ptarmigann.

Brit.

/ˈtɑːmᵻɡ(ə)n/, U.S.

/ˈtɑrməɡ(ə)n/

Forms:

α. Scottish pre-1700 tarmaken, pre-1700 termagant, pre-1700 termigan, pre-1700 termigant, pre-1700 termigen, pre-1700 tormichan, pre-1700 1700s tarmachan, 1700s tarmachin, 1700s tarmagan, 1700s tarmagant, 1700s tarmagen, 1700s tarmichen, 1700s tarmigan, 1700s termagan, 1700s tormican.

β. 1700s ptharmakin, 1700s– ptarmigan, 1800s ptarmagan; Scottish pre-1700 1700s– ptarmigan, 1700s ptarmachan, 1800s ptarmacan.

Origin: A borrowing from Scottish Gaelic. Etymon: Scottish Gaelic tàrmachan.

Etymology: < Scottish Gaelic tàrmachan < tàrmach, of uncertain origin (see note) + -an, suffix forming diminutives.Formally, a derivation from tàrmaich to originate, to grow, increase, to gather, collect, to settle (cognate with Irish tórmaich < an unattested prefixed form of Early Irish mogaid increases < the same Indo-European base as mickle adj.) is possible, perhaps with reference to the birds settling to breed. N.E.D. (1909) states that Scottish Gaelic tàrmach might be an early borrowing from an unknown language, according to Celtic scholars. The source of this statement could not be traced. A suggested derivation < toirm noise + -ach , suffix forming adjectives (with reference to the bird's distinctive call) poses phonological problems and may be due to folk etymology. The α forms in -ant probably show alteration, by folk etymology, after termagant n. In β. forms apparently by analogy with Greek words (e.g. πτερόν feather, wing; see ptero- comb. form) or English words of ultimately Greek origin (e.g. Ptarmica n.).

Frequently with unmarked plural.

1. A grouse, Lagopus mutus, which lives on rocky slopes and tundra in subarctic and boreal areas of the northern hemisphere, and at high altitudes in the Scottish Highlands, the Alps, and the Pyrenees, having mottled grey-brown and white plumage which changes to white in winter (apart from the black tail). Also called white grouse, rock grouse.The usual North American name is rock ptarmigan, which has been adopted in international lists.rock ptarmigan: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Tetraonidae (grouse) > [noun] > genus Lagopus > lagopus mutus (ptarmigan)

ptarmigan1599

white partridge1610

snow-hen1648

white game1678

lagopus1693

grey fowl1712

rype1744

white grouse1771

rock grouse1785

tanmerack1792

ripa1830

snow-grouse1884

lagopode1901

α.

1599 Sc. Acts James VI (1816) IV. 180/2 They discharge ony persone quhasumeuir..To sell or by ony..partridgis muir foullis blak cokis aithehenis Termiganis.

1617 King James VI & I Let. to Ld. Tullibardine in Gray Birds W. Scotl. (1871) 230 The known commoditie yee have to provide capercaillies and termigantis.

1618 J. Taylor Pennyles Pilgrimage F j. Capons, Chickins, Partridge, Moorecoots, Heathcocks, Caperkellies and Termagants.

1685 Sc. Acts James VII (1820) VIII. 475/2 That all persons forbear to Slay any Muirfoul, Heathfoul, Partridge, Quail, Duck or Mallard, Taile or Ataile or Tormichan from and after the first day of Lent to the first of July.

1754 E. Burt Lett. N. Scotl. II. xxi. 169 The Tormican is near about the Size of the Moor-Fowl (or Groust).

1799 J. Robertson Gen. View Agric. Perth 461 Grouse, heath-fowl and Tarmachans in abundance inhabit every hill.

β. 1684 R. Sibbald Scotl. Illustr. ii. iii. 16 Lagopus Avis Aldrov. Perdix alba Sabaudis..Nostratibus the Ptarmigan.1766 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. ii. 86 The tail of the Ptarmigan consists of sixteen feathers.1770 G. Cartwright Jrnl. (1792) I. 44 I killed a pair of eider ducks, a grouse, and a ptharmakin.1808 Sporting Mag. 32 214 A number of muir fowl..ptarmacans, rats, mice &c.1868 Queen Victoria Jrnl. 68 Albert left me to go after Ptarmigan.1904 Westm. Gaz. 7 Sept. 3/1 Ptarmigan-shooting would be tame sport were it not for the savagery of the sublime and sterile surroundings.1933 H. Ingstad Land of Feast & Famine v. 88 Occasionally a ptarmigan starts up under the very noses of the dogs.2001 R. Nicoll White Male Heart (2002) 364 It took the entire case of buckshot as well as the case of seven-shot they had brought for ptarmigan and grouse.

