querkenv.

Brit.

/ˈkwəːk(ə)n/, U.S.

/ˈkwərkən/

Forms:

α. late Middle English qverken, late Middle English qwerchyn, late Middle English qwerken, late Middle English–1500s querken, late Middle English–1500s querkyn, 1500s–1600s quarken, 1600s quirken; English regional (chiefly northern and midlands) 1700s coken, 1700s quackned (south-eastern, past tense or past participle), 1700s– coaken, 1700s– querken, 1700s– quocken, 1800s quawken, 1800s– cooaken, 1800s– quirken, 1800s– quoaken; Scottish pre-1700 queiken (probably transmission error); N.E.D. (1902) also records a form late Middle English qwerkyn.

β. late Middle English–1600s whirken (northern); English regional (northern and north midlands) 1700s– wherken, 1700s– whirken, 1800s wherkin, 1800s wherkun, 1800s– wirken, 1800s– worken, 1800s– wurken, 1900s– werken; Scottish (southern) 1800s thwricken (perhaps transmission error), 1800s– whirken, 1800s– whurken.

Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps formed within English, by derivation.

Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps the reflex of an unattested Old English derivative verb (with suffixation in -en suffix⁵) < a Germanic noun represented by Middle Low German quarke , Old High German querca , Old Icelandic kverkr (plural), Norwegian kverk , Old Swedish qvärk , Danish kværk , all in sense ‘throat’ (see below); compare (without suffixation in -en suffix⁵) similar derivative verbs in other Germanic languages: Old Frisian querka , querdza , Middle Low German querken , Old Icelandic kvirkja , kyrkja , Norwegian kverke , Danish kværke . Alternatively, the Germanic noun may have been borrowed into English from early Scandinavian. The Germanic noun shows a reduplicative formation (parallel to classical Latin gurges gurges n., but with different vocalization) < an ablaut variant of the Indo-European base of classical Latin vorāre to devour (see vorant adj. and compare the Germanic forms cited at quar v.¹).Compare Orkney and Shetland Scots kwerk throat, kwerk to swallow with difficulty, cough, splutter, respectively < the unattested Norn reflexes of the early Scandinavian noun and verb represented by the Scandinavian forms listed above.

Now British regional (rare).

transitive. To choke (a person); to suffocate, stifle. Also intransitive: to choke; to vomit, retch.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > killing > killing by specific method > kill [verb (transitive)] > by smothering or suffocation

smorec725

athrysmc885

stranglea1300

overliea1382

forliea1400

to stop the breath (more rarely the wind) ofc1400

overlayc1425

querken1440

smoulder1481

suffoke1490

stiflea1535

smoor1535

smother1548

suffocate1599

asphyxiate1835

asphyxy1843

α.

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 420 Querkenyd, suffocatus..Querkyn, idem quod quellyn.

1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 249 The bytternesse of sorowe querkynde & stopped..the virgins harte.

1540 J. Palsgrave tr. G. Gnapheus Comedye of Acolastus sig. Hij I haue a throte bolle almoste strangled, snarled, or quarkennyd with extreme hunger.

?1541 R. Copland Maner to Examyne Lazares in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens sig. Qiv Yf there apere any straytnes of breth as yf wolde querken [sic].

1607 T. Walkington Optick Glasse 124 It wil..send up such an ascending fome that it will bee ready to quirken and stifle vs.

1763 ‘T. Bobbin’ Whimsical Amusements Coaken, to strain in the act of vomiting.

1790 F. Grose Provinc. Gloss. (ed. 2) Quocken, to vomit. North.

1848 A. B. Evans Leicestershire Words 71 The wind was so high..that I was welly quockened.

1891 C. Wordsworth Rutland Words 28 My cough is fit to quocken me.

β. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 101 (MED) Þai war bothe whirkenid þer-with & deyid.1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Noyer, to drowne, to whirken, or stifle with water, etc.1792 W. Borrow in M. F. G.-B. Giner & M. Montgomery Knaresborough Workhouse Daybk. (2003) 196 She greved me so ill I got by throte and gave her a good harty squase She wherkend hard.1819 ‘P. Bobbin’ Sequel 16 I shud o' bin wherkunt in o' snift wi aw that nast stinkink hodge-podge.1923 G. Watson Roxburghshire Word-bk. 330 Whurken, to strangle..to choke or suffocate: ‘Whurken't wi' asma.’

Derivatives

querkening n. and adj.

ΚΠ

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 420 Querkenynge [?a1475 Winch. Qverkenyng], suffocacio.

?a1450 in Neuphilol. Mitteilungen (1972) 73 204 (MED) Querkenyng.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Suffocation, a suffocation,..whirkening.

1616 J. Deacon Tobacco Tortured sig. *3^v They do eftsoones begin to fall forthwith into many quarkening Peripneumonies, and suffocating Ptisickes.

