| 释义 |
recognitionn. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French recognition; Latin recognitiōn-, recognitiō. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French recognition (French récognition , recognition ) acknowledgement of a debt (14th cent. or earlier in Anglo-Norman), confession, declaration (1430) and its etymon classical Latin recognitiōn-, recognitiō formal examination, inspection, review, action or an act of perceiving that some thing, person, etc., is the same as one previously known, in post-classical Latin also action of acknowledging something as true (late 2nd cent. in Tertullian), acknowledgement of superior ownership (10th cent.), acknowledgement of something received (frequently from 11th cent. in British sources), inquiry or inquest by jury (frequently from 12th cent. in British and continental sources), payment in acknowledgement of lordship (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources), revision of a text (15th cent.) < recognit- , past participial stem of recognōscere recognosce v. + -iō -ion suffix1. Compare Italian ricognizione , †recognizione (1575). Compare earlier recognizance n. and foreign-language forms at that entry. society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > trying or hearing of cause > [noun] > judicial inquiry > by jury c1430 (1844) I. 357/2 It [sc. a dispute over possession of land] sal proced to recognicion. a1475 in A. Clark (1906) ii. 598 (MED) We comaunde the..to make redy ther the recognytours, And put..the forsaid Robert and Iohn..that thei be there to hire that recognycion. 1609 J. Skene tr. 58 It rests that we speik of divers recognitions. 3. Some recognition is called of mortancestrie. 1666 469 They shall be imprisoned, until the King hath discharged them by redemption, recognition of Assize, Judgement, or some other way. 1711 T. Madox xi. 287 He and his heirs might not be put into any Assize, jury, or Recognition. 1863 H. Cox ii. iii. 346 The new method of inquiry, which was called a recognition of assize. 1994 G. White in E. King iv. 132 In 1147-52 the justice and sheriff of Essex were ordered to hold a recognition by men of three hundreds into whether the canons of St Martin's, London were seised of Maldon marsh between specific dates. the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > [noun] c1450 tr. G. Boccaccio (1924) 455 (MED) Therfor after remembraunce of hir myght In the chefe place amydde Babylon, That all men shuld haue recognycyon, An ymage was made, hir lykness expressynge. c1475 (Folger) (1969) 1087 (MED) Ye haue wondyde my hert..In þe tweyn syghtys of yowr ey: By þe recognycyon ye haue clere, Ande by þe hye lowe ye haue godly. 1526 W. Bonde iii. sig. KKKviiv Euer hauyng recognicion or remembraunce of his owne vnworthynesse. 1547 A. Borde i. f. lxxxvi Sensualtie the which can neuer be subdewed without the recognision & knowlege of a mannes selfe. 3. the mind > language > statement > acknowledgement or recognition > [noun] society > morality > dueness or propriety > [noun] > acknowledgement as entitled or valid c1460 in A. Clark (1907) 106 (MED) For this Recognicion, ffine, and acorde þe same Abbot ȝafe to þe fforsaide Eustach j sparhauke Sowre. a1500 81/53 Euery man..shuld..lay a peny vpon his hede, and so offir it vp in recognicion and knowlage þat he was subiect to þe emperoure. 1597 R. Hooker v. xx. 35 A fourth kinde of publique reading, whereby the liues of such Saincts..had at the time of their yearely memorials solemne recognition in the Church of God. 1622 F. Bacon 11 He did not presse to haue the Act penned by way of Declaration or Recognition of right. 1702 D. Defoe Occas. Conformity in 315 An Oath is to be taken in the Sense of the Imposer, and a Sacrament, which is a Recognition of the most Sacred of Oaths, must be also taken in the Sense of the Imposer. 1766 W. Blackstone II. xxvi. 407 Much may be also collected from the several legislative recognitions of copyrights. 1788 E. Gibbon V. xlix. 99 Even this title was a recognition of the six preceding assemblies. 1853 E. K. Kane xxii. 170 He was told that his nephew's claim to the service had received a recognition. 1876 J. B. Mozley v. 111 The Christian recognition of the right of war was contained in Christianity's original recognition of nations. 