beren.¹

Brit.

/bɪə/, U.S.

/bɪ(ə)r/, Scottish English

/bir/

Forms: early Old English–early Middle English beri- (in Latin context, in compounds), Old English bęre- (Mercian, in compounds), Old English (in compounds)–Middle English ber, Old English–1500s 1700s– bere, Middle English bare, 1500s–1700s beare, 1500s–1700s beer, 1500s 1700s beere, 1600s– bear (now rare); English regional 1800s beer (northern), 1800s beir (northern), 1800s bar- (Suffolk, in compounds); Scottish pre-1700 baire, pre-1700 bayr, pre-1700 beair, pre-1700 beare, pre-1700 beere, pre-1700 beir, pre-1700 beire, pre-1700 beyr, pre-1700 bier, pre-1700 bijr, pre-1700 birre, pre-1700 1700s– bear, pre-1700 1700s– beer, pre-1700 1700s– bere, pre-1700 (in compounds) 1800s bar, pre-1700 1900s– bair, pre-1700 1900s– ber, 1900s– bare (chiefly northern and north-eastern); Irish English (northern) 1900s– bare, 1900s– bere.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with (in different stem classes) North Frisian (Föhr, Amrum) bere , (Mainland) bär , ber , Old Icelandic barr , Gothic *baris (compare the derivative adjective barizeins made of barley) < the same Indo-European base as classical Latin farr- , far spelt, grain, (with suffixation) Old Church Slavonic brašĭno food, Old Russian borošĭno (farinaceous) food, and more remotely Early Irish bairgen , Welsh bara , both in the sense ‘bread’; further etymology uncertain and disputed, perhaps < an Indo-European base meaning ‘point, spike, bristle’ reflected in barse n., birse n., bristle n., etc. (the grain being so called on account of its shape), or perhaps a loanword from a non-Indo-European substrate language.In Old English a strong masculine i -stem (bere ), whereas in Old Icelandic a strong neuter a -stem (barr ; in which the final -r is part of the stem (reflecting Germanic -z )); this pattern reflects an underlying Germanic s -stem noun which underwent a divergent development in West Germanic and North Germanic (compare discussion at eye n.² and hete n.¹, and see further D. Ringe From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (ed. 2, 2017) 310–11). The importance of barley as the principal cereal crop of the early Anglo-Saxon period is reflected in the many place names with Old English bere as an element (significantly more than e.g. hwǣte wheat n., which replaced barley as the main cereal crop in England from the 10th cent onwards). Hence the word seems also sometimes to have been used generically to mean ‘corn’, as is shown by some early compounds in a more general sense; compare e.g. bere floor n. at Compounds 2, and also barn n., barton n.¹

Now chiefly Scottish.

Originally: barley, Hordeum vulgare. In later use spec.: six-rowed barley, a high-protein variety having six longitudinal rows of fertile spikelets in each spike, now chiefly used in the production of alcoholic beverages. Cf. bere barley n. at Compounds 2.knocked bere, ring bere, rough bere, Scotch bere, ware bere: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > barley

bere corneOE

bereOE

barley1124

John Barleycornc1625

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xii. 278 Bere is swiðe earfoðe to gearcigenne, & þeahhwæðre fet þone mann þonne he gearo bið.

lOE Laws: Rectitudines (Corpus Cambr.) iv. §1. 446 He sceal syllan..on Martinus mæssedæg xxiii systra beres & ii henfugelas.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 141 Þe asse of þe melle..ase bleþeliche berþ bere ase huete.

a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) vii. l. 3615 A bol of bere for viii. or ten..saulde was þen.

1577 W. Harrison Descr. Scotl. iv. 5/1 in R. Holinshed Chron. I Abundance of Barley whiche the Scottes call Beir.

1692 Proclam. William & Mary discharging Importation Forraign Victual 6 Jan. (single sheet) The Importing and bringing from Forraign Countreys any Wheat, Bear, Barley, Oats, Meal, or Malt, into this Kingdom, is highly prejudicial to the Native Product thereof.

c1735 J. Swift Dialogue in Hybernian Stile (1977) 164 I always brew with my own bear.

1772 T. Pennant Tours Scotl. (1774) 245 Thatched with the Straw of bear pulled up by the roots.

1820 W. Scott Monastery I. i. 83 The feuars raised tolerable oats and bear.

1939 Folklore 50 347 Dr. Gregor reports that bere (barley) was thrown over the boat as her name was called, and before the boat feast was given.

