plaquen.

Brit.

/plak/,

/plɑːk/, U.S.

/plæk/

Forms: 1800s– plaque, 1900s– placque (irregular).

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French plaque.

Etymology: < French plaque plate bearing an inscription (1690), badge of high rank (1798), patch of abnormal tissue (1852), blood platelet (1882 in petite plaque du sang : see platelet n.), counter used in gambling (1886), skin lesion of well-demarcated extent (1895), spec. uses of plaque flat plate (1562 in Middle French; earlier in sense ‘kind of plaster used to cover walls’ (1549 in Middle French in plural plaques )) < Middle French plaquer (see placard n.).Sense 6c is apparently not paralleled in French until considerably later (second half of the 20th cent., usually plaque dentaire ). With sense 7 compare slightly earlier plaquette n. 3 and slightly later platelet n. 2. With sense 8 compare French plage, the name originally given to these areas by F. D'Herelle (1921, in Le Bactériophage i. 13); D'Herelle does not use the word plaque. N.E.D.(1907) gives the non-naturalized pronunciation (plak) /plak/.

I. Something in the form of a flat plate or tablet.

1. A small ornamental tablet worn as a badge of high rank in an honorary order.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > symbol of rank > [noun] > insignia of order > tablet

plaque1848

1848 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair xlix. 436 A nobleman tightly girthed, with a large military chest, on which the plaque of his order shone magnificently.

1848 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair lxiv. 583 Men with plaques and cordons.

1860 W. H. Russell My Diary in India 1858–9 II. 239 In front of his turban there was a plaque of diamonds and emeralds.

1979 Observer 14 Oct. 5/4 The leader of the Central African Republic ordered up a plaque of diamonds from the strongroom [for the French Finance Minister].

a. An ornamental plate or tablet of regular form, plain or decorated with figures and usually made of metal or porcelain, intended to be hung up as a wall decoration, or inset in furniture, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > [noun] > plaques

tablet1768

cartouchea1776

plateau1861

plaque1869

plaquette1881

1869 C. Schreiber Jrnl. (1911) I. 13 A large plaque of Smalto glass, with landscape in brown.

1875 W. Maskell Ivories 41 The plaques have borders with foliated ornaments; birds and animals, flowers and fruits, filling the intermediate spaces.

1884 R. C. Praed Zéro xix The brazen plaques above the mantelpiece resembled menacing heads.

1933 Burlington Mag. Sept. 108/1 The oldest of the few objects..are the six champlevé enamel plaques.

1999 Grosvenor House Art & Antiques Fair: 1999 Handbk. 105/1 The table is made in padouk wood, the adjustable top decorated with a reeded edge, inset with a Chinese porcelain plaque.

b. A plate affixed to a monument or building, bearing identifying or commemorative details.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > writing > written text > an inscription > [noun] > inscribed tablet, slab, or plate

tableOE

tabletc1350

titlea1382

tablature1578

aback1592

plate1668

breastplate1773

stela1776

stele1820

brass plate1836

palimpsest1876

plaque1922

1922 Times 7 Nov. 8/5 The small blue plaques to be seen on certain houses in London and in provincial towns, which have a definite educative value for children as well as interest for ‘grown ups’.

1930 Daily Northwestern (Oshkosh, Wisconsin) 31 Oct. 4/6 The Society of Old Windmills has just placed a commemorative plaque on the side of the mill from which, in 1341, the French watched their cavalry cut the entrenched British forces to pieces.

1956 A. J. Cronin Crusader's Tomb iii. ix. 195 At the base of the pediment was a time-worn plaque defining the intention of the founder to tend the sick.

1971 Times 19 Apr. 12/5 Mrs. Pankhurst's house in Clement's Inn is being demolished and the Women's Liberation movement is concerned lest the blue plaque from the house..should disappear.

1990 M. Dickens Closed at Dusk (1991) xiv. 185 Their only son was killed on the Somme... William showed Jo the ornate memorial plaque in the church.

3. A counter used in gambling. Cf. chip n.² 10a.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > [noun] > counter

chip1580

tanto1646

fish1728

plaque1904

1904 A. Bennett Great Man xxv. 281 A croupier counted out..sundry..gold plaques of a hundred francs each.

1964 A. Wykes Gambling xii. 288 The big bets are placed with rectangular colored chips, called plaques.

1973 ‘R. MacLeod’ Burial in Portugal vi. 117 Deliberately, Salvador used a one thousand escudo plaque to scratch along his small moustache.

