precursorn.

Brit.

/prᵻˈkəːsə/,

/ˌpriːˈkəːsə/, U.S.

/ˈpriˌkərsər/

Forms: late Middle English precursoure, 1500s–1600s praecursor, 1500s– precursor, 1600s praecursour, 1600s (1800s– nonstandard) precurser; Scottish pre-1700 praecursoure, pre-1700 precursore, pre-1700 precursour, 1700s– precursor.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin praecursor.

Etymology: < classical Latin praecursor forerunner, advanced guard, in post-classical Latin frequently used with reference to John the Baptist (from late 2nd cent. in Tertullian) < praecurs- , past participial stem of praecurrere to run in front of, precede (see precurrent adj.) + -tor (see -or suffix). Compare Middle French, French précurseur (c1415, earliest with reference to John the Baptist).With the form precurser compare -er suffix¹.

a. A person who or thing which precedes another as a forerunner or presage; a person who or thing which heralds the approach of another; (now esp.) a thing that comes before another of the same kind as a forerunner, predecessor, or prototype.In early use applied spec. to John the Baptist: see the etymology.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > [noun] > antecedent or precursor

forerunnerOE

forridelc1000

messengerc1300

precursora1500

waymaker1574

postiliona1586

ushera1586

precedence1598

vaunt-courier1598

precedent1599

prodromus1602

ante-disposition1611

precedency1611

prodrome1611

antecedent1612

antedating1633

leading card1635

prodromy1647

antecessor1657

precursorya1660

prodromist1716

morning star1721

skirmisher1820

antecursor1850

the world > movement > progressive motion > order of movement > going first or in front > [noun] > one who goes first

forerunnerOE

before-runnera1382

foregoer1382

foremanc1425

fore-rider1488

precursora1500

forewalker1529

precedent1599

precurrer1601

beginnerc1613

frontliner1895

a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 166 As this John was afore Crist annuncyd or schewed..so afore hym he prechid and suffred deþ;..for he was his precursoure and foregoer.

?1504 M. Beaufort tr. Thomas à Kempis Ful Treat. Imytacyon Cryste (Pynson) iv. xvii. 281 The right excellent precursor Iohn Baptyste.

1612 King James VI & I in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) 1st Ser. III. 106 I knowe this wilbe the more wellcome that it is my præcursoure.

1675 J. Smith Christian Relig. Appeal i. ix. §7. 84 Fire is frequently mention'd as a Precursor to the Exhibition of their Messias.

1716 M. Davies Athenæ Britannicæ II. 228 There were several other Prodromists or Precursors of Arianism in that third Century.

1789 A. Young Jrnl. 5 Sept. in Trav. France (1792) i. 179 Abbé Raynal, one of the undoubted precursors of the present revolution in France.

1826 J. F. Cooper Last of Mohicans I. xii. 170 Raising a shout of triumph, he had sprung towards the defenceless Cora, sending his keen axe, as the dreadful precursor of his approach.

1852 A. Jameson Legends Madonna 10 The Baptist is here in his character of Precursor.

1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. viii. 199 That dark radiation, which is the precursor..of their luminous rays.

1905 Baroness Orczy Scarlet Pimpernel i. 10 The two maladies which nothing could cure, and which were the precursors of an awful and lonely death.

1947 A. Einstein Music Romantic Era xi. 149 His first symphonic poem..is..a precursor of Impressionism.

1963 E. H. Erikson Childhood & Society (ed. 2) IV. xi. 368 Infantile fears..are the precursors of many irrational anxieties entertained by adults.

2002 D. Harris Portable Writing Desks 32 This item was probably the precursor of the attaché case or briefcase still in use.

b. Irish Politics. Chiefly with capital initial. More fully Precursors’ Society. A society, founded by Daniel O'Connell, which campaigned for the repeal of the Anglo-Irish legislative union; a member of this society. Now historical.

ΚΠ

1838 D. O'Connell 18 Aug. in Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 20 Aug. 3/5 In order to organize the expression of the national will of Ireland towards making one more..attempt to procure from the British legislature full justice to Ireland, we deem it necessary to enrol a society, upon strictly legal and constitutional grounds, to be called the ‘Precursors' society of Ireland’.

1839 D. O'Connell Let. 29 Nov. in O. MacDonagh Emancipist (1989) vii. 182 Because I have dissolved my pour Precursors I am left on the strand with the tide out.

1847 Tait's Edinb. Mag. 14 643 Conservatives 39, Repealers 37, Whigs 17, Precursors 12. The precursors are understood to be gentlemen in the transition state towards repeal.

