Etymology: Probably originally the same word as rope n.¹ (see below), now distinct in form in the senses below. Compare Middle Dutch reep strip of land (especially along water), region, district, Middle Low German reip piece of land of a certain size, Old High German reiffa territory, all spec. uses of the forms cited at rope n.¹ In Old English attested only in Domesday Bk. Compare post-classical Latin rapum (from 1086 in British sources), rapa, rapus (from 13th cent. in British sources), ropa (15th cent. in a British source).Although the Old English and Latin words are both first attested in Domesday Bk., the administrative units are referred to there as existing before the Norman Conquest. The English word may have been borrowed into Anglo-Norman; some of the early examples given here could alternatively be interpreted as showing this loan. rope n.¹ may have developed this sense with allusion to the unit used to measure out the land (compare rope n.¹ 2a), or perhaps with the idea of land roped off from the surrounding area, arguably reflecting the documented practice in some Germanic countries of defining the precinct of an open-air court in this way. For further discussion see A. Mawer & F. M. Stenton Place-Names Sussex (1929) I. 8–10. Derivation from Old Icelandic hreppr poor-law district, parish, has also been suggested, but is unlikely on phonological grounds. Compare the place names Rap (c1180; now Rope, Cheshire), and Roplande (1278; now Roper Lane, Kent), which may originally have denoted land roped off, measured by the rope, or measured out using a rope (compare rope n.¹ 2a).

Etymology: < rape v.¹ (although this is first attested slightly later). Compare earlier rap n.¹

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman rap, raap, rape violent seizure, abduction, rape, forced sexual intercourse (late 13th cent.), probably ultimately < classical Latin rapere to seize (see rape v.²), perhaps via post-classical Latin rapum rape, forced sexual intercourse, violence (frequently from 1180 in British sources). Compare post-classical Latin rapa (1411 in a British source), and also raptus raptus n. Compare rape v.², and also rapt n. 2, ravishment n.It is unclear whether the following earlier example is to be interpreted as Middle English or Anglo-Norman:1291–2 Manorial Documents in Mod. Philol. (1936) 34 58 W. de G. fecit Rape in domo Richardi Topat Mitild Coln.

Etymology: < classical Latin rāpum, neuter (also rāpa, feminine), turnip, probably related to Hellenistic Greek ῥάπυς, Old High German ruoba (Middle High German ruobe, rüebe, German Rübe), Old Russian rěpa (Russian repa, †rěpa), Polish rzepa, Serbian repa, Lithuanian ropė, all in same sense, although the nature of the relationship is unclear.In sense 1b by confusion between classical Latin rāpa and raphanus Raphanus n.; compare raphe n.¹ In sense 2 perhaps partly < Middle Dutch rāpe, raep (1270; Dutch raap turnip, rape) < classical Latin rāpa; compare Middle High German rabe, rape, rappe (German (now obsolete or regional) Rape, Rabe, Raben, Räben turnip).

Etymology: < Middle French rape (see rasp n.¹). Compare later rasp n.¹Quot. 1404 shows a vernacular word in a post-classical Latin context. It is possible that it may show an Anglo-Norman parallel rather than the Middle English word. (The word is apparently not otherwise attested in this sense in Anglo-Norman, but this is probably simply an accident of the historical record.)

Etymology: < Middle French, French †rappé (1391), †rapé (1600; a1200 in Old French as raspez ; now râpé ) weak wine made from marc < Old French, Middle French raspe rape n.⁸ + -é -y suffix⁵. Compare slightly earlier raspe adj., and later rape n.⁸With rape wine at sense 1 compare French vin râpé (12th cent. in Old French as vin raspé).

Etymology: < French râpe marc (Old French, Middle French raspe (1202)), grape stalks (1563 in Middle French) < Old French rasper rasp v.¹, perhaps with allusion to the scraping of the grapes from the stalks in winemaking. Compare post-classical Latin raspa bunch of grapes (13th cent.). Compare earlier raspe adj., and also rape n.⁷

Etymology: < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic hrapa to fall down, to hurry, Norwegian rapa to fall down, to slide, Old Swedish rapa to fall down, to hurry) < the same Germanic base as the Germanic forms listed at rap v.¹ Compare rape n.², rap v.¹, and rape adv.

Etymology: Probably < classical Latin rapere to seize, take by force, to carry off, snatch away, to violate, to sack, plunder < the same Indo-European base as Lithuanian aprėpti to grasp, Albanian rrjep to peel, pluck, skin, rob, and perhaps ancient Greek ἐρεπτόμενος feeding on. Compare Old French rapir to seize a woman (13th cent.). Compare rap v.³, rap v.⁴ Compare also rape n.³The relationship, if any, with Middle Dutch rāpen to pick up, to seize, to abduct, to rob (Dutch rapen ), Middle Low German rāpen to seize, to grab, and with the Germanic forms listed at rap v.³ is not clear. With to rape and scrape at Phrases 2 compare Middle Low German schrāpen unde rāpen to rake in, to scrape together (money). In early use this word is often difficult to distinguish from rap v.³, which is attested in similar senses and phrases: with sense 1 compare rap v.³ 1; with to rape and run (also rend, wring) at Phrases 1 compare to rap and rend at Phrases at that entry. Some early examples of the past tense form rap'd may rather belong at rap v.³

Etymology: < Middle French, French râper rasp v.¹ Compare earlier rape n.⁶, rasp v.¹

Etymology: Perhaps < rape n.² or rape v.¹, or perhaps a back-formation < rapely adv. With use as adjective compare raply adj. Compare earlier rap n.¹, rap v.¹, and the Germanic adjectives cited at that entry.