2002 C. De Luca Plain Song 36 Someen man a..gied dem bere an kale fae Ireland's strippit rigs or Bigton's toons.

Compounds

C1. General use as a modifier, as in bere bannock, bere bread, bere crop, beremeal, etc.See also bearbind n., barn n., barton n.¹

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > flat cake of bread

cakec1225

tharf-cake1362

cake-breadc1400

bannock1483

bere bannockc1550

torte1555

fadge1609

breadcake1635

riddle cake1673

jonikin1676

tortilla1699

cookie1701

johnnycake1739

journey cake1754

galette1775

pone1796

riddle bread1797

ash-cake1809

chapatti1810

papad1813

poppadom1820

puri1831

roti1838

Rhode Island johnnycake1866

wrap1969

chapo1993

the world > food and drink > food > meal > [noun] > barley meal

polentaOE

barley-meal1382

polent1577

beremeal1753

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun] > barley-bread

barley-breadc1320

bere bread1890

OE Lacnunga (2001) I. lxviii. 56 Wið þeore: genim cwicrinde & æscrinde & berehalm, wel in wætere.

?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 17 Nim beremele and cned hyt mid huniȝe.

a1400 Siege Jerusalem (Laud) (1932) l. 130 Fyf þousand of folke..With two fisches he fedde & fif ber [c1450 BL Add. barly] loues.

c1550 Descr. Pedder Coffeis (Bannatyne MS) And beir bonnokis with thame thay tak.

1594 Edinb. Test. XXVI. f. 292, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Bere I leif to William Mure my kyndnes & possessioun of the beir ȝaird.

1659 A. Hay Diary 6 Sept. (1901) 128 That Joⁿ Broun should caray away his beer crop.

1661 in R. Renwick Extracts Rec. Royal Burgh of Lanark (1893) 187 To stand..with ane beir sheiff on hir bak.

1753 Scots Mag. 15 54/2 Bear-meal 7d.

1890 Sc. Notes & Queries Sept. 77/2 Pease or bear-bread was a capital article.

1913 J. Service Memorables Robin Cummell xv He couldna' do't till he got bere caff.

1990 J. Reid in J. A. Begg & J. Reid Dipper & Three Wee Deils 21 Back at the fauld they happit her weel Wi clean bere strae in the best o the bield.

2002 Press & Jrnl. (Aberdeen) (Nexis) 12 Jan. 4 He is now producing a range of peasemeal, beremeal, oatmeal, bread flour, rye flour and plain flour.

C2.

bere awn n. now chiefly Scottish the awn of a grain of barley.

ΚΠ

1749 tr. F. Rabelais Faithful Acct. Life Dr. Sartorius Sinegradibus 13 At last, when the Doctor would needs brush the Parson's Eyes with Bear-Awns, pluck Hairs out of his Beard, to shew him in a Microscope,..; then the Parson began to suspect he was possest.

1836 Q. Jrnl. Agric. 7 No. 33. 47 The popular saying in Scotland, that the cuckoo becomes hoarse, or ceases her monotonous note when she gets a bear-awn in her throat.

1841 J. Mitchell Battle o' Speerits 13 I'll make him eat without a grace, A supper o' bear awns, This verra night.

a1859 Denham Tracts (1892) I. 288 A Berwick burgess speaks wi' a bunch o' bear-awns in his hause.

1977 J. Y. Mather & H. H. Speitel Ling. Atlas Scotl. II. 116 Awns (bristles of barley), [Aberdeen, Angus, Fife, Clackmannan, Selkirk] bere awns, [Kincardine] bair awns, [Angus, Perth, Stirling] bare awns, [Roxburgh] bear awns, beer awns, [etc.].

bere barley n. a variety of barley; esp. six-rowed barley; cf. main sense.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > barley > types of

bere barley?1523

battledore barley1848

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. x^v There be thre maner of barleis,..sprot barley, longe-eyre, and bere barley y^t some men call bygge... Beyr barley or bigge wold be sowen vpon lyght & dry grounde.

1765 T. Gray Let. Sept. in Corr. (1971) II. 889 The Castle stands in Strathmore (i:e: Great Vally)..cultivated every where to the foot of the Hills on either hand with oats or bere-barley.

1967 H. L. Edlin Man & Plants iii. 62 A six-rowed species known as Bere barley is sometimes called four-rowed because the spikelets appear to be arranged asymmetrically in four rows.

2005 Whisky Mag. Oct. 7/1 Bere barley, the original Viking crop brought to Scotland around 800AD, is being grown on..Islay for the first time in living memory by Bruichladdich distillery.

† bere corn n. Obsolete barley; a grain of barley.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > barley

bere corneOE

bereOE

barley1124

John Barleycornc1625

eOE (Kentish) Glosses to Proverbs of Solomon (Vesp. D.vi) in U. Kalbhen Kentische Glossen (2003) 154 Quasi tipsonas [read ptisanas] feriente : swa berecorn ðerccedum.

c1284 in S. R. Scargill-Bird Custumals Battle Abbey (1887) 67 Debent etiam omnes carrucarii habere primam acram quam seminant de bericorn.

1570 in W. Cramond Rec. Elgin (1903) I. 124 The deipnes of the lenth of ane bair coirn.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 559 The Beare corn or bearded Far.

