radiumn.

1899 P. Curie et al. in Chem. News 6 Jan. 1/2 These different reasons lead us to believe that the new radio-active substance contains a new element, to which we propose to give the name of radium.

1903 Daily Mail 11 Sept. 3/1 All the speakers recognised that the discovery of radium, with its apparent power of emitting heat for ever without diminution, has opened the door to something like a new world of science.

1909 ‘O. Henry’ Roads of Destiny xxi. 358 ‘Change the treatment,’ says I... ‘Call a consultation or use radium or smuggle me in some saws or something.’

1933 Bowing & Fricke in O. Glasser Sci. of Radiol. xv. 281 The paramount advantage of the use of radium in medicine..consists in the proved fact that the rays of radium have a selective action on cancer cells.

1950 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) X. 446/1 The history of radium refining during the 50 years, 1898–1948,..covers the rise of radium from a scientific curiosity to a commodity of almost fabulous value and wide importance, and its subsequent relegation to a minor role following the development of the atomic pile.

1958 Daily Express 11 Mar. 7/1 An escape of radium at a hospital led to the dumping of tons of material down a disused pit shaft.

1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropædia VIII. 382/1 Metallic radium has high chemical reactivity. It dissolves in water with vigorous evolution of hydrogen.

1989 R. Pflaum Grand Obsession vi. 98 The most direct evidence for the..disintegration and transmutation theory was the continuous production of helium by radium.

2001 Nature 13 Dec. 697/3 Teletherapy units using radium are limited in usefulness by the low radiation intensities produced by the small amounts of radium which can be used.

1904 E. Rutherford in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 8 636 For convenience, the products in the active deposit will be termed Radium A, Radium B and Radium C, respectively.

1904 E. Rutherford in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 8 641 Following the nomenclature suggested, radium C gives rise to the β ray product, which will be called Radium D, while radium D changes into the α ray product, which will be called Radium E.

1905 E. Rutherford in Nature 9 Feb. 342 In order to avoid confusion, I have called the new radium product ‘radium D₁’. If no further intermediate products of radium are brought to light, it would be simpler to call it radium E and to call the α ray product (polonium) radium F.

1905 E. Rutherford in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 10 293 This rayless product will be called radium D. The β ray product which arises from it will be called radium E. The α ray product (previously termed radium E) will be called Radium F.

1908 E. Rutherford in Nature 5 Mar. 423/1 Radium G is identical with the first radio-active substance separated from pitchblende by Madame Curie, viz. polonium.

1911 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 6th Ser. 22 628 So far only two components have been definitely distinguished, and these will be called radium C₁ and radium C₂. Fajans has suggested that the name radium C₂ should be given to the new product of period 1·4 minutes.

1933 Failla & Quimby in O. Glasser Sci. of Radiol. xiii. 249 In about a month the equilibrium amounts of radon and radium A, B, and C will have accumulated, and the preparation has a maximum beta and gamma ray activity.

1966 Analytica Chimica Acta 36 287 Bismuth-210 (radium E) in admixture with lead-210 (radium D) and polonium-210 (radium F) was also obtained from the Radiochemical Centre.

1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropædia VIII. 382/1 A sample of radium, sealed to prevent the escape of gaseous radon, reaches radioactive equilibrium in about a month and becomes a powerful source of gamma radiation, due especially to radium C (bismuth-214).

1984 J. C. Polkinghorne Quantum World (BNC) 52 The times one had to wait for this to happen varied very greatly from nucleus to nucleus... For example Radium C″ obliged after only a thousandth of a second whilst the not so different Thorium took, on average, ten thousand million years.

2001 O. Sacks Uncle Tungsten xxiii. 285 The end points of each series were similar—radium G, actinium E, and thorium E, so-called, were all isotopes of lead.

1903 Daily Mail 11 Sept. 3/1 Illustrating the amazing properties of a radium atom.

1995 Appl. Radiation & Isotopes 46 621 The distribution of radium atoms within the grains is expected to play a major role in the rate of [radon] emanation.

1899 Proc. Royal Soc. 66 419 Radium salts are said not to be precipitated by ammonium sulphide or by ammonia.

1905 R. Kipling Actions & Reactions (1909) 121 An expense of one hundred and seventy-odd pounds..for radium salts and such trifles.

1988 Jrnl. Environmental Radioactivity 6 49 A study of the uptake of ²²⁶Ra by vegetables was carried out in zones contaminated by wastes from an abandoned radium salts factory.

1922 Mansfield (Ohio) News 5 Mar. 5/2 (heading) New radium source is found in Brazil.

1992 N.Y. Times 1 Dec. c1/6 Dr. Agnew did ‘grunt work’, as he puts it, using radium sources to make scientific measurements and getting a hefty radiation dose.

1903 Ogden (Utah) Standard 13 Oct. 6/5 (headline) The radium treatment. How doctors are using the mysterious metal.

1936 Discovery Nov. 351/2 Apparatus for radium treatment recently installed at the Hampstead annexe of Westminster Hospital.

