to be at brydells to be but very few. 1837 Tait's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 680a A Welsh wedding is..similar to the merry penny-bridals of Scotland and Ireland. 1927 J. Buchan Witch Wood vi. 104 For a season there were no shortcomings in Bold; penny-bridals and fiddling and roystering at the change-houses were forgotten. penny bun n. British (a) a bun which costs a penny (now historical); (b) an edible woodland fungus, Boletus edulis (family Boletaceae), with a brown cap and thick, flecked stem, considered a delicacy in many European countries. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > bun > [noun] bun1371 wig1376 barley-bun1552 simnel cake1699 simlin1701 muffin1703 Chelsea bun1711 cross-bun1733 hot cross bun1733 penny bun1777 Sally Lunn1780 huffkin1790 Bath-bun1801 teacake1832 English muffin1842 saffron bun1852 Belgian bun1854 Valentine-bun1854 cinnamon roll1872 lunn1874 Yorkshire teacake1877 barmbrack1878 cinnamon bun1879 sticky bun1880 pan dulce1882 schnecke1899 wad1919 tabnab1933 1777 Hist. Miss Maria Barlowe II. lxiii. 150 So I bought a penny bun. 1824 E. Weeton Jrnl. 21 July (1969) II. 309 Having had no dinner..but some curds and one or two penny buns. 1951 Dict. Gardening (Royal Hort. Soc.) II. 849/1 The following are mentioned among the most esteemed British species:..Penny-bun Fungus—Boletus edulis. 1987 BBC Wildlife Sept. 436/1 Many boletes are specially associated with the roots of trees, and one of the most common, particularly on conifers, is the..penny bun Boletus edulis. 1992 New Scientist 7 Mar. 34/2 Long-lived bracket fungi and Boletes such as the Penny Bun (used in soups) have a sponge-like matrix of narrow tubes or pores from which spores are ejected. 2002 N. Lebrecht Song of Names iv. 71 We jumped off at Lyons' Corner Houses for tea and penny buns, served by Nippies in white hats and aprons. † penny-commons n. Obsolete a meal supplied from a college buttery or kitchen, and costing a penny. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > meal > [noun] > communal or public meal ordinar1553 public table1561 ordinary1589 penny-commons1615 fellowshipa1650 ordinary suppera1661 house dinner1818 table d'hôte1821 grubbery1831 syssitia1835 mess1840 hall1861 potluck1867 syssition1874 the world > food and drink > food > meal > [noun] > meal at fixed price penny-commons1615 table d'hôte1821 prix fixe1851 1615 T. Overbury et al. New & Choise Characters with Wife (6th impr.) sig. I7 At meales, he sits in as great state ouer his Penny-Commons, as euer Vitellius did at his greatest Banquet. 1691 J. Dunton Voy. round World I. iii. 44 Now dare I venture a shoulder of Mutton to a penny Commons, that 'twas some Shcollard or other writ these Verses. 1775 Ann. Reg. 1772 (ed. 2) 141/1 A good brown loaf to deal with a penny-commons. † pennycratching n. Obsolete (probably) money-grubbing (cf. cratch v. 2).Apparently an isolated use. ΚΠ 1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 457 b What shall we say of the Maunger? which is shewed at Rome in the Cathedrall Church of Mary Maior, not without pennycrooching? penny-daisy n. rare a daisy; perhaps the ox-eye daisy, Leucanthemum vulgare. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > composite flowers > chrysanthemums goldOE buddle?a1350 great daisya1400 white bottlea1400 bigolda1500 maudlin-wort1552 chrysanthemum1578 ox-eyea1637 whiteweed1642 ox-eye daisy1731 moonflower1787 ox-daisy1813 ox-eyed daisy1817 pyrethrum1837 horse-gowan1842 marguerite1847 maudlin daisy1855 moon daisy1855 pompom1861 moon-penny1866 crown daisy1875 Korean chrysanthemum1877 Paris daisy1882 mum1891 Shasta daisy1901 chrysanth1920 penny-daisy1920 Korean1938 Nippon daisy1939 1915 Iowa Recorder 7 Apr. 4/3 Larkspurs, moon penny daisies, Shasta daisies [etc.].] 1920 D. H. Lawrence Lost Girl i. 24 Big penny-daisies grew in tufts on the brink of the yellow clay. † pennydale n. Obsolete = penny dole n. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > giving > distributing or dealing out > [noun] > by measure > specific pennydale1495 penny deal1521 penny dole1530 1495 in J. Raine Testamenta Eboracensia (1869) IV. 26 To poore people be penydale, iiij^l. iij^s. iiij^d. † penny deal n. Obsolete = penny dole n. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > giving > distributing or dealing out > [noun] > by measure > specific pennydale1495 penny deal1521 penny dole1530 1521 in J. W. Clay Testamenta Eboracensia (1902) VI. 6 I will that my executors dispose oppon my beriall daye to poore people penny deale. penny dog n. (a) regional a dog that constantly follows its master or mistress, (hence) a hanger-on, a sycophant; (also) a dog of an inferior breed; †(b) the tope, Galeorhinus galeus (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [noun] > inferior cur?c1225 cur-dog?c1225 trundle-tail1486 sholt1587 cute1622 penny doga1682 mutt1900 tripe-hound1923 fleabag1932 the world > animals > fish > subclass Elasmobranchii > order Pleurotremata > [noun] > family Scyliorhinidae > member of genus Galeus thornback dog1668 black-mouthed dogfish1836 miller's dog1836 penny dog1836 miller-dog1848 blackmouth1851 dog1860 galeidan1868 galeid1889 tope1898 a1682 F. Sempill Banishm. Poverty in J. Watson Choice Coll. Scots Poems (1706) i. 11 His wink to me hath been a Law, He haunts me like a penny-dog. 1836 W. Yarrell Hist. Brit. Fishes II. 390 The Tope is a common species along the southern coast, where it is known by the names of Penny Dog and Miller's Dog. 1860 J. G. Wood Reptiles, Fishes, Insects 71 The destructive..fish..known by the names of..Penny Dog, or Miller's Dog. 1899 Shetland News 11 Nov. in Sc. National Dict. (1968) at Penny Foo many vaiges is doo gaein ta hae me rinnin' laek a penny dog? 1953 Amer. Speech 28 252 Penny-dog,... A hanger-on, a servile follower. penny dole n. the distribution of a penny to each of a number of people; the money so distributed. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > giving > distributing or dealing out > [noun] > by measure > specific pennydale1495 penny deal1521 penny dole1530 1530 in F. W. Weaver Wells Wills (1890) 25 xv^li to be delte penydole. 1603 E. Wilkinson Isahacs Inheritance 1 Thou aimedst faire, but Cæsar knew thou flatterd'st, Wherefore with penny-dole thou wast rewarded. 1869 Galaxy Sept. 361 Giles de la Beche had charged his hands with six merks a year for ever, to buy bread and white watered herrings,..to be brought into Cairnhope Church every Sunday in Lent, and given to two poor men and four women; and the same on Good Friday with a penny dole. 1998 R. Houlbrooke Death, Relig., & Family ix. 262 The services of priests, clerks, and choristers cost over 9 per cent of the account, a penny dole for 646 beggars 7 per cent, and torches, candles, and torch-bearers about 5 per cent. penny dreadful n. and adj. now chiefly historical (a) n. a cheaply published crime story written in a sensational or morbidly exciting style; a cheap publication containing such a story; (b) adj. of or relating to penny dreadfuls. ΘΚΠ society > communication > book > kind of book > books as sold > [noun] > books sold at specific price sixpenny1840 penny dreadful1861 dime novel1864 shilling dreadful1885 penny horrible1899 sevenpenny1907 society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > novel > [noun] > sensational novel or thriller sensation novel1856 penny dreadful1861 dime novel1864 curdler1872 dreadful1874 blood and thunder1876 penny awful1880 shilling dreadful1885 thrill1886 thriller1889 blood1892 terror novel1896 penny horrible1899 spine-thriller1912 roman noir1926 spine-chiller1940 scorcher1942 spine-tingler1942 spine-freezer1960 1861 N. Amer. Rev. July 29 They can read the ‘penny dreadful’, but they cannot darn their stockings or mend their shoes. 1884 World 20 Aug. 9/2 The wicked noblemen of the transpontine melodrama or of penny dreadfuls. 1906 ‘M. Corelli’ Treasure of Heaven 55 The proper way for him to behave at this juncture..would be that he should take her tenderly in his arms and murmur, after the penny-dreadful style of elderly hero, ‘My darling’. 1963 Times 18 Feb. 5/3 He was perfectly happy with a ‘penny dreadful’, a warm fire, a friendly dog, and a good meal inside him. 2001 Smithsonian May 127/1 He could talk with equal ease about Horace or penny dreadfuls. † penny-farm n. Obsolete a money rent, instead of services. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > hire or rent > rent (land or real property) > [noun] > paid in money > instead of services penny-farm1355 quit-rent1420 blanch farm1598 penny-rent1611 canon1643 1355 in J. Raine Inventories & Acct. Rolls Benedictine Houses Jarrow & Monk-Wearmouth (1854) 37 Quia dimittuntur ad penyferme per Priorem, [etc.]. ?c1382 in W. Greenwell Bp. Hatfield's Surv. (1857) 19 (MED) Et sunt ibid. ij toft. cum croftis..et modo dimittuntur Waltero Brighous cum iij bov. ad penyferm, sol. red. 6 s. penny-fee n. Scottish and English regional (northern) (now rare) (originally) †a payment of a penny (obsolete); (later) wages paid in cash, earnings. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for labour or service > [noun] > paid in money penny-fee1786 1786 R. Burns Cotter's Sat. Night iv, in Poems & Songs (1968) I. 146 To..deposite her sair-won penny-fee. 1787 R. Burns Poems (new ed.) 323 My riches a's my penny-fee. 1816 W. Scott Old Mortality viii, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. II. 164 For the penny-fee and a' that, I'll just leave it to the laird and you. a1855 C. Brontë Professor (1857) II. xviii. 