† bere floor n. Obsolete a threshing floor.

ΚΠ

OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Luke iii. 17 Purgauit aream suam : clænseð berern uel bereflor his.

OE (Mercian) Rushw. Gospels: Matt. iii.12 Permundabit aream suam : þurhclęnsaþ his bęreflor.

† bere-seed n. Obsolete the seed of barley; the sowing of barley; the season for sowing barley.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > sowing > [noun] > seed for sowing

bere-seedeOE

seed corn?a1450

eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. xxix. 366 Ða heht he him beresæd bringan, gif wen wære, þæt þæt wexan wolde.

1587 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1587/7/35 Thairefter, the sessioun..to ryse and vacance to be for the beirseid during the moneth of Mai.

1830 A. Balfour Weeds & Wildflowers 127 But we've nae simmer now to what I've seen, when the owsen-pleugh was in the yoke at the bear-seed by the time that the sun appeared in the lift.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

† beren.²

Forms: Old English bære (rare), Middle English beare, Middle English beere, Middle English ber, Middle English bere, Middle English beree (transmission error), Middle English berre, Middle English–1500s beyr (northern); Scottish pre-1700 beare, pre-1700 beir, pre-1700 beire, pre-1700 bere, pre-1700 beyr, pre-1700 bier.

Origin: Probably formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: i-bere n.

Etymology: Probably shortened < Old English gebǣre i-bere n. Compare Old Frisian bēr, bēre, Middle Low German bēre, Middle High German bære, all in the sense ‘behaviour, demeanour’.The continental West Germanic parallels are probably likewise to be interpreted as reflexes of cognates of i-bere n. with loss of the prefix (i.e. the reflex of the Germanic base of y- prefix); in Old Frisian, in particular, loss of the prefix is regular. In Old English loss of y- prefix is not attested before the 11th cent. The Middle English unprefixed forms probably at least partly show phonological (aphetic) loss of the prefix (by this time weakened to a vowel).

Obsolete.

1. An action, a gesture; behaviour, conduct; demeanour. to take one's bere: to conduct oneself, behave (in a specified way). Cf. bearing n.¹ 4a.

ΚΠ

OE Aldhelm Glosses (Digby 146) in A. S. Napier Old Eng. Glosses (1900) 2/2 Gestibus : bærum, dædum [OE Brussels 1650 dædum].

c1390 Talkyng of Love of God (Vernon) (1950) 38 (MED) Þei be segede me..and maden me mony a res wiþ grennynde beere.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 16032 Þat [read þai] stert þam forth..Wit a fulbald bere [a1400 Gött. wid a ful baldli chere].

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 323 And at som tyme they toke their bere as hit had bene two rammys and horled togydyrs.

2. Clamour, outcry; commotion, din; loud cries of people or animals.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > voice or vocal sound > cry or shout (loudness) > [noun] > outcry or clamour

reamOE

ropeOE

brack?c1200

utas1202

hootinga1225

berec1225

noise?c1225

ludea1275

cryc1275

gredingc1275

boastc1300

utasa1325

huec1330

outcrya1382

exclamation1382

ascry1393

spraya1400

clamourc1405

shoutingc1405

scry1419

rumourc1425

motion?a1439

bemec1440

harrowc1440

shout1487

songa1500

brunt1523

ditec1540

uproar1544

clamouring1548

outrage1548

hubbub1555

racket1565

succlamation1566

rear1567

outcrying1569

bellowing1579

brawl1581

hue and cry1584

exclaiming1585

exclaim1587

sanctus1594

hubbaboo1596

oyez1597

conclamation1627

sputter1673

rout1684

dirduma1693

hallalloo1737

yelloching1773

pillaloo1785

whillaloo1790

vocitation1819

blue murder1828

blaring1837

shilloo1842

shillooing1845

pillalooing1847

shriek1929

yammering1937

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 1081 Nalde ȝe nawt bringen me..mid so bale bere [L. lamentabili planctu].

c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1978) l. 12890 Þo ihorde he wepe, wonderliche swiþe weape and wony, reuliche beares [c1275 Calig. wanliche iberen].

c1450 (?a1400) Duke Rowland & Sir Otuell (1880) l. 183 Ȝelde thi suerde to mee, & late be alle this bere.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxv. 330 Abyde, With all thi boste and beyr.

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vi. 30 Foulis..ande..beystis..maid grite beir.

1591 (?a1425) Annunciation & Nativity (Huntington) in R. M. Lumiansky & D. Mill Chester Myst. Cycle (1974) I. 112 I wott by this bosters beere [1592 BL Add. beare, 1607 Harl. 2124 bere] that trybute I muste paye.

1599 A. Hume Hymnes sig. D1 The foules and birdes that made thee [read the] beare Prepares their prettie nest.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2020; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

† beren.³

Forms: late Middle English bare, late Middle English bear, late Middle English beere, late Middle English ber, late Middle English–1500s bere; Scottish pre-1700 beir, pre-1700 ber, pre-1700 beyr.