1925 1 After lengthy negotiations, the Refugee Service has secured recognition for the Nansen Passports from forty Governments in the case of Russians and from twenty-eight in the case of Armenians. 1970 V. Van Dyke ii. v. 98 A recognition of ‘the right of members of national minorities to carry on their own educational activities’. 2005 19 July a19/2 Dr. Crawford has not stepped up to the plate. I have seen no recognition of the depth..of the problems. the mind > language > statement > acknowledgement or recognition > [noun] > formal acknowledgement by subjects of sovereign society > authority > office > appointment to office > [noun] > formal or ceremonial appointment > formal acknowledgement by subjects 1558–9 c. 3 (title) An Acte of Recognition of the Quenes Highnes Title to the Imperyall Crowne of this Realme. 1603 c. 1 (title) A moste joyfull and juste Recognition of the immediate lawfull and undoubted Succession Descent and Righte of the Crowne. 1655 O. Cromwell in C. L. Stainer (1901) 177 From your entering into the House upon the Recognition to this very day. 1685 Coronation Order of Jas. II in L. G. Wickham Legge (1901) 293 The Recognition... The People signify their Willingness, and Joy, by loud and repeated Acclamations; crying out, God save King James. 1702 No. 3804/1 The Archbishop of Canterbury..began with the Recognition. 1771 xiii. 159 The act..for the recognition of the king and queen [being] the forty-fourth, and that for settling the civil list revenue the fifty-seventh of the first year of their [sc. William and Mary's] reign. 1814 R. Wilson II. 299 We have lost precious time in coquetting about his recognition, if we are to acknowledge him king at the last. 1902 F. C. Eeles 31 First comes the Recognition: the Sovereign is presented to the people by the Archbishop, and is received as such by them. 1953 68 19 Election and the consequential recognition still play a part in the English coronation ceremony. 2003 (Nexis) 3 June 19 The Oath was one of six essential parts of the Coronation service—the others were the Recognition of the monarch by the people, the Anointing with holy oil, [etc.]. 1824 J. Mackintosh Speech S. Amer. in (1846) III. 441 The true and legitimate sense of the word ‘recognition’, as a technical term of international law, is that in which it denotes the explicit acknowledgment of the independence of a country by a state which formerly exercised sovereignty over it. 1863 F. W. Gibbs 7 The transactions which ended with the recognition of the United States by France in 1778, were marked throughout by a want of good faith to England. 1955 Jan. 36/2 Norman Thomas, who had the courage to deplore our never-never attitude to the recognition of Red China, did so with an acute sense of his own isolation. 1991 K. Maguire i. 22 None of the homelands were to receive any international recognition. 1473 in T. Dickson (1877) I. 47 Lettres vndir the priue sele for the recognicione of the Bischop of Sanctandros temporalite. 1578 1st Ser. II. 693 All recognicionis, dispositionis of landis falling be forfaltour or last air. 1666–88 G. Dallas (1697) 253 Whilks Lands..fell and became in Our Hands,..as Superior and Over-lord, by reason of Recognition. 1681 J. Dalrymple ii. xi. §5 When the fee returns to the superior either for a time by ward, non-entry etc. or for ever by recognition. 1747 c. 50 §1 The Tenure of Lands in..Scotland, by Ward Holding, and the consequences of the same, being the Casualties of Ward Marriage and Recognition. a1768 J. Erskine (1773) I. ii. v. §10 Recognition, though ranked by some writers among the casualties of superiority, was indeed a total forfeiture of the fee. 1814 I. 188 Another very intolerable casualty attended this holding, termed Recognition, by which, on the sale of more than one half of the feu, the whole..became forfeited to the superior. 2000 J. W. Cairns in K. Reid & R. Zimmermann I. ii. 42 Tenants were preserved against unjust recognition (a process of repossession) of their lands by their overlords. the mind > language > statement > [noun] > a statement or declaration > formal or official the mind > language > statement > acceptance, reception, or admission > [noun] > an admission the mind > language > statement > acknowledgement, avowal, or confession > [noun] > a confession > formal 1523 J. Fitzherbert xi. f. 15v A recogniscyon of a tenaunt what he holdeth of the lorde. 