1 The others she had purchased with her own penny-fee. 1925 R. L. Cassie Gangrel Muse 16 Sic gowden days for young an' aul' 'At win their penny-fee. penny fish n. †(a) the John Dory, Zeus faber, having a single large, round, black spot on each side of the body (obsolete); (b) a small freshwater perciform fish, Denariusa bandata (family Chandidae), of northern Australia and New Guinea. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > superorder Acanthopterygii (spiny fins) > [noun] > order Zeiformes (dories) > genus Zeus > zeus faber (John Dory) doryc1440 St. Peter's fish1611 penny fisha1682 Peter-fisha1682 John Dory1729 a1682 Sir T. Browne Certain Misc. Tracts (1683) iii. 99 The Fish called..by some, a Peter or Penny Fish: which having two remarkable round spots upon either side, these are considered to be the marks of S. Peter's Fingers. 1993 Jrnl. Animal Ecol. 62 739 (table) Fish per net-night... Penny fish Denariusa bandata. † penny-flower n. Obsolete the plant honesty, Lunaria annua, having flat round seed pods. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > cruciferous flowers > white or purple flowers > honesty lunaryc1386 shabub1548 bolbanac1578 money flower1578 penny-flower1578 honesty1597 moonwort1597 pricksong wort1597 satin1597 satin flower1597 white satin1597 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. vi. 154 The Brabanders..do call it Penninckbloemen, that is to say, Penny floure, or mony floure. 1629 J. Parkinson Paradisi in Sole xlii. 265 In English, White Satten, or Satten flower: of some it is called Honesty, and Penny-flower. 1728 R. Bradley Dict. Bot. II Penny-flower, that is, White Sattin. † pennyfull adj. Obsolete rare (of the moon) round like a penny; full. ΚΠ a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Fox, Wolf, & Husbandman l. 2388 in Poems (1981) 89 The nycht wes lycht, and pennyfull the mone. penny gaff n. [ < penny n. + gaff n.⁴] a place of public entertainment, esp. a cheap music hall or theatre. ΚΠ 1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 40/1 There are shops which have been turned into a kind of temporary theatre (admission one penny)... These places are called by the costers ‘Penny Gaffs’. 1866 Daily Tel. 16 Oct. 2/4 She wished to go into the penny gaff a second time, and said she had no money. 1997 P. Carey Jack Maggs (1998) iii. 9 He had been well known around the tap rooms and penny gaffs of Limehouse, as a seller of fried fish. † penny-gavel n. Obsolete a tribute or tax paid to a superior (see quot. 1872). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > types of tax > [noun] > land tax > types of land tax hidegelda1087 tenmantalec1135 hidagea1195 penny-gavel1440 ground-annual1551 hide-money1570 carucage1577 scat1577 caruage1610 agistment1632 geld levy1878 1440–1 in W. Somner Treat. Gavelkind (1660) 26 Per redditum & servitium vocatum Peny gavel, viz. reddendo annuatim eisdem Abbati & Coventui & eorum Successoribus de qualibet swillinga..decem & novem solidos & octo denarios. 1872 E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 133 The system of penny-gavel, in accordance with which the land was measured into carucates or ploughlands, and a tenth of its estimated value paid to the overlord. † penny-grave n. Obsolete (in the East Riding of Yorkshire) a local manorial collector of money payments and dues. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > local or municipal taxes or dues > [noun] > other local or municipal dues or taxes > collector of suling-man1440 penny-grave1579 1579 in Trans. E. Riding Yorks. Antiq. Soc. 8 (1901) 12 Pennygrave [or collector of fines and tolls]. 1741 Copy Court-Roll, Manor of Burstwick, Holderness, Yorks. Ralph Burnsall, deputy penny-grave to the Lord. penny horrible n. a penny dreadful. ΘΚΠ society > communication > book > kind of book > books as sold > [noun] > books sold at specific price sixpenny1840 penny dreadful1861 dime novel1864 shilling dreadful1885 penny horrible1899 sevenpenny1907 society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > novel > [noun] > sensational novel or thriller sensation novel1856 penny dreadful1861 dime novel1864 curdler1872 dreadful1874 blood and thunder1876 penny awful1880 shilling dreadful1885 thrill1886 thriller1889 blood1892 terror novel1896 penny horrible1899 spine-thriller1912 roman noir1926 spine-chiller1940 scorcher1942 spine-tingler1942 spine-freezer1960 1899 F. H. Dood in Daily News 13 June 8/5 ‘Penny horribles’ always have a public, though it is questionable if dime novels are now so prominent as they once were. 1928 W. M. Calder & C. W. H. Sutton tr. Prince Max of Baden Mem. I. ii. i. 179 The Government Commissioner appears to have interpreted his instructions as an order to introduce lynch law..and permission to behave..in a manner suggesting penny horribles from the Wild West. 1999 Business Day (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 15 Sept. 12 Knowing the stories (which seem to hover near the penny horrible end of the market) might have helped understand the work, but in this case the medium is stronger than the message. penny leaf n. (also penny leaves) rare navelwort, Umbilicus rupestris, having round peltate leaves; cf. pennywort n. a. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Crassulaceae (stonecrop and allies) > [noun] > navelwort pennywortc1300 wall penny-grassa1400 navelwortc1450 wall penny grass1562 Venus' navel1592 hipwort1597 sea-navel1597 sea-navelwort1597 sea-pennywort1597 Venus' garden1597 cotyledon1601 kidneywort1640 Venus's navelwort1678 penny pie1707 acetabulum1727 penny leaf1782 pancakes1882 1782 W. Gilpin Observ. River Wye 34 Mosses of various hues, with lychens, maiden-hair, penny-leaf, and other humble plants. 1886 J. Britten & R. Holland Dict. Eng. Plant-names Penny Leaves,..from its round, flat leaves. 1955 G. Grigson Englishman's Flora 184 Pennywort,..penny leaves, Dev, Som, Ire. penny loafer n. North American a leather or suede shoe with a decorative slot in which a coin can be placed. ΚΠ 1949 Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald 29 Apr. 8/7 (advt.) Penny loafers. 1970 Globe Mag. (Toronto) 26 Sept. 5/3 Chicks..who aren't really hippie, wear really good jeans... Some have penny loafers. 2003 Time 31 Mar. 175/1 Men whose shoes are more likely to be penny loafers than hand-tooled boots. † penny mail n. Scottish Obsolete a small money payment in acknowledgement of feudal superiority; a rent payable in cash. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > payment or service to feudal superior > [noun] > small money payment penny mail1454 1454 Charter Edinb. Reg. House No. 335 In the tyme of payment rynande of penymall at Wyt-sunday and Martymes as wynt be evyn porcionis. 1491 in T. Thomson Acts Lords Auditors (1839) 146/2 Þe said James allegiis þat he has þe said landis in tak for penny male alanerly. a1586 in J. Pinkerton Anc. Sc. Poems (1786) 321 Sum with deir ferme ar hirreit haill, That wount to pay bot penny maill. 1593 in Cal. State Papers Scotl. (1936) XI. 15 [He will be worth thirty two chalders of victual] attour other penny male and gressumes. 1709 E. Henderson Ann. Dunfermline (1879) 383 The great trouble and..expense the magistrates and thesaurer are in in yearly collecting the penny mealls and annualls payable..out of the burgage lands. † pennyman n. Obsolete (a) (with capital initial) a personification of money (also called Sir Penny); (b) (probably) a person who does a job for a penny or for cash (see quot. 1610). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > [noun] > personified pennymana1450 the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > preparation of meat > [noun] > butchery > butcher fleshmongerc1000 butchera1325 flesh-hewer1335 flesher1369 macegreffa1450 butcher man1481 kill-crow1593 pennyman1610 bovicide1678 pork butcher1763 carcass-butcher1773 butcheress1802 ox-feller1856 butchy1867 legger1876 charcutier1894 eviscerator1961 kill-cow- a1450 Castle Perseverance (1969) l. 2665 Nedys my loue muste..Wyth Coueytyse to waltyr... Penyman is mekyl in mynde. a1450 Castle Perseverance (1969) l. 2677 Alas, þat euere Mankynde was born! On Coueytyse is al hys lust... In Penyman is al hys trust. 1610 in Cal. Doncaster Borough Rec. (1902) IV. 18 That no butcher dwelling within this towne commonly called a penny~man shall take for wages of any other butcher for killing of meat above 2d. for every beast. 1785 J. Anderson Acct. Present State Hebrides 293 The other nine shares [of the fishing-boat's profit] were divided among the pennymen, as they were then called, equally. † penny-motion n. Obsolete (probably) a penny puppet show. ΚΠ 1600 W. Cornwallis Ess. I. xii. sig. G8^v Like the penny-motions able to stirre, and stare, and downe againe. penny number n. (a) a cheap periodical (now rare); (b) (colloquial) (in plural) insignificant quantities. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > plurality > fewness > [noun] > few, not many whonc950 liteOE fewOE wheenc1400 penny number1845 the world > relative properties > quantity > smallness of quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > a small quantity or amount > a trifling amount dribbling1661 trifle1722 dab1729 dribc1730 smatters1766 penny number1845 diddly1964 1845 D. Boucicault Old Heads & Young Hearts v. 55 Fancy my follies published in penny numbers, with illustrations. 