单词 | preventive |
释义 | preventiveadj.n. A. adj. 1. a. That prevents or guards against the occurrence of something; precautionary; acting as a hindrance or obstacle. Cf. preventative adj. 1. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > hindering completely or preventing > [adjective] checking1548 preclusory1609 preclusivea1626 preventivea1626 preventional1647 preventative1655 prevential1657 prohibitory1767 prohibitive1811 a1626 F. Bacon Considerations Warre with Spain (1629) 2 Warres preuentiue vpon just feares, are true defensiues, as well as vpon actuall inuasions. 1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre i. ix. 14 A preventive warre grounded on a just fear of an invasion is lawfull. 1769 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. IV. xviii. 251 This preventive justice consists in obliging those persons, whom there is probable ground to suspect of future misbehaviour, to..give full assurance to the public, that such offence as is apprehended shall not happen. 1789 J. Bentham Introd. Princ. Morals & Legisl. xvi. 220 An offence against..the preventive branch of the police. 1822 C. Ellis Clergyman's Assist. 325 (heading) Statutes preventive of blasphemy and profaneness. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues I. 111 The preventive nature of punishment. 1918 E. Pound Let. 15 Nov. (1971) 140 Similar preventive arrests would have prevented the Easter rising. 1958 New Statesman 15 Mar. 328/2 Since there is no ‘preventive censorship’, a paper which incurs the wrath of the government risks losing its entire press-run. 1993 Outdoor Canada Mar. 42/2 But despite the best preventive steps, breakdowns can still occur. b. Medicine. Protecting against or preventing disease; prophylactic; = preventative adj. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > types of treatment generally > [adjective] > preventative euectic1574 prophylactic1574 prophylactical1598 preventing1601 preventive1646 preventative1714 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iv. xiii. 230 Physicke is either curative or preventive . View more context for this quotation 1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 36 Posts of Houses..were plaster'd over with Doctors Bills..set off, with such flourishes as these, (viz.) Infallible preventive Pills against the Plague. 1781 H. Smythson Compl. Family Physician 83/1 By way of preventive medicine, a piece of rhubarb chewed now and then..will be found extremely useful. 1884 Pall Mall Gaz. 20 May 7/2 The celebrated scientist hopes..that the dogs inoculated by him with preventive virus will prove the correctness of his investigations. 1925 Woman's World (Chicago) Apr. 72/1 (advt.) Many dread diseases are traceable to tooth decay. Because of this, preventive dentistry is sweeping the United States. 1989 W. E. Steslicke in M. G. Field Success & Crisis in National Health Systems iv. 108 Control of communicable diseases including preventive vaccinations. c. Of the coastguard or a coastguard officer: concerned with the prevention of smuggling. Now chiefly historical. Cf. preventative adj. 3. ΘΚΠ society > law > law enforcement > law-enforcement or peace-officer > [adjective] > belonging to force preventing smuggling preventive1708 preventing1780 preventative1860 1708 J. Chamberlayne Gen. List Offices & Officers i. iv, in Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia (ed. 22) 562 Preventive Officer..[£]40. 1794 C. Stedman Hist. Amer. War I. (front matter) 63 Before she was entered at the custom-house, the master of the vessel, having in vain tampered with the preventive officer to obtain his permission, at last forcibly locked him up in the cabin. 1828 E. Bulwer-Lytton Pelham I. vii. 46 After having met..one officer on the preventive service. 1833 H. Martineau Loom & Lugger VI. i. i. 7 The Preventive Service..To prevent prohibited goods being brought on shore; to prevent smugglers' boats from landing. 1873 Mrs. H. Wood Master of Greylands I. 31 The heights were tolerably flat, and..the preventive men were enabled to pace. 1884 D. Pae Eustace 222 Preventive stations were planted at every harbour or likely landing-place. 1977 South China Morning Post (Hong Kong) 22 July 9/1 In the past week or two, the Preventive Service has made two large seizures of drugs. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > [adjective] ererc888 fernOE oldOE oldOE formerc1160 ratherc1330 before-goingc1384 formerc1384 forenexta1400 formea1400 while1399 antecedentc1400 precedentc1400 anteceding?a1425 late1446 whilom1452 preceding?a1475 forne1485 fore1490 heretofore1491 foregoing1530 toforegoing1532 further1557 firster1571 then1584 elder1594 quondam1598 forehand1600 previant1601 preallable1603 prior1607 anterior1608 previal1613 once1620 previous1621 predecessivea1627 antecedaneous?1631 preventive1641 prior1641 precedaneous1645 preventional1649 antegredient1652 senior1655 prevenient1656 precedential1661 antecedental1763 past-gone1784 antevenient1800 aforetime1835 one-time1850 onewhile1882 foretime1894 erstwhile1903 antecedane- ere- 1641 J. Milton Reason Church-govt. 36 A preventive fear least the omitting of this duty should be against me when I would store up to my self the good provision of peacefull hours. 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. ii. 73 Atoms..were not then directed by any previous Counsel or preventive Understanding. 1698 J. Norris Pract. Disc. Divine Subj. IV. 147 The First is previous to our Repentance, and indeed wholely preventive of any thing we can do. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > rigging > [adjective] > moving or working (of rigging) > of the nature of preventer preventive1831 1831 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal I. 110 When the blocks were made secure to the chain, two capstans and also two preventive capstans commenced working. 1846 Times 22 Jan. 8/3 The evidence led him to believe that the order for cutting away the preventive stay of the launch had been given. c1860 H. Stuart Novices or Young Seaman's Catech. (rev. ed.) 19 What is the use of yard tackles? For hoisting in and out boats and spars,..and for preventive braces. 1872 Daily News 12 Aug. 2/4 A seaman, told to ‘stand by’ the preventive back stay in readiness for gybing, had let it go. B. n. 1. A preventive or precautionary agent or measure; a means of prevention; a hindrance, an obstacle. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > hindering completely or preventing > [noun] > that which lockeOE floodgatec1230 stopc1508 staya1533 snub1581 prevention1584 embarment1606 allay1607 spar1614 counterchecka1616 gag1618 preventivea1639 check1661 preventative1691 embargo1692 closed door1934 policeman1951 block- a1639 H. Wotton Let. in Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1651) 487 Though it be a natural preventive to some evils. 1667 G. Digby Elvira ii. 18 Let us apply our thoughts to best preventives. 1769 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. IV. i. 10 Where the evil to be prevented is not adequate to the violence of the preventive, a sovereign that thinks seriously can never justify such a law. 1788 W. Marshall Provincialisms E. Yorks. in Rural Econ. Yorks. II. 351 To Sidelong, to fetter, as a preventive from straying. 1820 C. R. Maturin Melmoth Wanderer IV. xxvii. 199 That..was an equal preventive against his feeling any deep or bitter grief on his dissolution. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VII. 747 These [beverages]..are in most people powerful preventives of sleep. 1945 C. E. Balleisen Princ. Firearms x. 102 The use of Cosmolene or Rust Preventive No. 2 by the U.S. Army in this connection is well known. 1994 Harrowsmith Country Life Dec. 12/4 These [high frequency whistles] are also available at some truck stops in northern Ontario, but most observers agree that slowing down is the best preventive. 2. Medicine. A drug, foodstuff, procedure, etc., used to protect against or prevent disease. With against, of; also (rare) for. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > prophylactic medicine > [noun] preservativec1425 preservationc1475 prophylactic?1541 preserve1554 preservatory1654 preventive1666 preventative1699 phylactic1711 toxoid1900 1666 G. Harvey Morbus Anglicus 213 [The Ancients] thought it a great preventive to drink strong Wine once a month to that excess, as should force nature to return it both wayes. 1674 R. Godfrey Var. Injuries in Physick 203 Yet would I not have you think there are no Preventives, or means to preserve Health for the future. 1769 W. Buchan Domest. Med. ii. 533 When used as a preventive, it will be sufficient to rub daily a dram of the ointment into the parts about the wound. c1780 Rep. Committee Ho. Comm. (1802) 14 178 It was in the month of May 1780 that Dr. Jenner first informed him of the particular nature of the cow pox as a sure preventive of small pox. 1871 G. H. Napheys Prevention & Cure Dis. i. viii. 237 A more potent preventive has been found. 1925 E. A. Powell Map that is Half Unrolled xiii. 253 Whether quinine should be taken as a preventive of fever is one of those controversial questions. 1967 Times 28 Dec. 7/3 When I first started spraying my pastures with magnesium sulphate as a preventive against grass tetany. 1992 Sci. News 25 Jan. 60/2 EGF ‘may prove useful’ as a topical preventive for hair loss among cancer patients. 3. A contraceptive. Cf. preventative n. 3, prophylactic n. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > contraception or birth control > [noun] > a contraceptive preventive1822 contraceptive1891 preventative1901 precaution1935 protection1960 1822 F. Place Illustr. & Proofs Princ. Population v. 150 The proposals of Mr. Malthus, to persuade the poor that they have no right to eat.., as well as Mr. Godwin's infanticide, are..proposals to commence at the wrong end. The remedy alone can be found in preventives. 1901 E. B. Foote Home Cycl. iv. vii. 1137 To lessen the ‘vicious employment of preventives’ outside of marriage. 1943 R. Malkin Marriage, Morals & War 159 Lieutenant Colonel Gardner..gave happy birth to the idea of a pamphlet explaining venereal diseases, which..would be sold together with a set of preventives and prophylactics. 1961 A. H. Nethercot First Five Lives A. Besant vii. 117 Before marriage, pure will power and moral determination were to be the only preventives. Physical preventives were..against the will of God. 1990 Toronto Star (Nexis) 11 Feb. b2 ‘Lots of people change their behavior when they go on vacation,’ was the rationale given for this handout of preventives. Compounds preventive custody n. custody of a person accused of a crime and awaiting trial; remand; (also) = preventive detention n. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > arrest > [noun] > custody > type of free keeping1483 free ward1538 bail1581 preventive detention1858 preventive custody1897 P.D.1956 1897 Middleton (N.Y.) Daily Argus 6 Feb. The court..sentenced the prisoner to nine months' imprisonment, the seven months in which Kneebs has been in preventive custody to be considered as part of the sentence. 1931 Times 25 Feb. 15/7 The offender shall be detained for a period not exceeding 10 years in preventive custody. 