Origin: Probably formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: pillow-bere n.

Etymology: Probably shortened < pillow-bere n., perhaps influenced by Middle Low German bǖre duvet cover, pillowcase (German regional (Low German: north-western) Büre ; > German Bühre ; now rare), probably < Middle French bure , denoting a type of cloth (see burel n.¹). Compare slightly earlier codbere n.

Obsolete.

A pillowcase. Cf. pillow-bere n.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > household linen > bedclothes > [noun] > pillow-case

pillow-berec1387

codbere1411

bed-bere1420

bere1440

transomer1459

codware?1488

pillow coat1534

tow1535

ware1551–2

pillow-tye1558

pilliver1582

pillowcase1633

pillow cover1644

pillowslip1793

slip1800

1440 in P. E. Jones Cal. Plea & Mem. Rolls London Guildhall (1954) V. 32 (MED) [4] pelows [with] berys, [5 s].

a1450 ( G. Chaucer Bk. Duchess (Tanner 346) (1871) l. 254 I wil ȝif him..many a pilow & euere bere Of cloþ of reynes to slepe soft.

1522 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 116 I beqwethe to Fraunces Wrethe..ij pelows w^t the berys.

1565 in Protocol Bk. G. Grote (1914) 69 Twa doun coddis witht beiris;..ane claytht cod witht ane beyr.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

† berev.

Forms: Middle English beere, Middle English ber, Middle English bere; Scottish pre-1700 beare, pre-1700 beir, pre-1700 beire, pre-1700 bere.

Origin: Apparently a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: i-bere v.²

Etymology: Apparently aphetic < i-bere v.² Compare bering adj., bering n.With sense 1 compare discussion of i-bere v.² 2. Perhaps compare also (unprefixed) Middle Dutch bāren , bēren in sense ‘to raise a clamour’, although this is usually interpreted as a different word: a semantic development of bāren to lay bare, to reveal (compare bare v. 2). In the continental Germanic languages, especially in Dutch, reflexes of the Germanic bases of i-bere v.² and bare v. can sometimes be difficult to distinguish. With sense 2 compare Middle Low German bāren , bēren , Middle High German bāren , in sense ‘to behave’, apparently showing a comparable loss of prefix (compare the Germanic parallels cited at i-bere v.²). In Middle English, unprefixed use in sense 2 is difficult to distinguish from bear v.¹ 10 and has probably usually merged with it. In quot. a1450 at sense 2, however, unlike bear v.¹ 10, the verb is not in reflexive construction. Compare bering adj. 2, bering n., which support the assumption of the survival of the verb also in this sense in northern Middle English. Possible attestation in Old English. The following example could conceivably be taken as showing earlier currency of the (unprefixed) verb in Old English in sense ‘to behave’, but is more likely to show prefixed i-bere v.² (with omission of a preceding personal pronoun gē):OE tr. Theodulf of Orleans Capitula (Corpus Cambr.) xlii. 395 On fæstendagum bið gesyne hwilcne willan ge habbað: on þæm dagum ge asecað ealle eowre borgas ond to gecide ond to geflytum ge fæstað, & swiðe arleaslice gebærað [perhaps read ge bærað], hynað eowre broðru.

Obsolete (Scottish in later use).

1. intransitive. To cry out, howl, roar. Also: to sing loudly; (of a voice or instrument) to resound.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > voice or vocal sound > cry or shout (loudness) > cry or shout [verb (intransitive)] > roar or bellow

bellOE

roarOE

berec1225

routc1300

romya1325

lowa1382

roungec1390

roupa1425

din1508

roust1513

hurl1530

bellow1603

belvea1794

boo-hoo1825

c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) l. 398 He wes imaket tus earmest alre þinge & berde [c1225 Royal iberde] as þe ful wiht.

c1390 in F. J. Furnivall Minor Poems Vernon MS (1901) ii. 619 To helle he horlede..Beerynge as a Beore whelp.

c1440 Tomas of Ersseldoune (Thornton) (1875) l. 31 (MED) Þe wodewale beryde als a belle, That alle þe wode a-bowte me ronge.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 3038 (MED) Þe breme bemen blaste beres [a1500 Trin. Dublin beryd] to þe welken.

1568 Christis Kirk on Grene in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) II. 267 Quhen thay had berit lyk baitit bulis.

c1600 W. Fowler tr. N. Machiavelli Prince in Wks. (1936) II. 193 Disturbd with youling hounds that hourlye beare.

2. intransitive. To behave, conduct oneself. Cf. bear v.¹ 10.Compare discussion of this sense in the etymology section.