1901 G. B. Shaw Capt. Brassbound's Conversion iii, in Three Plays for Puritans 297 He got his romantic nonsense out of his penny numbers. 2003 Building Design (Nexis) 16 May 8 The cases are in penny numbers..and the even tinier numbers of convictions are usually for pedestrian blunders rather than anything major. penny pawn n. a kind of pawnbroker (see quot. 1907). ΚΠ 1907 Westm. Gaz. 16 Dec. 10/1 What are known as ‘penny pawns’ abound in the district. A broker who keeps one of these can purchase an article of any value from a penny upwards. He is compelled to keep it for only seven full days. penny-peeler n. an avaricious or niggardly person. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > retaining > niggardliness or meanness > [noun] > niggard or mean person nithinga1225 chinch?a1300 nigc1300 chincher1333 shut-purse1340 niggardc1384 haynec1386 nigona1400 pinchera1425 pinchpenny?c1425 pynepenya1450 pelt1511 chincherda1529 churl1535 pinchbeck1538 carl?1542 penny-father1549 nipfarthing1566 nipper?1573 holdfast1576 pinchpence1577 pinch fistc1580 pinchfart1592 shit-sticks1598 clunchfist1606 puckfist1606 sharp-nose1611 spare-good1611 crib1622 hog grubber?1626 dry-fist1633 clusterfist1652 niggardling1654 frummer1659 scrat1699 sting-hum1699 nipcheese1785 pincha1825 screw1825 wire-drawer1828 close-fist1861 penny-pincher1875 nip-skin1876 parer1887 pinch-plum1892 cheapskate1899 meanie1902 tightwad1906 stinge1914 penny-peeler1925 mean1938 stiff1967 1925 J. Gregory Bab of Backwoods xxi. 269 Willoughby, skinflint, penny-peeler and nickel grabber that he was, smelled a deal and asked them five thousand dollars for ten acres! penny pie n. (a) a pie costing a penny; (b) (in plural) the leaves of navelwort, Umbilicus rupestris; (also) the plant itself (cf. penny leaf n.). ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Crassulaceae (stonecrop and allies) > [noun] > navelwort pennywortc1300 wall penny-grassa1400 navelwortc1450 wall penny grass1562 Venus' navel1592 hipwort1597 sea-navel1597 sea-navelwort1597 sea-pennywort1597 Venus' garden1597 cotyledon1601 kidneywort1640 Venus's navelwort1678 penny pie1707 acetabulum1727 penny leaf1782 pancakes1882 1707 J. Stevens tr. Life Estevanillo Gonzales ii, in Spanish Libertines 289 I Sold it to make Penny-pies and Pasties. a1774 R. Fergusson Poems (1785) 139 How cou'd you troke the mavis' note For ‘penny pies all-piping hot’? 1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. I. 341/1 Its orbicular concave peltate exceedingly succulent leaves, called by children Penny-pies. 1884 Times 22 Sept. 7/2 This was not a gathering..to which men could be tempted by penny pies and peep shows. 1912 J. W. White Flora of Bristol 324 C[otyledon] Umbilicus, L. Navel-wort. Penny Pies. Native; on rocks, loose stone walls, and the rubble footing of hedgebanks. Common. 1971 B. Sleigh Smell of Privet xii. 102 The round, flat leaves and tiny minarets of penny pies, growing among the ancient boulders of the walls. 1987 B. Duffy World as I found It (1990) 46 She felt..paralyzed to think of all the poor waifs she would see without even shoes or a penny pie. penny piece n. (a) a piece of any commodity sold for a penny; (b) a piece of money of the value of a penny, a penny coin. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > monetary value > [noun] > amount of specific value > specific pennyworthOE halfpennywortha1035 shillingswortha1325 three-halfpennyworthc1440 sixpennyworthc1450 pounds worthc1460 groatsworth1562 penny1564 penny piece1601 threepennyworth1617 piceworth1832 two pennyworth1851 six1871 pounder1895 society > trade and finance > money > medium of exchange or currency > coins collective > English coins > [noun] > penny pennylOE sterling1297 win1567 penny piece1797 dubbeltjie1822 cross-penny1837 saltee1859 trident1898 bun-penny1958 1565 J. Stow Summarie Eng. Chrons. f. 242 The thre peny piece.] 1601 J. Stow Annales 957 The butchers of London sold penny pieces of beefe for the reliefe of the poore, euery piece two pounde and a halfe. 1681 S. Colvil Mock Poem i. 54 We sold Covering, Sheet, and Blanket, And Gowns, and Plaids, and Petticoats, Meal and Pease, Barley and Oats, Butter and Cheese, and Wool Fleeces, For Groats and Fourty Peny pieces. 1797 London Gaz. No. 14031/2 Such Penny Pieces [shall be received] as of the Value of One Penny. 