1998 Hindu (Nexis) 6 Dec. Mr. Karunanidhi said that only those suspected to be indulging in militant activities were being taken into preventive custody. preventive detention n. the detention of a known or suspected criminal or political dissident in order to prevent further crime, etc. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > [noun] > as precautionary measure preventive detention1858 society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > arrest > [noun] > custody > type of free keeping1483 free ward1538 bail1581 preventive detention1858 preventive custody1897 P.D.1956 1858 Times 18 Feb. 9/4 The Government has the right to throw them into prison, and to leave them there whole months under preventive detention. 1959 Listener 16 Apr. 674/1 Southern Rhodesian Government publishes a new preventive detention bill. 1989 B. Head Tales Tenderness & Power (1990) 112 Two days later university students demonstrated outside the palatial mansion of the President for the release of Professor Okola from preventive detention. preventive diplomacy n. Politics an approach to diplomacy which seeks specifically to prevent the start or escalation of violent conflict; the methods by which this is achieved; cf. preventive war n. ΚΠ 1903 J. Morley Life Gladstone II. vi. ix. 413 The treaty of Washington and the Geneva arbitration stand out as the most notable victory of the nineteenth century of the noble art of preventive diplomacy. 1938 Times 23 Sept. 13/3 Mr. Churchill preaches the preventive war, while the Prime Minister practises preventive diplomacy. 2004 Burlington (Vermont) Free Press (Nexis) 7 June 5 a Questioning of why we can't learn preventive diplomacy and solve problems peacefully, without killing innocent people. preventive maintenance n. routine maintenance of a vehicle or other machine, intended to prevent problems from arising. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > preservation from injury or destruction > [noun] > preservation in being or maintenance > preserving in proper condition keepingc1330 upholdinga1350 maintaininga1387 maintenance1389 reparation1389 uphold1471 maintain1483 repair1524 keep1763 upkeep1884 upkeeping1899 preventive maintenance1937 1937 Times 16 Jan. 6/6 The booklet outlines a scheme of preventive maintenance, by which Morris owners may obtain periodical inspection and adjustment services. 1953 B. V. Bowden Faster than Thought iv. 86 The technique of preventive maintenance..has considerably reduced the number of valve failures which occur while the machines are running. 1991 Mech. Engin. Sept. 49/2 The new control..is designed to accept future developments such as improved diagnostics, expert systems, and preventive maintenance packages. preventive medicine n. (a) a preventive medicinal agent; also figurative; (b) the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention of disease. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > art or science of medicine > [noun] > preventive medicine preventive medicine1870 1683 S. Pordage tr. T. Willis Two Disc. Soul of Brutes ii. viii. 156 Thus much concerning the causes of the accidental and sudden Apoplexy, which falls indifferently upon all men, though not at all predisposed: for which also there can be no preventive Medicines [L. prophylaxis] instituted, and it is rarely that it is cured. 1769 W. Buchan Domest. Med. ii. 531 Dr Mead recommends a preventive medicine. 1819 Times 25 Aug. 2/1 The King early yesterday morning took a preventive medicine. 1870 Food Jrnl. Feb. 22 Preventive medicine received a great impulse by the labours of Coleman in relation to ventilation. 1990 Internat. Jrnl. Epidemiol. 19 780/1 The first rule in preventive medicine must be to do more good than harm. 2003 Washington Post 1 July (Home ed.) f6/3 My daughter..has been stabilized on topiramate (Topamax) as a preventive medicine. preventive war n. a war initiated by one state, faction, etc., in anticipation of (suspected) hostile intentions on the part of another. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > war > types of war > [noun] > other types of war just war1485 private war1548 preventive wara1626 angelomachy1635 Titanomachy1739 mountain warfarec1800 border-war1809 world war1848 theomachy1858 trench warfare1887 electronic warfare1946 asymmetric conflict1975 cyberwar1992 asymmetrical warfare1995 a1626 F. Bacon Cert. Misc. Wks. (1629) 21 A iust Feare will be a iust Cause of a Preuentiue War. 1702 Reasons for War with France & Spain 19 A War which is Necessary, is Just; and if a Preventive War be Necessary..it is also Just. 1887 Times 7 Feb. 5/3 At the end of the 19th century a preventive war cannot be justified on the ground that the other nation might later on think itself able to fight and do so. 1948 H. Nicolson Diary 29 Nov. (1968) 155 A preventive war is always evil. 1995 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 30 May 6 Any tension or Syrian concentration of forces would require an immediate decision on whether to launch a preventive war. Derivatives preˈventiveness n. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Preventiveness, the quality of being preventive; capability of preventing or hindering. 1921 Port Arthur (Texas) Daily News 22 Oct. 4/2 Vaccination is a form of health insurance that pays many thousands of dividends in preventiveness. 1993 Chem. Week (Nexis) 15 Dec. 6 We understand the benefits in terms of efficiency, preventiveness, and predictability that come from adherence to a national standard. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < |
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