2. Chiefly North American.

a. In full white-tailed ptarmigan. A grouse of the Rocky Mountains, L. leucurus, that resembles L. muta but has a white tail.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Tetraonidae (grouse) > [noun] > genus Lagopus > lagopus leucurus (white-tailed ptarmigan)

white-tailed ptarmigan1834

ptarmigan1858

snow-quail1895

1858 S. F. Baird Birds (U.S. War Dept.: Rep. Explor. Route Pacific IX) ii. 636 (heading) in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (33rd Congr., 2nd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 91) White-tailed ptarmigan.

1886 Outing Dec. 201/1 A small covey of ptarmigan (mountain grouse) whirred up and settled at such provokingly short distance that I could not resist a couple of shots.

1917 Birds of Amer. II. 23/2 In few birds is protective coloration exhibited to such an extent as in these Ptarmigans that live along ‘the top of the world’.

1961 W. P. Keller Canada's Wild Glory iv. 198 Of our North American birds none has ever quite gripped my fancy like the white-tailed ptarmigan of our mountains.

1996 J. Updike In Beauty of Lilies 470 The shrouded vast realm of the mountain lion and grizzly bear,..the white-tailed ptarmigan and bald eagle.

b. More fully willow ptarmigan. The willow or red grouse, L. lagopus.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Tetraonidae (grouse) > [noun] > genus Lagopus > lagopus lagopus (red grouse)

moorfowl1504

grouse1531

moor game1611

red game1673

red grouse1769

willow partridge1772

red cock1775

moor-bird1812

red ptarmigan1819

willow grouse1850

willow ptarmigan1872

1872 E. Coues Key to N. Amer. Birds 235 Lagopus albus. Willow Ptarmigan.

1872 Harper's Mag. Dec. 33/1 It was a flock of the rare willow-grouse, or ptarmigan.., another habitant of subarctic regions.

1917 Birds of Amer. II. 20 Willow Ptarmigan... [Also called] Ptarmigan; Common Ptarmigan.

1947 J. H. Brown Outdoors Unlimited 314 Among the game birds of Alaska there is none bolder or more liked by the old-time sourdoughs than the male willow ptarmigan.