1843 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) xix. 236 When Gamp was summonsed to his long home, and I see him a lying in Guy's Hospital with a penny-piece on each eye.., I thought I should have fainted away. 1899 S. R. Crockett Ione March xiv ‘Don't you give in, or take a penny-piece from one of them!’ she said. 1995 Jrnl. Operational Res. Soc. 46 619 Technology. Game board, penny pieces, order slips, record sheets. penny-pig n. Scottish an earthenware pot with a slot for collecting pence saved or received as gratuities, a money box. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > place for keeping money > money box or chest > [noun] > for savings > small pottery pyne pig1488 penny-piga1646 money pot1681 pirlie1799 pig bank1902 piggy bank1913 a1646 D. Wedderburn Vocabula (1685) 13 Capsella fictilis, a penny pig. 1827 W. Scott Jrnl. 24 Feb. (1941) 27 Your penny-pig collections don't succeed. 1854 J. Wilson Recreations Christopher North 10/1 You would not wish him, surely, to be always moping and musing in a corner..laying up his penny a-week pocket-money in a penny pig. 1927 Observer 18 Dec. 20 Our country people variously translate armadillidium vulgare as..‘lucre pig’, ‘thrush-louse’, ‘sow-bug’, ‘grammar-sow’, ‘pill-louse’, ‘penny-pig’, and by many more names of such quality. 2000 Jrnl. Brit. Stud. 39 150 Melville used the proceeds of the kirkyard ‘penny-pig’ into which May game players deposited their fees for kirk repair and poor relief. penny pouch n. now historical a pocket or bag for coins. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > place for keeping money > money-bag, -purse, or -belt > [noun] pungeOE by-girdlec1000 purselOE almonerc1330 pouch1355 almonryc1450 penny purse1523 cherry-bag1539 money bag1562 bung1567 jan1610 penny pouch1650 coda1680 zone1692 spung1728 money purse1759 spleuchan1787 skin1795 sporran1817 fisc1820 moneybelt1833 poke1859 purse-belt1901 1650 J. Trapp Clavis to Bible (Gen. xli. 35) 321 Neither was this a penny-pouch, but a bag so big, as needed a bearer. 2002 Kansas City Pitch Weekly (Nexis) 10 Oct. (headline) This is not your grandfather's penny pouch. † penny-poundlike adv. Obsolete at so much in the pound. ΚΠ c1650 in J. Keble Life T. Wilson: Pt. I (1863) vi. 197 [The Lord's debt is first to be paid; secondly, orphans' goods; and afterwards the claimer's] penny-pound like. penny purse n. a purse for pence or small coins. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > place for keeping money > money-bag, -purse, or -belt > [noun] pungeOE by-girdlec1000 purselOE almonerc1330 pouch1355 almonryc1450 penny purse1523 cherry-bag1539 money bag1562 bung1567 jan1610 penny pouch1650 coda1680 zone1692 spung1728 money purse1759 spleuchan1787 skin1795 sporran1817 fisc1820 moneybelt1833 poke1859 purse-belt1901 1523 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1903) V. 198 To ilk ane of thame ane penny purs and xj s. in money. 1568 ( D. Lindsay Satyre (Bannatyne) l. 430 in Wks. (1931) II. 44 Thankit be god I am weill hippit, Thocht all my gold may sone be grippit In till ane penny purss. 1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ vi. xvii. 30 His heart was shrivelled like a Leather peny-purse, nor were his lungs found. 1846 J. J. Oswandel Jrnl. in Notes Mexican War 24 Dec. (1885) 23 This morning after breakfast our company made up a penny purse for the purpose of getting up a supper; each man paid in fifty cents. 1936 Jrnl. Philos. 33 66 There is a tendency to chuck criteria into the penny-purse of a proposition containing a single subject and a single predicate. 2003 Montgomery (Alabama) Advertiser (Nexis) 28 Apr. b6 Alicia..jokes about being broke, but soon..her penny purse will become even lighter. † penny-rife adj. Obsolete as rife or common as pennies, very common or prevalent. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > [adjective] > general or prevalent commona1325 generala1393 usual1396 popular?a1425 riveda1513 vulgarc1550 current1563 afloat1571 widespread1582 penny-rife1606 catholic1607 spacious1610 epidemical1614 epidemial1616 epidemic1617 prevailent1623 regnant1623 fashionablea1627 wide-spreading1655 endemical1658 prevalent1658 endemiala1682 obtaining1682 prevailing1682 endemious1684 sterling1696 running1697 (as) common as dirt (also muck)1737 prevailant1794 exoteric1814 endemic1852 widish1864 prolate1882 going1909 1606 W. Birnie Blame of Kirk-buriall xii. sig. C4^v This superstition is..becomme most penny-rife Papistry. † penny room n. Obsolete a place (as in a theatre) to which the price of admission is a penny. ΚΠ a1625 J. Fletcher Wit without Money (1639) iv. sig. H1 Till you breake in at playes like Prentices..and cracke nuts with the schollers in penny Roomes. 1887 Harper's Mag. June 38/2 I took up my lodgings in a penny room, and so lived on in the town in a listless fashion. penny share n. British Finance (originally) a share valued at a penny; (hence in later use) a share trading at a very low price. ΚΠ 1899 Times 2 June 12/4 The majority subscribed for a penny share. 