1994 Sci. News 10 Sept. 173/2 Throughout the 1950s, radium treatment for such conditions as inflamed adenoids and tonsils, acne, ringworm..and otitis media ‘was considered good medical practice and effective treatment’.

1904 Daily Leader (Davenport, Iowa) 24 Jan. 1/4 What is claimed to be the richest radium bearing earth in the world has been discovered.

1937 Life 16 Aug. 52/2 (caption) Chemist washes radium-bearing crystals with an atomizer.

1992 Energy Sources 14 149 Usually the contamination is limited to small areas lying near streambeds where radium-bearing waters have flowed.

1904 Daily Chron. 2 Sept. 8/3 A magnificent mantle fully trained and made of radium-coloured taffetas mousseline, the blue, pink, and moonlight shades of which mingle with one another.

1933 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 12 Aug. 533/2 The work before the radium beam therapy research will be to..discover how far the present limited field of operation for a mass radium unit..may be extended.

1956 J. K. Robertson Radiol. Physics xii. 227 In radium beam therapy, the source contains several grams of this radioactive element.

1998 Yale Law Jrnl. 107 1661 Plaintiff claims..that, while he was in custody, defendant injected him with a radium beam.

1929 Lancet 4 May 947/2 The radium-bombs are at work, but the treatment of carcinoma of the breast has not progressed.

1952 W. M. Levitt Handbk. Radiotherapy iii. 42 It is probable that the radium bomb can do nothing that super-voltage x-ray therapy cannot do at least as well.

1998 Radiotherapy & Oncol. 49 212/1 By the end of the 1920s, sufficient amount of radium was available for allowing development of teleradium machines, also known as the radium bomb.

1908 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 30 May 1871/1 (heading) Radium burns of the skin.

1940 S. Cade Malignant Dis. & Treatm. by Radium 246 Radium burns of the skin or mucous membrane may take 8 to 10 months to heal.

2002 Brachytherapy 1 167/2 Becquerel and Pierre Curie reported self-inflicted radium burns.

1904 Daily Herald (Decatur, Illinois) 31 May 2/2 A radium clock, which will keep time indefinitely, has been constructed by Harrison Martindale, of England.

1905 E. Rutherford Radio-activity (ed. 2) iv. 123 This ‘radium clock’ should work at a sensibly uniform rate for many years, but..the number of β particles emitted would decrease exponentially with the time, falling to half value in about 1200 years.

1951 I. Asimov Foundation ii. i. 42 The radium clock will open the First Vault in three months.

1913 N.Y. Times 8 Dec. 4/4 (advt.) Radium dial clocks.

1947 Radiology 49 286/2 Reports on the radium-dial painters described patients with terminal anaemia.

1989 C. Caufield Multiple Exposures (1990) xii. 126 AEC officials frequently compared exposure to fallout to having a chest X-ray or wearing a watch with a radium dial.

1901 Nature 13 June 157/2 The radium emanation..preserved its radiating power for several weeks.

1946 F. E. Zeuner Dating Past x. 318 As radium decays, a gas called radium-emanation is formed which, in turn, emits another atom of helium and thereupon changes into a solid substance, called radium A.

1984 N. N. Greenwood & A. Earnshaw Chem. of Elements (1986) xviii. 1043 Element 86..is a short-lived, radioactive element, formerly known as radium-emanation or niton.

1915 Lancet 22 May 1080/2 A Malignant Tumour at the base of the tongue had entirely disappeared after treatment with radium needles.

1959 C. L. Martin & J. A. Martin Low Intensity Radium Therapy iii. 33 Low intensity radium needles still seem to provide the best available medium for interstitial therapy.

2006 Appl. Radiation & Isotopes 64 979 Radium needles that were once implanted into tumours as a cancer treatment are now obsolete and constitute a radioactive waste problem.

1907 Proc. Royal Soc. 80 56 The helium in radio-active minerals may always be attributed to the action of the uranium-radium series of transformations.]

1909 Science 28 May 866/2 The radium series of elements was not disclosed by the spectrum of the Spiral Nebula N. G. C. 1068.

1947 Nucleonics Dec. 44/1 The best source of radioactive lead is the decay product of the radium series, Pb ²¹⁰ (RaD).

2013 Jrnl. Cleaner Production 60 79/2 The samples were..sealed in 100 ml. polyethylene jars for a minimum of 20 days (to allow radium series decay progeny to reach secular equilibrium).

1904 Med. Electrol. & Radiol. 5 336 (heading) Radiumtherapy.

1931 G. B. Shaw Doctors' Delusions 28 Nobody would dream of excluding radium therapy from the medical curriculum merely because more nonsense has been written about radium than about the philosopher's stone.

1997 Jrnl. Surg. Oncol. 65 218 During the past 25 years, brachytherapy has become safer and more versatile than earlier radium therapy.