2000 Ottawa Sun (Nexis) 9 Aug. 36 The chip, or plaque as it's formally called, is rather nondescript despite the astronomical sum attached to it.

4. Medicine. More fully radium plaque. A flat applicator formerly used to apply radium or radium salts to the skin as a treatment for underlying cancer. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > equipment for radiation treatment > [noun]

Kromayer lamp1911

radium needle1915

plaque1919

cobalt bomb1954

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by radiation > [noun] > source

radium plaque1919

seed1924

radon seed1925

radium bomb1929

bomb1930

teleradium1930

telecobalt1948

sealed source1962

1919 Amer. Jrnl. Roentgenol. 6 134/1 It is..a very simple matter to treat a small lesion with a radium plaque.

1931 G. E. Birkett Radium Therapy xi. 150 Superficial sclerosing type [of rodent ulcers].—In the early stages these may be successfully treated by the application of an unscreened radium plaque.

1950 J. Walter & H. Miller Short Textbk. Radiotherapy viii. 195 A beta-ray applicator is an example of a plaque. The one illustrated in Fig. 82 is made of brass, has an area of 4 sq. cm. and contains 5 mgm. of radium per square cm. It is covered by a filter of 0·1 mm. of monel metal.

1962 Encycl. Dict. Physics VI. 171/1 Formerly, radium plaques were used as β-emitters, but these have now been almost completely replaced by applicators containing strontium-90.

5. Music. A thin metal plate inserted into the separated tip of the double reed of a wind instrument, while the reed is being scraped.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > wind instrument > woodwind instruments > [noun] > reed instrument > associated parts

fipple1626

wind-way1875

staple1880

pirouette1891

plaque1940

windcap1940

tongue1953

scrape1954

reed-cap1960

1940 J. Artley How to make Double Reeds 13/1 Insert the plaque between the blades of the reed.

1953 E. Rothwell Oboe Technique vi. 53 In order to avoid any confusion between the human tongue and the metal one, I shall, throughout this chapter, refer to the latter as the plaque, the alternative word used little in England but almost exclusively in America.

1962 E. C. Moore Oboe & its Daily Routine iv. 13/1 Few tools are needed..a plaque to slip between the blades of the reeds, [etc.].

1977 L. Goossens & E. Roxburgh Oboe iii. 34 The scraping tongue (or plaque). A flat oval plate of steel... Some players prefer a narrower plate to prevent the knife from coming into contact at the edges.

II. Extended uses.

a. Medicine. A well-demarcated, flat or slightly elevated area of abnormal tissue; esp. a large, slightly raised skin lesion.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > eruption > [noun] > spot of

pockeOE

rosalia1676

rose spot1836

plaque1866

1866 Lancet 4 Aug. 120/1 He had then a strongly marked roseola, elevated copper-coloured spots on the forehead, and white characteristic plaques on the mucous membrane of the throat.

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 658 The eruption of hydroa gestationis..consists of erythematous patches, some of which are rounded plaques.

1904 Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. 24 13 Meibomian secretion organisms, etc., will become adherent to the keratinised plaques.

1954 Ann. Internal Med. 41 163 Lipoid proteinosis is a peculiar abnormality of fat deposition characterized by the appearance of white or yellow plaques and nodules in the skin and mucous membranes, producing hoarseness due to vocal chord involvement.

1976 Lancet 20 Nov. 1137/1 The dystrophy took the form of raised plaques rather than the pitting commonly seen in psoriasis vulgaris.

1987 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 11 Apr. 935/1 The appearance was of urticated erythematous papules coalescing into plaques, and clinically suggested an insect bite reaction.

2004 Respirology 9 428 Pleural fibrosis..can manifest itself as discrete localised lesions (pleural plaques) or diffuse pleural thickening and fibrosis.

b. Pathology. A thickened area consisting of fibrous tissue and lipid, often with calcification, in the intima of an atherosclerotic artery. Also: such lesions considered collectively, or the substance of which they are composed.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > vascular disorders > [noun] > fibrous or fatty matter on artery

plaque1891

1891 Trans. Assoc. Amer. Physicians 6 182 The nodular form of arterio-sclerosis is due to circumscribed dilations of the arteries and a new formation of connective tissue which exactly fills out the dilated area. When such arteries are examined after having been injected with paraffine,..the raised plaques which are so prominent in the uninjected vessels have entirely disappeared, leaving a smooth intima.