1580 c. 1 §7 [He] shall uppon his Recognicion of such Submission in open Assises or Sessions..be dischardged of all..the said Offences. 1631 in S. R. Gardiner (1886) 57 Sr Arthur Savage was this day brought to the barre..to make his recognition of wrong donne to my Lord Falkland. 1722–7 T. Coningsby 293 Here we must insert the two last Recognitions of the Tenants who held Lands of the aforesaid Lordship of Bowley. society > leisure > the arts > literature > literary and textual criticism > textual criticism > [noun] > critical revision of text 1568 Abp. M. Parker Let. 5 Oct. in (1853) (modernized text) 338 I trust by comparison of divers translations..will appear..the circumspection of all such as have travailed in the recognition. 1862 Dec. By Edmund Becke after Taverner's recognition, with prologues to the New Testament by William Tindale. the mind > emotion > gratitude > [noun] > acknowledgement of kindness or obligation 1570 M. Ascham in R. Ascham Pref. Besechyng you..to accept the thankefull recognition of me and my poore children. 1635 Bp. F. White 86 All Christians are redeemed by Christ..and all observe the Lord's-day in recognition of this gracious benefit. 1658 Bp. J. Taylor Let. 21 June in (1890) App. v. 5 I find..nothing but recognitions and acknowledgment of your greatest tendernesse, wisdome and affections to her. a1674 T. Traherne (1675) 417 The greater part of our eternal happiness will consist in a grateful Recognition..of Benefits already received. 1703 R. Neve Ded. 4 These your extraordinary Favours..seem to Postulate from me..a Publick Recognition. 1781 J. Rutherford tr. Cicero 301 To render the tribute still more honorable and grateful, Cicero was appointed to make a public recognition of the benefit. 1851 N. Hawthorne ix. 148 In his last extremity..he would doubtless press Hepzibah's hand, in fervent recognition of all her lavished love, and close his eyes. 1880 C. R. Markham 279 I made an urgent appeal for some small grant in recognition of Weir's excellent and faithful services. 1916 G. B. Shaw Pref. 99 His great ability as a phonetician..would have entitled him to high official recognition. 1956 A. J. Cronin iv. i. 206 I've had some slight recognition. Two of my paintings are in the Municipal Gallery. 1988 20 Feb. 8/2 I have done special paediatric and intensive care courses yet there's no recognition for this and I get paid the same as a sister who hasn't done these courses. 2005 (Nexis) Oct. 12 The..[awards] were given to the network in recognition of its commitment to broadcast in te reo Maori on 3 News each night during Maori Language Week. 8. the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > recognition > [noun] the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > [noun] > determination of identity 1748 T. Smollett I. xxi. 162 He betrayed not the slightest symptom of recognition at sight of me. 1798 W. Wordsworth Lines Tintern Abbey in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge 205 With many recognitions dim and faint,..The picture of the mind revives again. 1833 H. Martineau ii. iii. 57 One of them turned..and an immediate recognition took place. 1860 J. Tyndall i. xxii. 157 The brown crags seemed to look at me with a kind of friendly recognition. 1866 G. MacDonald (1878) xiii. 267 I could not escape recognition. 1929 J. B. Priestley iii. ii. 518 He stared; he frowned; then delighted recognition lit up his face. ‘'Ello, I know you!’ 1971 V. Stanton 23 Keith Partridge experienced that frightening thrill of recognition that comes with re-seeing something he had just seen only minutes ago. 2003 15 Sept. 60/2 He cast the film without brand-name movie stars, in order to avoid the illusion-puncturing celebrity recognition that afflicted the old epics. the mind > mental capacity > understanding > [noun] > understanding, comprehension 1749 H. Fielding II. v. iii. 128 Sensations of this Kind, however delicious, are, at their first Recognition, of a very tumultuous Nature. View more context for this quotation 1843 C. Dickens (1844) xxi. 266 As if the crow..had pecked and torn them [sc. his eyes] in a savage recognition of his kindred nature as a bird of prey. 1883 J. A. Froude 4th Ser. ii. vi. 249 The recognition that certain things were not true was the first step. 1925 I. A. Richards 107 The perception of an object and the recognition that it is a tree..involve a poise in the sensory system concerned, a certain completeness or ‘closure’. 