1907 Daily Chron. 4 Sept. 4/7 Precursor was one of the many names that O'Connell gave to his popular organisations. The ‘Precursor Society’ meant that it was the precursor of O'Connell's last resource—the Repeal of the Union.

1985 J. Biggs-Davison & G. Chowdharay-Best Cross St. Patrick viii. 155 In 1840, the Precursor Society, with its local counterparts had given way to the Repeal Association, renamed the Loyal National Repeal Association early in 1841.

2. A predecessor in some position, course, role, etc. Now rare except as merged with 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > [noun] > one who goes first or predecessor

ancestorc1300

foreganger1340

before-goerc1384

antecessora1387

predecessora1387

oldersc1450

precessor1454

forn-goer1483

before-gangerc1520

Adam1553

foregoer1556

preventer1598

forerunnera1616

decessor1647

first-comer1690

precursor1792

1792 E. Burke in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. IV. 540 Sufferers in one Common Cause, and..our precursors in misfortune.

1835 I. Taylor Spiritual Despotism vi. 248 There is now no need that we should err as our precursors have done for want of experience.

1879 M. Arnold Guide Eng. Lit. in Mixed Ess. 202 Cowper..by his genuine love of nature was a precursor of Wordsworth.

1994 H. Bloom Western Canon iv xix. 436 Herself neither a Marxist nor a feminist,..[Virginia] Woolf is nevertheless an Epicurean materialist, like her precursor Walter Pater.

3. Biochemistry and Chemistry. A substance from which another is formed by a metabolic or other chemical process.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > [noun] > compounds > types > compound which precedes another

precursor1884

1884 Proc. Royal Soc. 38 263 A body capable of converting the precursor of fibrinogen into fibrinogen.

1889 C. A. MacMunn Outl. Clin. Chem. Urine iii. 36 Although we know it [sc. urea] is formed from proteids, we cannot trace it back through its precursors—the intermediate products of metabolism.

1932 R. Robison Significance Phosphoric Esters in Metabolism i. 29 They concluded that the precursor of lactic acid in muscle..is hexosediphosphate or some closely allied compound.

1977 Sci. Amer. (U.K. ed.) July 40/2 Ozone and its precursor, atomic oxygen, are destroyed by catalytic reactions that depend on H and OH.

2001 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 21 June 83/2 It is enriched in beta carotene, a precursor of the vitamin (hence the golden color), which can only be converted to vitamin A in the body of an already well-nourished person.

4. Biology and Medicine. A cell which gives rise to another by differentiation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > cell > types of cells > [noun] > other types of cells

reticular cell1832

torula1833

reserve cell1842

subcell1844

parenchyma cell1857

pedicel cell1858

nettle cell1870

heterocyst1872

prickle cell1872

angioblast1875

palisade cell1875

sextant1875

spindle cell1876

neuroblast1878

body cell1879

plasma cell1882

reticulum cell1882

stem cell1885

Langhans1886

basal cell1889

pole cell1890

myelocyte1891

statocyst1892

mast cell1893

thrombocyte1893

iridocyte1894

precursor1895

nurse cell1896

amacrine1900

statocyte1900

mononuclear1903

oat cell1903

myeloblast1904

trochoblast1904

adipocyte1906

polynuclear1906

fibrocyte1911

akaryote1920

Rouget cell1922

Sternberg–Reed1922

amphicyte1925

monoblast1925

pericyte1925

promyelocyte1925

pituicyte1930

agamete1932

sympathogonia1934

athrocyte1938

progenitor1938

Reed–Sternberg cell1939

submarginal1941

delta cell1942

mastocyte1947

squame1949

podocyte1954

transformed cell1956

transformant1957

spheroplast1958

pinealocyte1961

immunocyte1963

lactotroph1966

mammotroph1966

minicell1967

proheterocyst1970

myofibroblast1971

cybrid1974

1895 Proc. Royal Soc. 59 71 Lymphocytes are the precursors of all forms [of leucocytes].

1914 Lancet 11 July 82 At this latter stage the precursors of the red cells and the eosinophiles are notably reduced.

1941 C. K. Drinker & J. M. Yoffey Lymphatics, Lymph & Lymphoid Tissue viii. 268 The red cell precursors..present the same kind of problem as the myeloblasts.