1908 Lancet 13 June 1694/1 The pulmonary artery and its two main branches were dilated uniformly, the walls showing large plaques of atheroma.

1943 Physiol. Rev. 23 188 The atherosclerotic lesions..were classified as fatty plaques, fibrous plaques, calcified plaques, and atheromatous ulcers.

1972 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 4 May 2/1 As the years pass, the walls of our arteries thicken and accumulate a certain amount of plaque, or fatty deposits.

1989 Brain 112 1113 Serial noninvasive imaging of arterial plaques..promises to reveal the role of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, etc., on plaque growth and morphology.

1995 Independent 16 Nov. 3/3 High levels [sc. of cholesterol] can form plaque, a thick hard deposit, which clogs the arteries and restricts the flow of blood.

c. Originally: a patch of sticky or hard material containing bacteria, deposited on the surface of a tooth (now rare). Now chiefly as a mass noun: the substance of which such patches are composed. Also dental plaque.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of mouth > [noun] > disorders of teeth

scale1594

caries1634

tartar1806

odontolith1848

malocclusion1864

pulpitis1869

odontome1870

pericementitis1882

cementoma1893

open bite1893

plaque1898

super-eruption1912

mulberry molar1917

Moon1918

retroclusion1928

bruxism1932

overclosure1934

overeruption1961

1898 G. V. Black in Dental Cosmos 40 448 Leptothrix threads..are found..clinging in and upon gelatinous microbic plaques upon the teeth.

1921 T. J. Ryan & E. F. Bowers Teeth & Health xi. 154 In caries, or dental decay, placques or films of saliva form on the tooth surfaces, in combination with particles of carbohydrates.

1959 E. M. Wilkins & P. A. McCullough Clin. Pract. Dental Hygienist ii. 109 Dental plaque is a thin, tenacious, film-like deposit made up principally of microorganisms and mucinous substances from the saliva.

1959 E. M. Wilkins & P. A. McCullough Clin. Pract. Dental Hygienist ii. 109 Dental plaques vary in thickness, degree of adherence to the tooth surface, and percentage composition.

1971 Daily Tel. 24 Aug. 5 (advt.) Plaque produces the harmful acids and chemicals that cause tooth decay and discoloration.

1996 Taste of Safeway 8/2 Floss your teeth at least once a day to remove the plaque that your toothbrush is unable to reach.

d. Pathology. A circumscribed area of degeneration in the cerebral cortex, containing amyloid and neural processes, seen esp. in Alzheimer's disease. Also called neuritic plaque, senile plaque.

ΚΠ

1912 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 39 555 Formerly these neurofibril alterations in combination with plaques were considered of great diagnostic significance for the mental disorder under consideration [sc. Alzheimer's disease].

1955 H. H. Merritt Textbk. Neurol. vi. 417 There is a diffuse loss of cells in all layers of the cortex, secondary gliosis, argentophile plaques (Alzheimer plaques) and neurofibrillar degeneration.

1967 Brain 90 864 Silver impregnation..showed many cortical plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease.

1996 Pulse 20 Apr. 38/3 Once we know which proteins are associated with the production and accumulation of plaques containing beta-amyloid protein, drug therapy could be targeted to modify their expression.

7. Physiology. More fully blood plaque. A blood platelet. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > vascular system > blood > components of blood > blood corpuscle or plate > [noun]

blood corpuscle1838

disc1839

blood cell1841

corpuscle1845

haematoblast1876

blood plate1882

plaquette1883

blood plaque1884

plaque1884

blood platelet1888

platelet1888

haemad1891

thrombocyte1893

blood disc1902

blast cell1947

1884 Ann. Hygiene 1 377/1 Whether or not the ultimate fibrinous character of the exudate in the lungs is due to the blood-plaques, or is a result of the oxidation of the albumen.

1887 Stud. Biol. Lab. Johns Hopkins Univ. 3 293 In describing it [sc. a new element of the blood] I shall adopt the French name plaque.

1887 Stud. Biol. Lab. Johns Hopkins Univ. 3 294 The plaques may be seen floating in the plasma among the red corpuscles and leukocytes.