ΚΠ

a1450 York Plays (1885) 2 (MED) Ay whils ȝhe ar buxumly berande.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2020; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

n.¹eOE

n.²OE

n.³1440

v.c1225

单词	bere
释义	beren.¹ Brit. /bɪə/, U.S. /bɪ(ə)r/, Scottish English /bir/ Forms: early Old English–early Middle English beri- (in Latin context, in compounds), Old English bęre- (Mercian, in compounds), Old English (in compounds)–Middle English ber, Old English–1500s 1700s– bere, Middle English bare, 1500s–1700s beare, 1500s–1700s beer, 1500s 1700s beere, 1600s– bear (now rare); English regional 1800s beer (northern), 1800s beir (northern), 1800s bar- (Suffolk, in compounds); Scottish pre-1700 baire, pre-1700 bayr, pre-1700 beair, pre-1700 beare, pre-1700 beere, pre-1700 beir, pre-1700 beire, pre-1700 beyr, pre-1700 bier, pre-1700 bijr, pre-1700 birre, pre-1700 1700s– bear, pre-1700 1700s– beer, pre-1700 1700s– bere, pre-1700 (in compounds) 1800s bar, pre-1700 1900s– bair, pre-1700 1900s– ber, 1900s– bare (chiefly northern and north-eastern); Irish English (northern) 1900s– bare, 1900s– bere. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with (in different stem classes) North Frisian (Föhr, Amrum) bere , (Mainland) bär , ber , Old Icelandic barr , Gothic baris (compare the derivative adjective barizeins* made of barley) < the same Indo-European base as classical Latin farr- , far spelt, grain, (with suffixation) Old Church Slavonic brašĭno food, Old Russian borošĭno (farinaceous) food, and more remotely Early Irish bairgen , Welsh bara , both in the sense ‘bread’; further etymology uncertain and disputed, perhaps < an Indo-European base meaning ‘point, spike, bristle’ reflected in barse n., birse n., bristle n., etc. (the grain being so called on account of its shape), or perhaps a loanword from a non-Indo-European substrate language.In Old English a strong masculine i -stem (bere ), whereas in Old Icelandic a strong neuter a -stem (barr ; in which the final -r is part of the stem (reflecting Germanic -z )); this pattern reflects an underlying Germanic s -stem noun which underwent a divergent development in West Germanic and North Germanic (compare discussion at eye n.² and hete n.¹, and see further D. Ringe From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (ed. 2, 2017) 310–11). The importance of barley as the principal cereal crop of the early Anglo-Saxon period is reflected in the many place names with Old English bere as an element (significantly more than e.g. hwǣte wheat n., which replaced barley as the main cereal crop in England from the 10th cent onwards). Hence the word seems also sometimes to have been used generically to mean ‘corn’, as is shown by some early compounds in a more general sense; compare e.g. bere floor n. at Compounds 2, and also barn n., barton n.¹ Now chiefly Scottish. Originally: barley, Hordeum vulgare. In later use spec.: six-rowed barley, a high-protein variety having six longitudinal rows of fertile spikelets in each spike, now chiefly used in the production of alcoholic beverages. Cf. bere barley n. at Compounds 2.knocked bere, ring bere, rough bere, Scotch bere, ware bere: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > barley bere corneOE bereOE barley1124 John Barleycornc1625 OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xii. 278 Bere is swiðe earfoðe to gearcigenne, & þeahhwæðre fet þone mann þonne he gearo bið. lOE Laws: Rectitudines (Corpus Cambr.) iv. §1. 446 He sceal syllan..on Martinus mæssedæg xxiii systra beres & ii henfugelas. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 141 Þe asse of þe melle..ase bleþeliche berþ bere ase huete. a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) vii. l. 3615 A bol of bere for viii. or ten..saulde was þen. 1577 W. Harrison Descr. Scotl. iv. 5/1 in R. Holinshed Chron. I Abundance of Barley whiche the Scottes call Beir. 1692 Proclam. William & Mary discharging Importation Forraign Victual 6 Jan. (single sheet) The Importing and bringing from Forraign Countreys any Wheat, Bear, Barley, Oats, Meal, or Malt, into this Kingdom, is highly prejudicial to the Native Product thereof. c1735 J. Swift Dialogue in Hybernian Stile (1977) 164 I always brew with my own bear. 1772 T. Pennant Tours Scotl. (1774) 245 Thatched with the Straw of bear pulled up by the roots. 1820 W. Scott Monastery I. i. 83 The feuars raised tolerable oats and bear. 1939 Folklore 50 347 Dr. Gregor reports that bere (barley) was thrown over the boat as her name was called, and before the boat feast was given. 2002 C. De Luca Plain Song 36 Someen man a..gied dem bere an kale fae Ireland's strippit rigs or Bigton's toons. Compounds C1. General use as a modifier, as in bere bannock, bere bread, bere crop, beremeal, etc.See also bearbind n., barn n., barton n.