1824 J. Telfer Border Ballads 62 A rumbling noise they hearde aneathe, And a whirk'ning reek they fand.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	querken
释义	querkenv. Brit. /ˈkwəːk(ə)n/, U.S. /ˈkwərkən/ Forms: α. late Middle English qverken, late Middle English qwerchyn, late Middle English qwerken, late Middle English–1500s querken, late Middle English–1500s querkyn, 1500s–1600s quarken, 1600s quirken; English regional (chiefly northern and midlands) 1700s coken, 1700s quackned (south-eastern, past tense or past participle), 1700s– coaken, 1700s– querken, 1700s– quocken, 1800s quawken, 1800s– cooaken, 1800s– quirken, 1800s– quoaken; Scottish pre-1700 queiken (probably transmission error); N.E.D. (1902) also records a form late Middle English qwerkyn. β. late Middle English–1600s whirken (northern); English regional (northern and north midlands) 1700s– wherken, 1700s– whirken, 1800s wherkin, 1800s wherkun, 1800s– wirken, 1800s– worken, 1800s– wurken, 1900s– werken; Scottish (southern) 1800s thwricken (perhaps transmission error), 1800s– whirken, 1800s– whurken. Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps formed within English, by derivation. Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps the reflex of an unattested Old English derivative verb (with suffixation in -en suffix⁵) < a Germanic noun represented by Middle Low German quarke , Old High German querca , Old Icelandic kverkr (plural), Norwegian kverk , Old Swedish qvärk , Danish kværk , all in sense ‘throat’ (see below); compare (without suffixation in -en suffix⁵) similar derivative verbs in other Germanic languages: Old Frisian querka , querdza , Middle Low German querken , Old Icelandic kvirkja , kyrkja , Norwegian kverke , Danish kværke . Alternatively, the Germanic noun may have been borrowed into English from early Scandinavian. The Germanic noun shows a reduplicative formation (parallel to classical Latin gurges gurges n., but with different vocalization) < an ablaut variant of the Indo-European base of classical Latin vorāre to devour (see vorant adj. and compare the Germanic forms cited at quar v.¹).Compare Orkney and Shetland Scots kwerk throat, kwerk to swallow with difficulty, cough, splutter, respectively < the unattested Norn reflexes of the early Scandinavian noun and verb represented by the Scandinavian forms listed above. Now British regional (rare). transitive. To choke (a person); to suffocate, stifle. Also intransitive: to choke; to vomit, retch. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > killing > killing by specific method > kill [verb (transitive)] > by smothering or suffocation smorec725 athrysmc885 stranglea1300 overliea1382 forliea1400 to stop the breath (more rarely the wind) ofc1400 overlayc1425 querken1440 smoulder1481 suffoke1490 stiflea1535 smoor1535 smother1548 suffocate1599 asphyxiate1835 asphyxy1843 α. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 420 Querkenyd, suffocatus..Querkyn, idem quod quellyn. 1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 249 The bytternesse of sorowe querkynde & stopped..the virgins harte. 1540 J. Palsgrave tr. G. Gnapheus Comedye of Acolastus sig. Hij I haue a throte bolle almoste strangled, snarled, or quarkennyd with extreme hunger. ?1541 R. Copland Maner to Examyne Lazares in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens sig. Qiv Yf there apere any straytnes of breth as yf wolde querken [sic]. 1607 T. Walkington Optick Glasse 124 It wil..send up such an ascending fome that it will bee ready to quirken and stifle vs. 1763 ‘T. Bobbin’ Whimsical Amusements Coaken, to strain in the act of vomiting. 1790 F. Grose Provinc. Gloss. (ed. 2) Quocken, to vomit. North. 1848 A. B. Evans Leicestershire Words 71 The wind was so high..that I was welly quockened. 1891 C. Wordsworth Rutland Words 28 My cough is fit to quocken me. β. c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 101 (MED) Þai war bothe whirkenid þer-with & deyid.1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Noyer, to drowne, to whirken, or stifle with water, etc.1792 W. Borrow in M. F. G.-B. Giner & M. Montgomery Knaresborough Workhouse Daybk. (2003) 196 She greved me so ill I got by throte and gave her a good harty squase She wherkend hard.1819 ‘P. Bobbin’ Sequel 16 I shud o' bin wherkunt in o' snift wi aw that nast stinkink hodge-podge.1923 G. Watson Roxburghshire Word-bk. 330 Whurken, to strangle..to choke or suffocate: ‘Whurken't wi' asma.’ Derivatives querkening n. and adj. ΚΠ Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 420 Querkenynge [?a1475 Winch. Qverkenyng], suffocacio. ?a1450 in Neuphilol. Mitteilungen (1972) 73 204 (MED) Querkenyng. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Suffocation, a suffocation,..whirkening. 1616 J. Deacon Tobacco Tortured sig. 3^v They do eftsoones begin to fall forthwith into many quarkening Peripneumonies, and suffocating Ptisickes. 1824 J. Telfer Border Ballads* 62 A rumbling noise they hearde aneathe, And a whirk'ning reek they fand. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < v.1440
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