1967 9 Sept. 579/1 The recognition of the basic type of lesion present..is the basis of a successful diagnosis. 2003 14 Mar. 16/2 What I am picking up everywhere is lots of enthusiasm, a recognition that this is a growing market. the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > greatly or very much [phrase] > extremely > remarkable or extraordinary > remarkably or extraordinarily 1824 11 32 Ten years later I saw Emily again... She was altered beyond recognition. 1865 H. James liii. 606 Constant friction of the finger-tips..[means] that poor dolly is rapidly smutted out of recognition. 1889 ‘M. Twain’ xxxviii. 488 The moment we were free of our bonds he sprang up, in his fantastic rags, with a face bruised out of all recognition, and proclaimed himself Arthur, King of Britain. 1901 G. B. Shaw 202 The world, instead of having been improved in 67 generations out of all recognition, presents, on the whole, a rather less dignified appearance. 1966 20 July 113/2 Although we've still got..many sommeliers to educate, our standards have improved beyond all recognition. 2001 C. Caballero (2003) iii. 107 Faure's First Quintet..revealed a voice transformed, enhanced, renewed, but not altered out of recognition. the mind > mental capacity > psychology > developmental psychology > acquisition of knowledge > capacity for retaining experience > [noun] > act of mental identification 1894 J. E. Creighton & E. B. Titchener tr. W. M. Wundt xx. 297 The simplest case of assimilation is the cognition of an object; the simplest case of successive association, its recognition [Ger. Wiedererkennen]. 1923 C. E. Spearman xix. 313 Recognition..is often traceable to nothing more than an awareness of similarity. 1951 G. A. Miller vi. 121 It is a general rule of verbal learning that recognition is easier than recall. 1973 A. J. Pomerans tr. J. Piaget & B. Inhelder 1 It is difficult to decide whether his [sc. the subject's] recognition is based on the remembrance or conservation of perceptive schemata..or whether it reflects the organization of the sense data by these schemata. 1995 C. R. Hollin xiii. 251 Variables..such as the length of time spent in observation and the level of violence, can influence the accuracy of eyewitness recall and recognition. 1958 1 18 Printing in magnetic ink overcomes the problems of obliteration and mutilation which harass optical character recognition systems. 1986 S. L. Mandell ii. 35 Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR)..is often used by banks to process checks. 2002 M. Sipper iii. 63 Artificial neural networks have been applied extensively to perform pattern recognition and classification. This term encompasses a wide range of problems, which all have the identification of features and motifs within a given object in common: faces in a photo, airplanes in a radar image, submarines in a sonar scan, your mom's voice in a recording of a cocktail-party conversation, and so forth. 1960 6 Feb. 330/3 [He] reported his findings of differences in the antigen recognition mechanisms in mice, using red cells of different species. 1980 66 882/1 The absence of this type of nonimmune recognition of bacteria by these children's neutrophils may be one of the reasons for their increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. 2001 S. Johnson iii. 103 These antibodies function as a ‘recognition system’..recalling that information the next time the virus comes across the radar. Compounds C1. General attributive (in sense 8d). 1908 E. B. Huey v. 112 There is a hierarchy of recognition habits, the exercise of the higher drafting away the consciousness that would otherwise serve for completing the recognition of the particular letters. 1937 7 497 Frank..compared the recognition habits of children who were backward in reading with those of beginners in the infant school. 1986 I. Y. Bereznaya tr. R. M. Granovskaya i. 25 This change of strategy for the recognition of greatly distorted letters..may be compared with the stages of the recognition habit formed in deciphering operators. 