¹ ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > loaf > [noun] > flat cake of bread cakec1225 tharf-cake1362 cake-breadc1400 bannock1483 bere bannockc1550 torte1555 fadge1609 breadcake1635 riddle cake1673 jonikin1676 tortilla1699 cookie1701 johnnycake1739 journey cake1754 galette1775 pone1796 riddle bread1797 ash-cake1809 chapatti1810 papad1813 poppadom1820 puri1831 roti1838 Rhode Island johnnycake1866 wrap1969 chapo1993 the world > food and drink > food > meal > [noun] > barley meal polentaOE barley-meal1382 polent1577 beremeal1753 the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun] > barley-bread barley-breadc1320 bere bread1890 OE Lacnunga (2001) I. lxviii. 56 Wið þeore: genim cwicrinde & æscrinde & berehalm, wel in wætere. ?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 17 Nim beremele and cned hyt mid huniȝe. a1400 Siege Jerusalem (Laud) (1932) l. 130 Fyf þousand of folke..With two fisches he fedde & fif ber [c1450 BL Add. barly] loues. c1550 Descr. Pedder Coffeis (Bannatyne MS) And beir bonnokis with thame thay tak. 1594 Edinb. Test. XXVI. f. 292, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Bere I leif to William Mure my kyndnes & possessioun of the beir ȝaird. 1659 A. Hay Diary 6 Sept. (1901) 128 That Joⁿ Broun should caray away his beer crop. 1661 in R. Renwick Extracts Rec. Royal Burgh of Lanark (1893) 187 To stand..with ane beir sheiff on hir bak. 1753 Scots Mag. 15 54/2 Bear-meal 7d. 1890 Sc. Notes & Queries Sept. 77/2 Pease or bear-bread was a capital article. 1913 J. Service Memorables Robin Cummell xv He couldna' do't till he got bere caff. 1990 J. Reid in J. A. Begg & J. Reid Dipper & Three Wee Deils 21 Back at the fauld they happit her weel Wi clean bere strae in the best o the bield. 2002 Press & Jrnl. (Aberdeen) (Nexis) 12 Jan. 4 He is now producing a range of peasemeal, beremeal, oatmeal, bread flour, rye flour and plain flour. C2. bere awn n. now chiefly Scottish the awn of a grain of barley. ΚΠ 1749 tr. F. Rabelais Faithful Acct. Life Dr. Sartorius Sinegradibus 13 At last, when the Doctor would needs brush the Parson's Eyes with Bear-Awns, pluck Hairs out of his Beard, to shew him in a Microscope,..; then the Parson began to suspect he was possest. 1836 Q. Jrnl. Agric. 7 No. 33. 47 The popular saying in Scotland, that the cuckoo becomes hoarse, or ceases her monotonous note when she gets a bear-awn in her throat. 1841 J. Mitchell Battle o' Speerits 13 I'll make him eat without a grace, A supper o' bear awns, This verra night. a1859 Denham Tracts (1892) I. 288 A Berwick burgess speaks wi' a bunch o' bear-awns in his hause. 1977 J. Y. Mather & H. H. Speitel Ling. Atlas Scotl. II. 116 Awns (bristles of barley), [Aberdeen, Angus, Fife, Clackmannan, Selkirk] bere awns, [Kincardine] bair awns, [Angus, Perth, Stirling] bare awns, [Roxburgh] bear awns, beer awns, [etc.]. bere barley n. a variety of barley; esp. six-rowed barley; cf. main sense. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > barley > types of bere barley?1523 battledore barley1848 ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. x^v There be thre maner of barleis,..sprot barley, longe-eyre, and bere barley y^t some men call bygge... Beyr barley or bigge wold be sowen vpon lyght & dry grounde. 1765 T. Gray Let. Sept. in Corr. (1971) II. 889 The Castle stands in Strathmore (i:e: Great Vally)..cultivated every where to the foot of the Hills on either hand with oats or bere-barley. 1967 H. L. Edlin Man & Plants iii. 62 A six-rowed species known as Bere barley is sometimes called four-rowed because the spikelets appear to be arranged asymmetrically in four rows. 2005 Whisky Mag. Oct. 7/1 Bere barley, the original Viking crop brought to Scotland around 800AD, is being grown on..Islay for the first time in living memory by Bruichladdich distillery. † bere corn n. Obsolete barley; a grain of barley. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > barley bere corneOE bereOE barley1124 John Barleycornc1625 eOE (Kentish) Glosses to Proverbs of Solomon (Vesp. D.vi) in U. Kalbhen Kentische Glossen (2003) 154 Quasi tipsonas [read ptisanas] feriente : swa berecorn ðerccedum. c1284 in S. R. Scargill-Bird Custumals Battle Abbey (1887) 67 Debent etiam omnes carrucarii habere primam acram quam seminant de bericorn. 1570 in W. Cramond Rec. Elgin (1903) I. 124 The deipnes of the lenth of ane bair coirn. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 559 The Beare corn or bearded Far. † bere floor n. Obsolete a threshing floor. ΚΠ OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Luke iii. 17 Purgauit aream suam : clænseð berern uel bereflor his. OE (Mercian) Rushw. Gospels: Matt. iii.12 Permundabit aream suam : þurhclęnsaþ his bęreflor. † bere-seed n. Obsolete the seed of barley; the sowing of barley; the season for sowing barley. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > sowing > [noun] > seed for sowing bere-seedeOE seed corn?a1450 eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. xxix. 366 Ða heht he him beresæd bringan, gif wen wære, þæt þæt wexan wolde. 1587 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1587/7/35 Thairefter, the sessioun..to ryse and vacance to be for the beirseid during the moneth of Mai. 1830 A. Balfour Weeds & Wildflowers 127 But we've nae simmer now to what I've seen, when the owsen-pleugh was in the yoke at the bear-seed by the time that the sun appeared in the lift. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online December 2021). † beren.² Forms: Old English bære (rare), Middle English beare, Middle English beere, Middle English ber, Middle English bere, Middle English beree (transmission error), Middle English berre, Middle English–1500s beyr (northern); Scottish pre-1700 beare, pre-1700 beir, pre-1700 beire, pre-1700 bere, pre-1700 beyr, pre-1700 bier. Origin: Probably formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: i-bere n. Etymology: Probably shortened < Old English gebǣre i-bere n. Compare Old Frisian bēr, bēre, Middle Low German bēre, Middle High German bære, all in the sense ‘behaviour, demeanour’.The continental West Germanic parallels are probably likewise to be interpreted as reflexes of cognates of i-bere n. with loss of the prefix (i.e. the reflex of the Germanic base of y- prefix); in Old Frisian, in particular, loss of the prefix is regular. In Old English loss of y- prefix is not attested before the 11th cent. The Middle English unprefixed forms probably at least partly show phonological (aphetic) loss of the prefix (by this time weakened to a vowel). Obsolete. 1. An action, a gesture; behaviour, conduct; demeanour. to take one's bere: to conduct oneself, behave (in a specified way). Cf. bearing n.¹ 4a. ΚΠ OE Aldhelm Glosses (Digby 146) in A. S. Napier Old Eng. Glosses (1900) 2/2 Gestibus : bærum, dædum [OE Brussels 1650 dædum]. c1390 Talkyng of Love of God (Vernon) (1950) 38 (MED) Þei be segede me..and maden me mony a res wiþ grennynde beere. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 16032 Þat [read þai] stert þam forth..Wit a fulbald bere [a1400 Gött. wid a ful baldli chere]. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 323 And at som tyme they toke their bere as hit had bene two rammys and horled togydyrs. 2. Clamour, outcry; commotion, din; loud cries of people or animals. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > voice or vocal sound > cry or shout (loudness) > [noun] > outcry or clamour reamOE ropeOE brack?c1200 utas1202 hootinga1225 berec1225 noise?c1225 ludea1275 cryc1275 gredingc1275 boastc1300 utasa1325 huec1330 outcrya1382 exclamation1382 ascry1393 spraya1400 clamourc1405 shoutingc1405 scry1419 rumourc1425 motion?a1439 bemec1440 harrowc1440 shout1487 songa1500 brunt1523 ditec1540 uproar1544 clamouring1548 outrage1548 hubbub1555 racket1565 succlamation1566 rear1567 outcrying1569 bellowing1579 brawl1581 hue and cry1584 exclaiming1585 exclaim1587 sanctus1594 hubbaboo1596 oyez1597 conclamation1627 sputter1673 rout1684 dirduma1693 hallalloo1737 yelloching1773 pillaloo1785 whillaloo1790 vocitation1819 blue murder1828 blaring1837 shilloo1842 shillooing1845 pillalooing1847 shriek1929 yammering1937 c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 1081 Nalde ȝe nawt bringen me..mid so bale bere [L. lamentabili planctu]. c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1978) l. 12890 Þo ihorde he wepe, wonderliche swiþe weape and wony, reuliche beares [c1275 Calig. wanliche iberen]. c1450 (?a1400) Duke Rowland & Sir Otuell (1880) l. 183 Ȝelde thi suerde to mee, & late be alle this bere. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxv. 330 Abyde, With all thi boste and beyr. c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vi. 30 Foulis..ande..beystis..maid grite beir. 1591 (?a1425) Annunciation & Nativity (Huntington) in R. M. Lumiansky & D. Mill Chester Myst. Cycle (1974) I. 112 I wott by this bosters beere [1592 BL Add. beare, 1607 Harl. 2124 bere] that trybute I muste paye. 1599 A. Hume Hymnes sig. D1 The foules and birdes that made thee [read the] beare Prepares their prettie nest. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2020; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † beren.