2003 Alaska Sept. 31 A willow ptarmigan clucks its guttural ‘good morning’ song.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	ptarmigan
释义	ptarmigann. Brit. /ˈtɑːmᵻɡ(ə)n/, U.S. /ˈtɑrməɡ(ə)n/ Forms: α. Scottish pre-1700 tarmaken, pre-1700 termagant, pre-1700 termigan, pre-1700 termigant, pre-1700 termigen, pre-1700 tormichan, pre-1700 1700s tarmachan, 1700s tarmachin, 1700s tarmagan, 1700s tarmagant, 1700s tarmagen, 1700s tarmichen, 1700s tarmigan, 1700s termagan, 1700s tormican. β. 1700s ptharmakin, 1700s– ptarmigan, 1800s ptarmagan; Scottish pre-1700 1700s– ptarmigan, 1700s ptarmachan, 1800s ptarmacan. Origin: A borrowing from Scottish Gaelic. Etymon: Scottish Gaelic tàrmachan. Etymology: < Scottish Gaelic tàrmachan < tàrmach, of uncertain origin (see note) + -an, suffix forming diminutives.Formally, a derivation from tàrmaich to originate, to grow, increase, to gather, collect, to settle (cognate with Irish tórmaich < an unattested prefixed form of Early Irish mogaid increases < the same Indo-European base as mickle adj.) is possible, perhaps with reference to the birds settling to breed. N.E.D. (1909) states that Scottish Gaelic tàrmach might be an early borrowing from an unknown language, according to Celtic scholars. The source of this statement could not be traced. A suggested derivation < toirm noise + -ach , suffix forming adjectives (with reference to the bird's distinctive call) poses phonological problems and may be due to folk etymology. The α forms in -ant probably show alteration, by folk etymology, after termagant n. In β. forms apparently by analogy with Greek words (e.g. πτερόν feather, wing; see ptero- comb. form) or English words of ultimately Greek origin (e.g. Ptarmica n.). Frequently with unmarked plural. 1. A grouse, Lagopus mutus, which lives on rocky slopes and tundra in subarctic and boreal areas of the northern hemisphere, and at high altitudes in the Scottish Highlands, the Alps, and the Pyrenees, having mottled grey-brown and white plumage which changes to white in winter (apart from the black tail). Also called white grouse, rock grouse.The usual North American name is rock ptarmigan, which has been adopted in international lists.rock ptarmigan: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Tetraonidae (grouse) > [noun] > genus Lagopus > lagopus mutus (ptarmigan) ptarmigan1599 white partridge1610 snow-hen1648 white game1678 lagopus1693 grey fowl1712 rype1744 white grouse1771 rock grouse1785 tanmerack1792 ripa1830 snow-grouse1884 lagopode1901 α. 1599 Sc. Acts James VI (1816) IV. 180/2 They discharge ony persone quhasumeuir..To sell or by ony..partridgis muir foullis blak cokis aithehenis Termiganis. 1617 King James VI & I Let. to Ld. Tullibardine in Gray Birds W. Scotl. (1871) 230 The known commoditie yee have to provide capercaillies and termigantis. 1618 J. Taylor Pennyles Pilgrimage F j. Capons, Chickins, Partridge, Moorecoots, Heathcocks, Caperkellies and Termagants. 1685 Sc. Acts James VII (1820) VIII. 475/2 That all persons forbear to Slay any Muirfoul, Heathfoul, Partridge, Quail, Duck or Mallard, Taile or Ataile or Tormichan from and after the first day of Lent to the first of July. 1754 E. Burt Lett. N. Scotl. II. xxi. 169 The Tormican is near about the Size of the Moor-Fowl (or Groust). 1799 J. Robertson Gen. View Agric. Perth 461 Grouse, heath-fowl and Tarmachans in abundance inhabit every hill. β. 1684 R. Sibbald Scotl. Illustr. ii. iii. 16 Lagopus Avis Aldrov. Perdix alba Sabaudis..Nostratibus the Ptarmigan.1766 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. ii. 86 The tail of the Ptarmigan consists of sixteen feathers.1770 G. Cartwright Jrnl. (1792) I. 44 I killed a pair of eider ducks, a grouse, and a ptharmakin.1808 Sporting Mag. 32 214 A number of muir fowl..ptarmacans, rats, mice &c.1868 Queen Victoria Jrnl. 68 Albert left me to go after Ptarmigan.1904 Westm. Gaz. 7 Sept. 3/1 Ptarmigan-shooting would be tame sport were it not for the savagery of the sublime and sterile surroundings.1933 H. Ingstad Land of Feast & Famine v. 88 Occasionally a ptarmigan starts up under the very noses of the dogs.2001 R. Nicoll White Male Heart (2002) 364 It took the entire case of buckshot as well as the case of seven-shot they had brought for ptarmigan and grouse. 2. Chiefly North American. a. In full white-tailed ptarmigan. A grouse of the Rocky Mountains, L. leucurus, that resembles L. muta but has a white tail. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Tetraonidae (grouse) > [noun] > genus Lagopus > lagopus leucurus (white-tailed ptarmigan) white-tailed ptarmigan1834 ptarmigan1858 snow-quail1895 1858 S. F. Baird Birds (U.S. War Dept.: Rep. Explor. Route Pacific IX) ii. 636 (heading) in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (33rd Congr., 2nd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 91) White-tailed ptarmigan. 1886 Outing Dec. 201/1 A small covey of ptarmigan (mountain grouse) whirred up and settled at such provokingly short distance that I could not resist a couple of shots. 1917 Birds of Amer. II. 23/2 In few birds is protective coloration exhibited to such an extent as in these Ptarmigans that live along ‘the top of the world’. 1961 W. P. Keller Canada's Wild Glory iv. 198 Of our North American birds none has ever quite gripped my fancy like the white-tailed ptarmigan of our mountains. 1996 J. Updike In Beauty of Lilies 470 The shrouded vast realm of the mountain lion and grizzly bear,..the white-tailed ptarmigan and bald eagle. b. More fully willow ptarmigan. The willow or red grouse, L. lagopus. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Tetraonidae (grouse) > [noun] > genus Lagopus > lagopus lagopus (red grouse) moorfowl1504 grouse1531 moor game1611 red game1673 red grouse1769 willow partridge1772 red cock1775 moor-bird1812 red ptarmigan1819 willow grouse1850 willow ptarmigan1872 willow ptarmigan1872 1872 E. Coues Key to N. Amer. Birds 235 Lagopus albus. Willow Ptarmigan. 1872 Harper's Mag. Dec. 33/1 It was a flock of the rare willow-grouse, or ptarmigan.., another habitant of subarctic regions. 1917 Birds of Amer. II. 20 Willow Ptarmigan... [Also called] Ptarmigan; Common Ptarmigan. 1947 J. H. Brown Outdoors Unlimited 314 Among the game birds of Alaska there is none bolder or more liked by the old-time sourdoughs than the male willow ptarmigan. 2003 Alaska Sept. 31 A willow ptarmigan clucks its guttural ‘good morning’ song. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1599
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