1889 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 626/2 Blood-plaques, methods of studying.

1895 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Plaque, a plate. A French word adopted of late by medical writers meaning either a small disc-like object, as a blood-platelet, or a rounded patch.

1904 Lancet 8 Oct. 1013/1 We can still only guess at the functions of the eosinophiles, basophiles, mast cells, and blood plaques.

1975 Jrnl. Surg. Res. 19 133/1 Osler introduced the ‘blood plaque’, and emphasized the importance of platelets in hemostasis in the human.

8. Biology. A clear area in a monolayer culture of microorganisms or other cells, produced by the inhibitory or lethal effect of a virus (esp. a bacteriophage) or other agent.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > material > [noun] > culture or medium

culture1880

blood culture1881

cultivation1881

culture medium1883

pure culture1883

agar1885

broth1885

subculture1885

tube-culture1886

bouillon1887

stab-culture1889

streak culture1892

blood agar1893

microculture1893

shake culture1894

streak plate1895

broth culture1897

slant1899

plating1900

stock culture1903

touch preparation1908

tissue culture1912

plaque1924

slope1925

agar-agar1929

isolate1931

MacConkey1938

auxanogram1949

lawn1951

monolayer1952

replica plate1952

1924 Jrnl. Bacteriol. 9 397 These lytic areas, or plaques, are usually circular and may vary in size from pits of microscopic dimensions to eroded fields possessing a diameter of 18 to 20 mm.

1952 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 38 747 (heading) Production of plaques in monolayer tissue cultures by simple particles of an animal virus.

1970 T. D. Brock Biol. Microorganisms x. 260 Since the agar prevents the new virus particles from moving too far away, a localized area of lysis develops that contains no bacteria but many virus particles... This local area of lysis is called a plaque..and represents the end result of a chain of events initiated by one virus particle.

1984 M. J. Taussig Processes in Pathol. & Microbiol. (ed. 2) iii. 241 A cytocidal outcome of infection is widely used in assaying the presence and concentration of viruses, as in the plaque assay.