1998 Daily Post (Liverpool) 25 Apr. (Wales ed.) 24/1 Like the owners of penny shares on the stockmarket, small profits are particularly pleasurable when the outlay has been minimal. penny stock n. originally and chiefly U.S. a common stock being traded at a very low price, investment in which is highly speculative. ΚΠ 1921 Reno (Nevada) Evening Gaz. 10 Jan. 5/3 They..gave others the chance to get in on penny stocks. 1984 Gainesville (Florida) Sun 29 Mar. 4 a/4 Penny stocks are cheapo investment paper in behalf of little known..ventures. 2002 C. M. Byron Martha Inc. xv. 231 When Charlie asked Martha to reminisce about her life as a stockbroker, she opened a window on..life in an institutional bucket shop where the sales force was aggressively selling penny stocks. † pennytoller n. Obsolete (probably) an official who exacts a toll of a penny. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > duty on goods > imposition or collecting of duties on goods > [noun] > collector of duty on goods tollerc1000 tolnerc1050 toll-gatherer1382 customer1389 toll-reeve1433 pennytollerc1450 toll-taker1555 toll-farmer1556 publicana1563 custom officer1644 exciseman1647 toll-mastera1649 custom house officer1654 toll-customera1681 customs officer1705 hoppo1711 ride officer1799 toll-collector1822 excisor1835 customs agent1838 custom-houser1865 c1450 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 598/13 Numacius, a penitollere. penny trumpet n. a toy trumpet costing a penny; also figurative. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pride > boasting or boastfulness > [noun] yelpc888 yelpinga1050 roosingc1175 boastc1300 avauntment1303 avauntry1330 vauntingc1340 bragc1360 avauntingc1380 boastingc1380 avauntance1393 angarda1400 bragging1399 vaunta1400 crackingc1440 crackc1450 crowing1484 jactancea1492 vaunterya1492 bragancea1500 gloriation?1504 blasta1513 vousting1535 braggery?1571 jactation1576 self-boasting1577 thrasonism1596 braggartry1598 braggartism1601 jactancy1623 braggadocianism1624 blazing1628 jactitation1632 word-braving1642 rodomontadea1648 fanfaronade1652 superbiloquence1656 vapouring1656 rodomontading1661 blow1684 goster1703 gasconade1709 gasconading1709 vauntingness1727 braggadocioa1734 Gasconism1744 Gascoigny1754 braggade1763 gostering1763 penny trumpet1783 cockalorum?a1792 boastfulness1810 vauntage1818 bull-flesh1820 blowing1840 vauntiness1851 kompology1854 loud-mouthing1858 skite1860 gabbing1869 mouth1891 buck1895 skiting1916 boosterism1926 society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > wind instrument > brass instruments > [noun] > trumpet > types of lilting-hornc1384 claranerc1410 clarinec1440 trumpet1440 sordine1591 sordine trumpet1616 clarion1621 alchemy1667 sourdinea1678 jubil-trumpet1715 lituus1776 sea-trumpet1776 penny trumpet1783 salpinx1865 principal1876 valve trumpet1877 tuba1882 kakaki1932 zugtrompete1978 vuvuzela2003 1783 ‘P. Pindar’ More Lyric Odes to Royal Academicians vii. 16 Sound their own praise from their own penny trumpet. 1827 Parl. Deb. 2nd Ser. 16 1249 Drums, and the abomination of penny trumpets were in request among the younger inhabitants. 1872 Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc. 17 71 I shall be blamed, too, for Shereef's vileness, though the voice of the blamers is to me only that of the penny trumpet. 1937 PMLA 52 590 Flourish of two penny trumpets and rattles. 1965 Shakespeare Q. 16 54 There are frequent directions such as ‘discord in orchestra’ and ‘discordant flourish’, as well as drums and penny trumpets for the battle scenes. penny trumpeter n. rare a boaster. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pride > boasting or boastfulness > [noun] > boaster yelper1340 avaunterc1374 braggerc1390 fare-makerc1440 seggerc1440 shakerc1440 vaunter1484 roosera1500 praterc1500 cracker1509 vouster?a1513 boaster1574 Thrasoa1576 braggarta1577 braver1589 glorioser1589 bragout1592 rodomont1592 braggadocio1594 gloriosoc1599 puckfist1600 burgullian1601 puff1601 forthputtera1610 rodomontado1609 ostentator1611 fanfaron1622 potgun1623 thrasonist1626 cracka1640 vapourer1653 braggadocian1654 rodomontadist1655 charlatan1670 brag1671 rodomontade1683 gasconader1709 rodomontader1730 Gascon1757 spread eagle1809 bag of wind1816 penny trumpeter1828 spraga1838 gasser1855 blow-hard1857 blower1863 crower1864 gabber1869 flannel-mouth1882 punk-fist1890 skiter1898 Tartarin1903 blow1904 skite1906 poofter1916 trombenik1922 shooter of lines1941 fat-mouth1942 wide-mouth1959 Wheneye1982 trash talker1986 braggarist- 1828 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 23 367 Having acted as his own penny-trumpeter. 