1943 14 325/1 Even a completion item measuring recall and not merely recognition learning can be set up for machine-scoring by use of a letter code. 2003 33 52 Recognition learning has received relatively less attention than preference learning in the context of song perception. 1902 G. Spiller Index 519/1 Recognition memory,..recognition without re-collection. 1955 H. E. Garrett x. 396 Students do not always distinguish between those facts which should be learned for recall and those for which recognition memory is sufficient. 1991 G. Hall (BNC) 151 Verbal pretraining does not influence performance on a recognition memory test. 1971 Jan. 166 Recognition schema operating on coded features are entirely possible. 2005 (Nexis) Mar. 85 The recognition schema was an important part of the original conceptualization of schema theory. 1904 1 230 For the recognition test, after a similar exposure the ten words were mixed with an equal number of other monosyllables and the whole group was then presented to the observer, who indicated all those which he could satisfactorily identify as having formed part of the original series. 1966 J. M. Brown et al. xii. 418 Recognition tests..were used to evaluate the memorability of advertising messages. 2006 D. J. Burns in R. R. Hunt & J. B. Worthen vi. 118 Recognition test performance may be contaminated by performance on..[an] earlier (recall) test. C2. 1911 J. A. Thomson ii. 155 Love-calls and song probably had their roots in the simple recognition-call or characteristic signal of the species. 1946 48 169 A common recognition call or greeting. 1990 22 157 Aptenodytes penguins have a recognition call consisting of a series of repeated syllables. society > armed hostility > military organization > signals > [noun] > signal to identify units or troops the world > animals > animal body > markings or colourings > [noun] > distinguishing features or head-mark > recognition mark 1891 A. R. Wallace 367 (note) For numerous examples of recognition-colours in birds, see Darwinism, pp. 217–226. 1944 (Army Board, N.Z.) 32/2 Three tanks, displaying British recognition colours, climbed the hill. 1988 140 i. 240 Initial differentiation of the subspecies and species of Callicebus was in coat display or recognition colors. the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > schools or theories of grammar > [noun] > other spec. 1926 10 413 [The student conducts] a rapid grammatical analysis directed solely toward the recognition of those linguistic facts essential for reading purposes. With the completion of the recognition grammar at the end of the fourth week, he transfers the intensive study to Lavisse. 1966 A. F. R. Brown in (NATO Summer School, Venice, 1962) 49 A recognition grammar will turn out to be a thousand times more complicated than a conventional descriptive grammar. 1968 J. Lyons vi. 230 We have put the categorial system in the form of a ‘recognition’ grammar and the ‘rewrite’ system in the form of a ‘production’ grammar. 1994 34 560 The book..exceeds its initial objective..of being a recognition grammar only. the world > animals > animal body > markings or colourings > [noun] > distinguishing features or head-mark > recognition mark 1889 A. R. Wallace viii. 222 Recognition marks during flight are very important for all birds which congregate in flocks or which migrate together. 1906 M. C. Dickerson 26 These brilliant colours..may act as recognition marks for others of the same species. 1939 A. S. Pearse (ed. 2) iii. 31 He [sc. E. S. Poulton] cites the conspicuous white tails of the rabbit and antelope as examples of recognition marks. 1993 24 149/1 A recognition mark is particularly likely to benefit good fighters among non-territorial..males. society > armed hostility > military organization > signals > [noun] > signal to identify units or troops 1889 A. R. Wallace viii. 220 An inspection of the figures of antelopes..in..illustrated works will give a better idea of the peculiarities of recognition markings than any amount of description. 1926 R. S. Lull xv. 243 This butterfly is strikingly colored above, blue-black with a reddish yellow or bluish white band, the recognition markings of the species. 1940 in (R.A.F. Museum Series) (1976) III. 9 (heading) Aircraft colouring and recognition markings. 