1990 Mutagenesis 5 606/1 Bacteriophage plaques grown in agarose were transferred to nitrocellulose.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	plaque
释义	plaquen. Brit. /plak/, /plɑːk/, U.S. /plæk/ Forms: 1800s– plaque, 1900s– placque (irregular). Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French plaque. Etymology: < French plaque plate bearing an inscription (1690), badge of high rank (1798), patch of abnormal tissue (1852), blood platelet (1882 in petite plaque du sang : see platelet n.), counter used in gambling (1886), skin lesion of well-demarcated extent (1895), spec. uses of plaque flat plate (1562 in Middle French; earlier in sense ‘kind of plaster used to cover walls’ (1549 in Middle French in plural plaques )) < Middle French plaquer (see placard n.).Sense 6c is apparently not paralleled in French until considerably later (second half of the 20th cent., usually plaque dentaire ). With sense 7 compare slightly earlier plaquette n. 3 and slightly later platelet n. 2. With sense 8 compare French plage, the name originally given to these areas by F. D'Herelle (1921, in Le Bactériophage i. 13); D'Herelle does not use the word plaque. N.E.D.(1907) gives the non-naturalized pronunciation (plak) /plak/. I. Something in the form of a flat plate or tablet. 1. A small ornamental tablet worn as a badge of high rank in an honorary order. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > symbol of rank > [noun] > insignia of order > tablet plaque1848 1848 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair xlix. 436 A nobleman tightly girthed, with a large military chest, on which the plaque of his order shone magnificently. 1848 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair lxiv. 583 Men with plaques and cordons. 1860 W. H. Russell My Diary in India 1858–9 II. 239 In front of his turban there was a plaque of diamonds and emeralds. 1979 Observer 14 Oct. 5/4 The leader of the Central African Republic ordered up a plaque of diamonds from the strongroom [for the French Finance Minister]. 2. a. An ornamental plate or tablet of regular form, plain or decorated with figures and usually made of metal or porcelain, intended to be hung up as a wall decoration, or inset in furniture, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > [noun] > plaques tablet1768 cartouchea1776 plateau1861 plaque1869 plaquette1881 1869 C. Schreiber Jrnl. (1911) I. 13 A large plaque of Smalto glass, with landscape in brown. 1875 W. Maskell Ivories 41 The plaques have borders with foliated ornaments; birds and animals, flowers and fruits, filling the intermediate spaces. 1884 R. C. Praed Zéro xix The brazen plaques above the mantelpiece resembled menacing heads. 1933 Burlington Mag. Sept. 108/1 The oldest of the few objects..are the six champlevé enamel plaques. 1999 Grosvenor House Art & Antiques Fair: 1999 Handbk. 105/1 The table is made in padouk wood, the adjustable top decorated with a reeded edge, inset with a Chinese porcelain plaque. b. A plate affixed to a monument or building, bearing identifying or commemorative details. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > written text > an inscription > [noun] > inscribed tablet, slab, or plate tableOE tabletc1350 titlea1382 tablature1578 aback1592 plate1668 breastplate1773 stela1776 stele1820 brass plate1836 palimpsest1876 plaque1922 1922 Times 7 Nov. 8/5 The small blue plaques to be seen on certain houses in London and in provincial towns, which have a definite educative value for children as well as interest for ‘grown ups’. 1930 Daily Northwestern (Oshkosh, Wisconsin) 31 Oct. 4/6 The Society of Old Windmills has just placed a commemorative plaque on the side of the mill from which, in 1341, the French watched their cavalry cut the entrenched British forces to pieces. 1956 A. J. Cronin Crusader's Tomb iii. ix. 195 At the base of the pediment was a time-worn plaque defining the intention of the founder to tend the sick. 1971 Times 19 Apr. 12/5 Mrs. Pankhurst's house in Clement's Inn is being demolished and the Women's Liberation movement is concerned lest the blue plaque from the house..should disappear. 1990 M. Dickens Closed at Dusk (1991) xiv. 185 Their only son was killed on the Somme... William showed Jo the ornate memorial plaque in the church. 3. A counter used in gambling. Cf. chip n.² 10a. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > games of chance > [noun] > counter chip1580 tanto1646 fish1728 plaque1904 1904 A. Bennett Great Man xxv. 281 A croupier counted out..sundry..gold plaques of a hundred francs each. 1964 A. Wykes Gambling xii. 288 The big bets are placed with rectangular colored chips, called plaques. 1973 ‘R. MacLeod’ Burial in Portugal vi. 117 Deliberately, Salvador used a one thousand escudo plaque to scratch along his small moustache. 2000 Ottawa Sun (Nexis) 9 Aug. 36 The chip, or plaque as it's formally called, is rather nondescript despite the astronomical sum attached to it. 4. Medicine. More fully radium plaque. A flat applicator formerly used to apply radium or radium salts to the skin as a treatment for underlying cancer. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > equipment for radiation treatment > [noun] Kromayer lamp1911 radium needle1915 plaque1919 cobalt bomb1954 the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by radiation > [noun] > source radium plaque1919 seed1924 radon seed1925 radium bomb1929 bomb1930 teleradium1930 telecobalt1948 sealed source1962 1919 Amer. Jrnl. Roentgenol. 