³ Forms: late Middle English bare, late Middle English bear, late Middle English beere, late Middle English ber, late Middle English–1500s bere; Scottish pre-1700 beir, pre-1700 ber, pre-1700 beyr. Origin: Probably formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: pillow-bere n. Etymology: Probably shortened < pillow-bere n., perhaps influenced by Middle Low German bǖre duvet cover, pillowcase (German regional (Low German: north-western) Büre ; > German Bühre ; now rare), probably < Middle French bure , denoting a type of cloth (see burel n.¹). Compare slightly earlier codbere n. Obsolete. A pillowcase. Cf. pillow-bere n. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > household linen > bedclothes > [noun] > pillow-case pillow-berec1387 codbere1411 bed-bere1420 bere1440 transomer1459 codware?1488 pillow coat1534 tow1535 ware1551–2 pillow-tye1558 pilliver1582 pillowcase1633 pillow cover1644 pillowslip1793 slip1800 1440 in P. E. Jones Cal. Plea & Mem. Rolls London Guildhall (1954) V. 32 (MED) [4] pelows [with] berys, [5 s]. a1450 ( G. Chaucer Bk. Duchess (Tanner 346) (1871) l. 254 I wil ȝif him..many a pilow & euere bere Of cloþ of reynes to slepe soft. 1522 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 116 I beqwethe to Fraunces Wrethe..ij pelows w^t the berys. 1565 in Protocol Bk. G. Grote (1914) 69 Twa doun coddis witht beiris;..ane claytht cod witht ane beyr. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online December 2020). † berev. Forms: Middle English beere, Middle English ber, Middle English bere; Scottish pre-1700 beare, pre-1700 beir, pre-1700 beire, pre-1700 bere. Origin: Apparently a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: i-bere v.² Etymology: Apparently aphetic < i-bere v.² Compare bering adj., bering n.With sense 1 compare discussion of i-bere v.² 2. Perhaps compare also (unprefixed) Middle Dutch bāren , bēren in sense ‘to raise a clamour’, although this is usually interpreted as a different word: a semantic development of bāren to lay bare, to reveal (compare bare v. 2). In the continental Germanic languages, especially in Dutch, reflexes of the Germanic bases of i-bere v.² and bare v. can sometimes be difficult to distinguish. With sense 2 compare Middle Low German bāren , bēren , Middle High German bāren , in sense ‘to behave’, apparently showing a comparable loss of prefix (compare the Germanic parallels cited at i-bere v.²). In Middle English, unprefixed use in sense 2 is difficult to distinguish from bear v.¹ 10 and has probably usually merged with it. In quot. a1450 at sense 2, however, unlike bear v.¹ 10, the verb is not in reflexive construction. Compare bering adj. 2, bering n., which support the assumption of the survival of the verb also in this sense in northern Middle English. Possible attestation in Old English. The following example could conceivably be taken as showing earlier currency of the (unprefixed) verb in Old English in sense ‘to behave’, but is more likely to show prefixed i-bere v.² (with omission of a preceding personal pronoun gē):OE tr. Theodulf of Orleans Capitula (Corpus Cambr.) xlii. 395 On fæstendagum bið gesyne hwilcne willan ge habbað: on þæm dagum ge asecað ealle eowre borgas ond to gecide ond to geflytum ge fæstað, & swiðe arleaslice gebærað [perhaps read ge bærað], hynað eowre broðru. Obsolete (Scottish in later use). 1. intransitive. To cry out, howl, roar. Also: to sing loudly; (of a voice or instrument) to resound. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > voice or vocal sound > cry or shout (loudness) > cry or shout [verb (intransitive)] > roar or bellow bellOE roarOE berec1225 routc1300 romya1325 lowa1382 roungec1390 roupa1425 din1508 roust1513 hurl1530 bellow1603 belvea1794 boo-hoo1825 c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) l. 398 He wes imaket tus earmest alre þinge & berde [c1225 Royal iberde] as þe ful wiht. c1390 in F. J. Furnivall Minor Poems Vernon MS (1901) ii. 619 To helle he horlede..Beerynge as a Beore whelp. c1440 Tomas of Ersseldoune (Thornton) (1875) l. 31 (MED) Þe wodewale beryde als a belle, That alle þe wode a-bowte me ronge. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 3038 (MED) Þe breme bemen blaste beres [a1500 Trin. Dublin beryd] to þe welken. 1568 Christis Kirk on Grene in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) II. 267 Quhen thay had berit lyk baitit bulis. c1600 W. Fowler tr. N. Machiavelli Prince in Wks. (1936) II. 193 Disturbd with youling hounds that hourlye beare. 2. intransitive. To behave, conduct oneself. Cf. bear v.¹ 10.Compare discussion of this sense in the etymology section. ΚΠ a1450 York Plays (1885) 2 (MED) Ay whils ȝhe ar buxumly berande. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2020; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.¹eOEn.²OEn.³1440v.c1225
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beren.1

Compounds

† beren.2

† beren.3

† berev.

beren.¹

† beren.²

† beren.³