2001 New Scientist 8 Sept. 104/1 (advt.) The successful applicant would be working on the analysis and characterisation of genes expressed through the process of differentiation of Schwann cells from their neural crest precursors.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	precursor
释义	precursorn. Brit. /prᵻˈkəːsə/, /ˌpriːˈkəːsə/, U.S. /ˈpriˌkərsər/ Forms: late Middle English precursoure, 1500s–1600s praecursor, 1500s– precursor, 1600s praecursour, 1600s (1800s– nonstandard) precurser; Scottish pre-1700 praecursoure, pre-1700 precursore, pre-1700 precursour, 1700s– precursor. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin praecursor. Etymology: < classical Latin praecursor forerunner, advanced guard, in post-classical Latin frequently used with reference to John the Baptist (from late 2nd cent. in Tertullian) < praecurs- , past participial stem of praecurrere to run in front of, precede (see precurrent adj.) + -tor (see -or suffix). Compare Middle French, French précurseur (c1415, earliest with reference to John the Baptist).With the form precurser compare -er suffix¹. 1. a. A person who or thing which precedes another as a forerunner or presage; a person who or thing which heralds the approach of another; (now esp.) a thing that comes before another of the same kind as a forerunner, predecessor, or prototype.In early use applied spec. to John the Baptist: see the etymology. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > [noun] > antecedent or precursor forerunnerOE forridelc1000 messengerc1300 precursora1500 waymaker1574 postiliona1586 ushera1586 precedence1598 vaunt-courier1598 precedent1599 prodromus1602 ante-disposition1611 precedency1611 prodrome1611 antecedent1612 antedating1633 leading card1635 prodromy1647 antecessor1657 precursorya1660 prodromist1716 morning star1721 skirmisher1820 antecursor1850 the world > movement > progressive motion > order of movement > going first or in front > [noun] > one who goes first forerunnerOE before-runnera1382 foregoer1382 foremanc1425 fore-rider1488 precursora1500 forewalker1529 precedent1599 precurrer1601 beginnerc1613 frontliner1895 a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 166 As this John was afore Crist annuncyd or schewed..so afore hym he prechid and suffred deþ;..for he was his precursoure and foregoer. ?1504 M. Beaufort tr. Thomas à Kempis Ful Treat. Imytacyon Cryste (Pynson) iv. xvii. 281 The right excellent precursor Iohn Baptyste. 1612 King James VI & I in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) 1st Ser. III. 106 I knowe this wilbe the more wellcome that it is my præcursoure. 1675 J. Smith Christian Relig. Appeal i. ix. §7. 84 Fire is frequently mention'd as a Precursor to the Exhibition of their Messias. 1716 M. Davies Athenæ Britannicæ II. 228 There were several other Prodromists or Precursors of Arianism in that third Century. 1789 A. Young Jrnl. 5 Sept. in Trav. France (1792) i. 179 Abbé Raynal, one of the undoubted precursors of the present revolution in France. 1826 J. F. Cooper Last of Mohicans I. xii. 170 Raising a shout of triumph, he had sprung towards the defenceless Cora, sending his keen axe, as the dreadful precursor of his approach. 1852 A. Jameson Legends Madonna 10 The Baptist is here in his character of Precursor. 1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. viii. 199 That dark radiation, which is the precursor..of their luminous rays. 1905 Baroness Orczy Scarlet Pimpernel i. 10 The two maladies which nothing could cure, and which were the precursors of an awful and lonely death. 1947 A. Einstein Music Romantic Era xi. 149 His first symphonic poem..is..a precursor of Impressionism. 1963 E. H. Erikson Childhood & Society (ed. 2) IV. xi. 368 Infantile fears..are the precursors of many irrational anxieties entertained by adults. 2002 D. Harris Portable Writing Desks 32 This item was probably the precursor of the attaché case or briefcase still in use. b. Irish Politics. Chiefly with capital initial. More fully Precursors’ Society. A society, founded by Daniel O'Connell, which campaigned for the repeal of the Anglo-Irish legislative union; a member of this society. Now historical. ΚΠ 1838 D. O'Connell 18 Aug. in Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 20 Aug. 3/5 In order to organize the expression of the national will of Ireland towards making one more..attempt to procure from the British legislature full justice to Ireland, we deem it necessary to enrol a society, upon strictly legal and constitutional grounds, to be called the ‘Precursors' society of Ireland’. 