6 134/1 It is..a very simple matter to treat a small lesion with a radium plaque. 1931 G. E. Birkett Radium Therapy xi. 150 Superficial sclerosing type [of rodent ulcers].—In the early stages these may be successfully treated by the application of an unscreened radium plaque. 1950 J. Walter & H. Miller Short Textbk. Radiotherapy viii. 195 A beta-ray applicator is an example of a plaque. The one illustrated in Fig. 82 is made of brass, has an area of 4 sq. cm. and contains 5 mgm. of radium per square cm. It is covered by a filter of 0·1 mm. of monel metal. 1962 Encycl. Dict. Physics VI. 171/1 Formerly, radium plaques were used as β-emitters, but these have now been almost completely replaced by applicators containing strontium-90. 5. Music. A thin metal plate inserted into the separated tip of the double reed of a wind instrument, while the reed is being scraped. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical instrument > wind instrument > woodwind instruments > [noun] > reed instrument > associated parts fipple1626 wind-way1875 staple1880 pirouette1891 plaque1940 windcap1940 tongue1953 scrape1954 reed-cap1960 1940 J. Artley How to make Double Reeds 13/1 Insert the plaque between the blades of the reed. 1953 E. Rothwell Oboe Technique vi. 53 In order to avoid any confusion between the human tongue and the metal one, I shall, throughout this chapter, refer to the latter as the plaque, the alternative word used little in England but almost exclusively in America. 1962 E. C. Moore Oboe & its Daily Routine iv. 13/1 Few tools are needed..a plaque to slip between the blades of the reeds, [etc.]. 1977 L. Goossens & E. Roxburgh Oboe iii. 34 The scraping tongue (or plaque). A flat oval plate of steel... Some players prefer a narrower plate to prevent the knife from coming into contact at the edges. II. Extended uses. 6. a. Medicine. A well-demarcated, flat or slightly elevated area of abnormal tissue; esp. a large, slightly raised skin lesion. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > eruption > [noun] > spot of pockeOE rosalia1676 rose spot1836 plaque1866 1866 Lancet 4 Aug. 120/1 He had then a strongly marked roseola, elevated copper-coloured spots on the forehead, and white characteristic plaques on the mucous membrane of the throat. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 658 The eruption of hydroa gestationis..consists of erythematous patches, some of which are rounded plaques. 1904 Trans. Ophthalmol. Soc. 24 13 Meibomian secretion organisms, etc., will become adherent to the keratinised plaques. 1954 Ann. Internal Med. 41 163 Lipoid proteinosis is a peculiar abnormality of fat deposition characterized by the appearance of white or yellow plaques and nodules in the skin and mucous membranes, producing hoarseness due to vocal chord involvement. 1976 Lancet 20 Nov. 1137/1 The dystrophy took the form of raised plaques rather than the pitting commonly seen in psoriasis vulgaris. 1987 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 11 Apr. 935/1 The appearance was of urticated erythematous papules coalescing into plaques, and clinically suggested an insect bite reaction. 2004 Respirology 9 428 Pleural fibrosis..can manifest itself as discrete localised lesions (pleural plaques) or diffuse pleural thickening and fibrosis. b. Pathology. A thickened area consisting of fibrous tissue and lipid, often with calcification, in the intima of an atherosclerotic artery. Also: such lesions considered collectively, or the substance of which they are composed. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > vascular disorders > [noun] > fibrous or fatty matter on artery plaque1891 1891 Trans. Assoc. Amer. Physicians 6 182 The nodular form of arterio-sclerosis is due to circumscribed dilations of the arteries and a new formation of connective tissue which exactly fills out the dilated area. When such arteries are examined after having been injected with paraffine,..the raised plaques which are so prominent in the uninjected vessels have entirely disappeared, leaving a smooth intima. 1908 Lancet 13 June 1694/1 The pulmonary artery and its two main branches were dilated uniformly, the walls showing large plaques of atheroma. 1943 Physiol. Rev. 23 188 The atherosclerotic lesions..were classified as fatty plaques, fibrous plaques, calcified plaques, and atheromatous ulcers. 1972 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 4 May 2/1 As the years pass, the walls of our arteries thicken and accumulate a certain amount of plaque, or fatty deposits. 1989 Brain 112 1113 Serial noninvasive imaging of arterial plaques..promises to reveal the role of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, etc., on plaque growth and morphology. 1995 Independent 16 Nov. 3/3 High levels [sc. of cholesterol] can form plaque, a thick hard deposit, which clogs the arteries and restricts the flow of blood. c. Originally: a patch of sticky or hard material containing bacteria, deposited on the surface of a tooth (now rare). Now chiefly as a mass noun: the substance of which such patches are composed. Also dental plaque. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of mouth > [noun] > disorders of teeth scale1594 caries1634 tartar1806 odontolith1848 malocclusion1864 pulpitis1869 odontome1870 pericementitis1882 cementoma1893 open bite1893 plaque1898 super-eruption1912 mulberry molar1917 Moon1918 retroclusion1928 bruxism1932 overclosure1934 overeruption1961 1898 G. V. Black in Dental Cosmos 40 448 Leptothrix threads..are found..clinging in and upon gelatinous microbic plaques upon the teeth. 1921 T. J. Ryan & E. F. Bowers Teeth & Health xi. 154 In caries, or dental decay, placques or films of saliva form on the tooth surfaces, in combination with particles of carbohydrates. 1959 E. M. Wilkins & P. A. McCullough Clin. Pract. Dental Hygienist ii. 109 Dental plaque is a thin, tenacious, film-like deposit made up principally of microorganisms and mucinous substances from the saliva. 1959 E. M. Wilkins & P. A. McCullough Clin. Pract. Dental Hygienist ii. 109 Dental plaques vary in thickness, degree of adherence to the tooth surface, and percentage composition. 1971 Daily Tel. 24 Aug. 5 (advt.) Plaque produces the harmful acids and chemicals that cause tooth decay and discoloration. 1996 Taste of Safeway 8/2 Floss your teeth at least once a day to remove the plaque that your toothbrush is unable to reach. d. Pathology. A circumscribed area of degeneration in the cerebral cortex, containing amyloid and neural processes, seen esp. in Alzheimer's disease. Also called neuritic plaque, senile plaque. ΚΠ 1912 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 39 555 Formerly these neurofibril alterations in combination with plaques were considered of great diagnostic significance for the mental disorder under consideration [sc. Alzheimer's disease]. 1955 H. H. Merritt Textbk. Neurol. vi. 417 There is a diffuse loss of cells in all layers of the cortex, secondary gliosis, argentophile plaques (Alzheimer plaques) and neurofibrillar degeneration. 1967 Brain 90 864 Silver impregnation..showed many cortical plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer's disease. 1996 Pulse 20 Apr. 38/3 Once we know which proteins are associated with the production and accumulation of plaques containing beta-amyloid protein, drug therapy could be targeted to modify their expression. 7. Physiology. More fully blood plaque. A blood platelet. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > vascular system > blood > components of blood > blood corpuscle or plate > [noun] blood corpuscle1838 disc1839 blood cell1841 corpuscle1845 haematoblast1876 blood plate1882 plaquette1883 blood plaque1884 plaque1884 blood platelet1888 platelet1888 haemad1891 thrombocyte1893 blood disc1902 blast cell1947 1884 Ann. Hygiene 1 377/1 Whether or not the ultimate fibrinous character of the exudate in the lungs is due to the blood-plaques, or is a result of the oxidation of the albumen. 1887 Stud. Biol. Lab. Johns Hopkins Univ. 3 293 In describing it [sc. a new element of the blood] I shall adopt the French name plaque. 1887 Stud. Biol. Lab. Johns Hopkins Univ. 3 294 The plaques may be seen floating in the plasma among the red corpuscles and leukocytes. 1889 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. VIII. 626/2 Blood-plaques, methods of studying. 1895 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Plaque, a plate. A French word adopted of late by medical writers meaning either a small disc-like object, as a blood-platelet, or a rounded patch. 1904 Lancet 8 Oct. 1013/1 We can still only guess at the functions of the eosinophiles, basophiles, mast cells, and blood plaques. 1975 Jrnl. Surg. Res. 19 133/1 Osler introduced the ‘blood plaque’, and emphasized the importance of platelets in hemostasis in the human. 8. Biology. A clear area in a monolayer culture of microorganisms or other cells, produced by the inhibitory or lethal effect of a virus (esp. a bacteriophage) or other agent. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > material > [noun] > culture or medium culture1880 blood culture1881 cultivation1881 culture medium1883 pure culture1883 agar1885 broth1885 subculture1885 tube-culture1886 bouillon1887 stab-culture1889 streak culture1892 blood agar1893 microculture1893 shake culture1894 streak plate1895 broth culture1897 slant1899 plating1900 stock culture1903 touch preparation1908 tissue culture1912 plaque1924 slope1925 agar-agar1929 isolate1931 MacConkey1938 auxanogram1949 lawn1951 monolayer1952 replica plate1952 1924 Jrnl. Bacteriol. 9 397 These lytic areas, or plaques, are usually circular and may vary in size from pits of microscopic dimensions to eroded fields possessing a diameter of 18 to 20 mm. 1952 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 38 747 (heading) Production of plaques in monolayer tissue cultures by simple particles of an animal virus. 1970 T. D. Brock Biol. Microorganisms x. 260 Since the agar prevents the new virus particles from moving too far away, a localized area of lysis develops that contains no bacteria but many virus particles... This local area of lysis is called a plaque..and represents the end result of a chain of events initiated by one virus particle. 1984 M. J. Taussig Processes in Pathol. & Microbiol. (ed. 2) iii. 241 A cytocidal outcome of infection is widely used in assaying the presence and concentration of viruses, as in the plaque assay. 1990 Mutagenesis 5 606/1 Bacteriophage plaques grown in agarose were transferred to nitrocellulose. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1848
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