1995 Morning Call (Allentown, Pa.) (Nexis) 19 Nov. c13 A bank of merry penny trumpeters. penny wedding n. British regional (chiefly Scottish) (now historical) a wedding at which each of the guests contributes money to the expenses of the entertainment and to the setting up of the newly-married couple (formerly customary among the less well-off in Scotland, Wales, etc.). ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > wedding or nuptials > [noun] > manner of marrying > at which guests contribute money penny-bridal1599 silver bridal1624 penny wedding1672 silver-marriage1825 penny wedder1866 silvern wedding1880 1672 in A. W. C. Hallen Acct. Bk. Sir J. Foulis (1894) 2 To William Brounes mans pennie wedding £2/18/00. 1754 E. Burt Lett. N. Scotl. I. xi. 261 They have a Penny-Wedding; that is, when a Servant-Maid has served faithfully, and gained the good Will of her Master and Mistress, they invite their Relations and Friends, and there is a Dinner or Supper on the Day the Servant is married... In the End every Body puts Money into a Dish..for the new Couple. 1841 T. Hood Miss Kilmansegg iv, in New Monthly Mag. 61 262 Love..will fly away from an Emperor's match To dance at a Penny Wedding! 1997 C. Shaw Myths & Customs ii. 43 Penny weddings were characterised by much revelry, dancing and drunkenness and, not surprisingly, were much frowned-upon by the religious authorities. † penny-white adj. Obsolete (of a rich woman, esp. one who is not naturally beautiful) rendered fair by wealth; favoured by fortune rather than by birth. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > wealth > [adjective] > rendered fair by wealth penny-white1622 1622 J. Mabbe tr. M. Alemán Rogue ii. 95 [Her] estate was now such..that..shee was penny-white (as we say) and so was married in the end. 1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Penny-white, said of her, to whom Fortune has been kinder than Nature. C3. With first element in plural form pence. a. General attributive with the sense ‘of, relating to, or involving pence’, as pence-collection, †pence-dealing, †pence-lack, etc.; †pence-encumbered, pence-paying, pence-pinching adjs. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > lack of money pence-lackc1400 a short purse1548 disability1624 low tide1699 embarrassment1727 impecuniosity1818 soldier's thigh1841 pennilessness1852 hard-uppishness1859 hard-upness1869 ooflessness1889 c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xix. 374 (MED) Þere nas no crystene creature..That he [sc. Conscience] ne halpe a quantite, holynesse to wexe; Somme þorw bedes-byddynge..And other pryue penaunce, and some þorw penyes [v.rr. pens, pans] delynge. c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) iii. 142 For þey..makeþ þe peple for pens-lac in pointe for to wepe. 1834 Tait's Edinb. Mag. New Ser. 1 43/1 Entertainments got up for the relief of pence-encumbered pockets. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 11 Sept. 2/1 Their painful pence-collection likened itself in my mind to O'Connell's repeal-rent. 1899 Athenæum 21 Oct. 548/1 Two insular and pence-paying realms. 1907 Gentleman's Mag. June 565 Without a thought beyond the day's pence-grubbing. 1995 Philadelphia Inquirer (Nexis) 4 Aug. f2 In a pence-pinching move, Queen Elizabeth's royal yacht is up for sale. b. pence table n. now rare (historical in later use) an arithmetical table formerly used for converting a given number of pence into shillings or pounds (cf. times table n. (b) at time n., int., and conj. Compounds 2). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematical instruments > [noun] > table compute manual1483 tariff1591 sexagenary table1594 table of multiplication1594 long measure1623 scale of numbers1630 Rudolphine Tables1635 multiplication table1657 chiliad1675 sexagesimal table1685 nautical card1700 pence table1706 numeration tablea1743 tablebook1755 ready reckoner1757 calculator1784 tables1828 times table1902 log tablec1935 1706 N. Strong England's Perfect School-master (ed. 9) 99 The Pence Table to be learnt by heart. 1811 L. Aikin Juvenile Corr. 53 And also, whether you could recollect, without saying your pence-table all over from the beginning, that fifty pence are four and twopence. 1861 C. Dickens Great Expectations I. ix. 140 [He] put me through my pence-table from ‘twelve pence make one shilling’. 1954 P. Muir Eng. Children's Bks. 1600–1900 222 Callcot..in the eighteenth century produced settings of the multiplication and pence tables for children. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.eOE
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