1839 D. O'Connell Let. 29 Nov. in O. MacDonagh Emancipist (1989) vii. 182 Because I have dissolved my pour Precursors I am left on the strand with the tide out. 1847 Tait's Edinb. Mag. 14 643 Conservatives 39, Repealers 37, Whigs 17, Precursors 12. The precursors are understood to be gentlemen in the transition state towards repeal. 1907 Daily Chron. 4 Sept. 4/7 Precursor was one of the many names that O'Connell gave to his popular organisations. The ‘Precursor Society’ meant that it was the precursor of O'Connell's last resource—the Repeal of the Union. 1985 J. Biggs-Davison & G. Chowdharay-Best Cross St. Patrick viii. 155 In 1840, the Precursor Society, with its local counterparts had given way to the Repeal Association, renamed the Loyal National Repeal Association early in 1841. 2. A predecessor in some position, course, role, etc. Now rare except as merged with 1. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > [noun] > one who goes first or predecessor ancestorc1300 foreganger1340 before-goerc1384 antecessora1387 predecessora1387 oldersc1450 precessor1454 forn-goer1483 before-gangerc1520 Adam1553 foregoer1556 preventer1598 forerunnera1616 decessor1647 first-comer1690 precursor1792 1792 E. Burke in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. IV. 540 Sufferers in one Common Cause, and..our precursors in misfortune. 1835 I. Taylor Spiritual Despotism vi. 248 There is now no need that we should err as our precursors have done for want of experience. 1879 M. Arnold Guide Eng. Lit. in Mixed Ess. 202 Cowper..by his genuine love of nature was a precursor of Wordsworth. 1994 H. Bloom Western Canon iv xix. 436 Herself neither a Marxist nor a feminist,..[Virginia] Woolf is nevertheless an Epicurean materialist, like her precursor Walter Pater. 3. Biochemistry and Chemistry. A substance from which another is formed by a metabolic or other chemical process. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > [noun] > compounds > types > compound which precedes another precursor1884 1884 Proc. Royal Soc. 38 263 A body capable of converting the precursor of fibrinogen into fibrinogen. 1889 C. A. MacMunn Outl. Clin. Chem. Urine iii. 36 Although we know it [sc. urea] is formed from proteids, we cannot trace it back through its precursors—the intermediate products of metabolism. 1932 R. Robison Significance Phosphoric Esters in Metabolism i. 29 They concluded that the precursor of lactic acid in muscle..is hexosediphosphate or some closely allied compound. 1977 Sci. Amer. (U.K. ed.) July 40/2 Ozone and its precursor, atomic oxygen, are destroyed by catalytic reactions that depend on H and OH. 2001 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 21 June 83/2 It is enriched in beta carotene, a precursor of the vitamin (hence the golden color), which can only be converted to vitamin A in the body of an already well-nourished person. 4. Biology and Medicine. A cell which gives rise to another by differentiation. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > cell > types of cells > [noun] > other types of cells reticular cell1832 torula1833 reserve cell1842 subcell1844 parenchyma cell1857 pedicel cell1858 nettle cell1870 heterocyst1872 prickle cell1872 angioblast1875 palisade cell1875 sextant1875 spindle cell1876 neuroblast1878 body cell1879 plasma cell1882 reticulum cell1882 stem cell1885 Langhans1886 basal cell1889 pole cell1890 myelocyte1891 statocyst1892 mast cell1893 thrombocyte1893 iridocyte1894 precursor1895 nurse cell1896 amacrine1900 statocyte1900 mononuclear1903 oat cell1903 myeloblast1904 trochoblast1904 adipocyte1906 polynuclear1906 fibrocyte1911 akaryote1920 Rouget cell1922 Sternberg–Reed1922 amphicyte1925 monoblast1925 pericyte1925 promyelocyte1925 pituicyte1930 agamete1932 sympathogonia1934 athrocyte1938 progenitor1938 Reed–Sternberg cell1939 submarginal1941 delta cell1942 mastocyte1947 squame1949 podocyte1954 transformed cell1956 transformant1957 spheroplast1958 pinealocyte1961 immunocyte1963 lactotroph1966 mammotroph1966 minicell1967 proheterocyst1970 myofibroblast1971 cybrid1974 1895 Proc. Royal Soc. 59 71 Lymphocytes are the precursors of all forms [of leucocytes]. 1914 Lancet 11 July 82 At this latter stage the precursors of the red cells and the eosinophiles are notably reduced. 1941 C. K. Drinker & J. M. Yoffey Lymphatics, Lymph & Lymphoid Tissue viii. 268 The red cell precursors..present the same kind of problem as the myeloblasts. 2001 New Scientist 8 Sept. 104/1 (advt.) The successful applicant would be working on the analysis and characterisation of genes expressed through the process of differentiation of Schwann cells from their neural crest precursors. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1500
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