1975 T. Gander & P. Chamberlain vi. 53/2 Perhaps the most universally applied markings used on German tanks was the tactical national recognition marking. This was usually a black cross outlined in white. 1986 50 109/2 The plates..show a varied amount of different facets of military equipment and heraldry, aircraft recognition markings, [etc.]. 1950 28 293 The simplest possible case of ‘recognition picketing’ has all the following aims. 1960 73 542 (heading) Boycotts and recognition picketing. 1995 J. A. Gross (2003) 342 Organizational picketing was directed at employees, whereas recognition picketing was directed at an employer. 1836 Feb. 133/2 The Recognition Service of the Rev. J. Watson, as Colleague of the Rev. Thomas Lewis, at Union Chapel, Islington. 1897 9 Nov. 9/3 The Baptist Church..where his recognition service was held last night. 1946 24 167 They planned an evening dinner, music, recognition service, and recreation in the social building of the church. 1989 74 46 The Reverend Bivin's early tenure as pastor of Mount Vernon was characterized by the establishment of special recognition services. 2007 (Nexis) 12 Aug. 9 St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church will hold a recognition service for the Rev. Gary McCants..on Sunday, Aug. 19. society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > a play > [noun] > scene > type of scene or act 1838 Sept. 184/2 Did you see that handsome young man start up in delight when you pulled off your hat in the recognition scene? 1878 W. D. Geddes viii. 74 In the Odyssey the recognition scene between the long lost father and the son is characterised by this outbreak of..affection that can scarcely ‘know itself’ from grief. 1932 T. S. Eliot 194 The Recognition Scene, so important in Shakespeare's later plays. 1988 New Ser. 38 82 The appearance of two new editions of the Chaephoroi in 1986 has prompted me to reexamine the theatrical logic of the recognition scene. 2006 J. Waldoff ii. 57 A recognition scene need not be of the type Aristotle prized to produce the effect within the drama that he valued so highly. society > armed hostility > military organization > signals > [noun] > signal to identify units or troops 1863 R. Townsend Let. 26 Oct. in (U.S. Naval War Rec. Office) 1st ser. XXV. 519 I have the honor to submit herewith a copy of a letter of instructions in regard to recognition signals at night, addressed by me to the commanding officers of vessels attached to the First Division of the Mississippi Squadron. 1915 Let. in 16 Jan. 4/2 The submarines had mistaken our ship for their own supply ship, the red lights evidently being their recognition signals. 1978 R. V. Jones v. 48 You have to shoot your opponent out of the ocean..if he does not make the right recognition signal. a1985 P. White (2003) 76 I fixed the firing of a ‘red over green’ verey light as a recognition signal if any doubt arose as to our identity on the return. 2003 J. E. Fender iii. 25 He was gambling that..he [sc. the Lark's commander] would consider the cat's failure to respond with the secret recognition signal..to be dictated by a sufficiently high-ranking officer who [etc.]. 1915 G. H. Thompson & F. W. Smith Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. 48 (title) in (1916) 13 137 The recognition vocabulary of children. 1966 J. Derrick ii. 99 Most stories will contain far more material than the pupils are expected to reproduce themselves (i.e. relying on and helping to build up their ‘passive’ or recognition vocabulary). 1981 Spring 12/1 Between these two ends of the spectrum are the moderately familiar (e.g., caliph, mosque, talisman), which should certainly be in the recognition vocabulary of any educated English speaker. 2002 B. L. Schartz i. 7 The words were difficult and uncommon words, but Brown and McNeill suspected that they might be in the participants' recognition vocabulary. 1941 Confid. Instr. Gen. Headquarters in D. S. Strong viii. 84 The pass-word, recognition word, and distress-shout will be told you by your Sponsor. 1957 E. Partridge ii. 44 Monolithic, especially perhaps in monolithic unity, is a recognition-word, a keyword, a badge. 1994 W. T. Gordon 40 Mere recognition words are easily acquired. 2003 R. Ludlum & G. Lynds i. 14 You'll meet another Covert-One... The recognition word is ‘orchid’. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.c1430 |
